Text discussion

First, the overall grasp

This article is a reminiscence article. 1926 At the end of August, Lu Xun left Beijing to teach at Xiamen University because of persecution by the reactionary government of Beiyang warlords. This article recalling my early years studying in Japan was written during this period.

In addition to using concrete examples to express Mr. Fujino's noble quality, the author also uses the method of drawing lines to describe the characteristics of the characters. For example, Mr. Fujino, whose works are "black and thin", "bearded", "slow and very depressed", "wearing glasses and carrying a pile of books" and wearing an old coat in winter, vividly depicts the image of a scholar with a simple life and rigorous scholarship. Another example is "Overseas Students in Qing Dynasty", which captures the details of braids and can reflect their spiritual characteristics. At the end of the Qing dynasty, many people with lofty ideals cut their braids to show their break with the Qing dynasty, but these foreign students had to braid their braids to learn fashion and show their loyalty to the decadent Qing dynasty. The author satirizes them with exaggerated techniques and teasing tone, revealing the vulgar and decadent ideological essence of these international students, and also permeating the author's dislike of them.

Second, the problem research

(1) The title of this article is "Mr. Fujino", but more than half of the length is not about Fujino directly, but about Japanese students enjoying cherry blossoms, learning to dance, twilight and mito passing by Sendai from Tokyo, the preferential treatment given to him by the staff of Sendai Medical College, and the incidents of Japanese "patriotic youths" picking fights and watching movies. What do these things have to do with writing about Mr. Fujino?

According to the article, the reason why the author left Tokyo for Sendai to meet Mr. Fujino was because China students enjoyed cherry blossoms and learned to dance. The author's main motivation for studying medicine is to express his concern for the country through twilight and beautiful pictures. The staff of Sendai Medical College gave the author preferential treatment in order to make a positive foil for Mr. Fujino. It is a negative foil for Mr. Fujino to write about Japanese "patriotic youth" seeking trouble. Writing in class and watching movies is the direct reason why the author bid farewell to Mr. Fujino. In a word, all these are closely related to highlighting Mr. Fujino's noble qualities of integrity, enthusiasm and no narrow national prejudice.

(2) Why did the author leave Tokyo for Sendai? Why bid farewell to Fujino and leave Sendai? How is the author's patriotic thoughts and feelings expressed?

The first three paragraphs of the article describe the author's experience in Tokyo and express his dislike of this environment. What is the author's experience in Tokyo? The author wrote: "Tokyo is nothing more than this": Ueno Park, which is full of cherry blossoms, saw a group of "green fruit" international students who are proud of braiding and wandering around all day; Originally, there were some books available at the concierge of the international students' club. "Sometimes it's worth visiting", but even such a place was messed up by them! Lu Xun went to Japan with the great ambition of saving the country and the people. He didn't expect Tokyo to be as smoky as Nanjing. Disappointment, pain, resentment and strong desire to serve the country made him have mixed feelings, and his lofty aspirations and harsh environment formed a sharp contradiction. Therefore, he had to leave Tokyo to seek an environment conducive to the realization of his ideal. Therefore, the author can't help sighing in the article: "How about going somewhere else?"

The author came to Sendai from Tokyo and was well treated by the faculty, especially Mr. Fujino, who gave him selfless care and enthusiastic encouragement. Arguably, the author can graduate from here and go back to China to "treat the suffering of patients who were treated wrongly like my father, and become a military doctor during the war, and at the same time publicize the reform beliefs of the people of China" (Introduction to Scream). However, why did you resolutely bid farewell to the teacher and abandon medicine to join the literature? There are two main reasons for this article. First, the "anonymous letter" incident; The second is the "watching movies" incident. These two events deeply stimulated Lu Xun, making him deeply aware of the humiliation of the people in weak countries and the numbness of the people, and then realizing that "medicine is not a top priority, and all stupid and weak people, no matter how healthy and strong, can only be meaningless materials and spectators." So, "at the end of the second school year, I went to Mr. Fujino and told him that I would not study medicine and leave Sendai." I returned to Tokyo to engage in literary and artistic activities.

The author studied in different places twice and ran around twice, all of which ran through a feeling, that is, a strong patriotic feeling. At the beginning of the article, the disappointment and disgust at Kyung-sang in Tokyo is the expression of the author's patriotic thought. Even Twilight, which I remember on my way to Sendai, has the homesickness of "but I look home and the twilight is fading"; I remember "Mito" because it is the burial place of Zhu Shunshui, an anti-Qing scholar, which is another embodiment of the author's patriotic feelings. The unusual understanding of being treated favorably when I first arrived in Sendai is also a manifestation of strong national pride; The admiration for Mr. Fujino is mainly because he can sincerely help China students and has no national prejudice; Finally, turn the deep feelings of remembering Mr. Fujino into practical actions, and so on.

(3) Why does the author use "I think things are more precious than hope" to explain his preferential treatment in Sendai?

After the author arrived in Sendai, he was given preferential treatment and did not pay tuition fees. The staff concerned about his life. Giving special care to a foreign student reflects the kindness and friendship of the Japanese people. What the author feels is not true respect and friendship, but "hope is the most precious", which contains the bitterness of a weak country's nationals and also reflects the author's strong national self-esteem.

This is to look at the problem from another angle and broaden our horizons, which is a compromise between the above two viewpoints.

Read the first and penultimate paragraphs of the text, focusing on the following sentences and answering the questions in brackets.

1. There are also pigtails dissolved and flat. Except for the hat, it is shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and the neck has to be twisted a few times. It's really beautiful.

This shows the author's feelings and attitudes towards the overseas students in Qing Dynasty? What words can you see in the clause? )

His personality is great in my eyes and heart, although his name is not known to many people.

Mr. Fujino is just an ordinary person. Why does the author say he is "great"? Please talk about your views with specific examples. )

The purpose of setting this topic is to ask students to comment on key sentences on the basis of perceptual reading, so as to deepen their understanding of the text.

1. shows the author's disgust and ridicule for the overseas students in Qing Dynasty. This group of overseas students in Qing Dynasty wore braids to show that they were subjects of Qing Dynasty, and they were "upright" and "glossy", indicating that they were dressed up carefully and "twisted a few times" to write their own gaffes of swaggering and narcissism, which was "really beautiful". The author expressed strong disgust and irony with irony.

2. He has no narrow national prejudice, is rigorous in his studies and earnest in his teaching. He can treat students from weak countries fairly and give great care, encouragement and sincere help. In the historical background at that time, it was especially commendable to be able to do this. Therefore, he is great in my eyes and heart.

Thirdly, giving up medicine and becoming a writer is a great event in Lu Xun's life. He once talked about this experience in many unforgettable essays. After reading this article, do you know why Lu Xun left Tokyo to study medicine in Sendai, and then why he abandoned medicine and joined literature? What do you think of Lu Xun's life choices?

The purpose of setting this topic is to help students learn in and out of class, deeply understand the main idea of this article, and think about the meaning of life in connection with themselves.

(D) Analysis of difficult sentences

(1) "embarrassed me"

When talking about Mr. Fujino's anatomical practice and local anatomy, Mr. Lu Xun once said, "But he occasionally embarrassed me." He heard that all women in China bind their feet, but he didn't know the details, so he asked me how my feet were bound and how my bones became deformed, and sighed,' You'll never know until you have a look. What the hell happened? "

There are three explanations for "embarrassing me":

First of all, Lu Xun was embarrassed that China had such backward and barbaric customs, which was known by foreigners and showed Lu Xun's patriotism.

This view is obviously untenable, because Lu Xun's 1925 novel "Essays under the Light" clearly wrote: "Anyone who comes to China can frown and hate China, I dare to give thanks sincerely, because he will definitely not eat China meat!" It can be seen that Lu Xun will never feel embarrassed because Mr. Fujino asked about foot binding.

Secondly, I think it's mainly because I haven't exactly seen the method of wrapping and how the foot bones are deformed, so I feel "embarrassed" because I'm not specific and clear, which sets off Mr. Fujino's valuable spirit of respecting science and attaching importance to investigation with his own embarrassment.

Thirdly, I think this sentence shows Lu Xun's abhorrence of the ills of old China. Xu Shoushang once recalled that Lu Xun had another wish to study medicine, that is, "to relieve the beriberi of women in China, if we want to liberate the so-called' three-inch golden lotus' and restore the appearance of Tianzu. Later, after on-the-spot human anatomy, I realized that there was no way to think about broken bones and muscles. In this way, from the eager and painstaking research, he finally gave up despair, which made him particularly sympathetic to the woman who bound feet and even more angry from despair. He hated the ruthlessness of those who harmed women in the past dynasties after the Song Dynasty, so he wrote tears all over his feet. " From this perspective, Lu Xun's answer to Mr. Fujino's question is not "difficult" because it is not specific and unclear, but specifically answers Mr. Fujino's question with a painful and complicated mood. Fujino's exclamation shows his deep concern and infinite sympathy for China's foot-binding women.

We think that the second and third opinions can be "justified", and the third opinion seems to be more in line with the original intention, but it needs to be supplemented, that is, "difficult" can be interpreted as "sad". Lu Xun felt sad because Fujino asked about it and knew that there was nothing he could do about the woman who had tangled her feet.

(2) "alas, I can't think of it"

Lu Xun wrote that Japanese students cheered "Long live" after seeing China take a slide photo of a detective for the Russians, but Lu Xun was deeply touched: "This kind of cheer is always there at the movies, but in my case, it is particularly harsh. Later, when I came back to China, I saw the people who shot the prisoners, and they all cheered like drunk. -oh, I can't remember! But at that time, my opinion changed. "

Lu Xun used the feeling of "alas, unexpected" to illustrate the ignorance and backwardness of China people and how serious the consequences of long-term cruel class oppression and ideological rule were. It also shows that after 20 years of observation and practice, Lu Xun has always been skeptical and negative about how effective it is to inspire people's consciousness with literature and art, but it was different when he studied medicine in Sendai. He is young, simple and patriotic. He heard Japanese students cheering "Long live" and "particularly harsh" when they were shot as detectives in China. So he felt that studying medicine was not the primary task, as he later said in Scream: "From that time on, I felt that studying medicine was not an urgent matter. No matter how healthy people are, how can they thrive? Therefore, our first task is to change their spirit, and what is good at changing their spirit is that I thought it was natural to promote literature and art at that time, so I wanted to promote the literary movement. " This passage mentioned by Lu Xun and Mr. Fujino, "But my views changed there at that time", can confirm each other.

③ Various explanations of "dusk"

Mr. Fujino has some words: "I'm going to the medical school in Sendai." Starting from Tokyo, I soon arrived at a post office and wrote: In the twilight. Somehow, I remember the name. "

In the past two years, newspapers and periodicals have published many articles about "Twilight", as follows:

First, Twilight is the train station from Tokyo to Sendai. The name of this station impressed Lu Xun deeply, because it defeated the Qing Dynasty in the Sino-Japanese War and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, which was incompatible with Japanese militarism. Japan is a victorious country, but this place is called "Twilight City", so it gives an unforgettable impression. Judging from the bullied Qing Dynasty, it was China who suffered in the Sino-Japanese War, or the Russo-Japanese War, because the battlefield was in the northeast of China and China was unlucky. As a foreign student in a "weak country", Lu Xun was discriminated against by Japanese students who were deeply poisoned by China's militarism, and was deeply stimulated in current affairs movies. In the 20 years since I left Sendai, Japanese aggression against China has become more and more serious. As a patriot, an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary and democratic fighter, of course, we should oppose the aggression of Japanese imperialism. Although Japan is a so-called powerful country and one of the "great powers", seeing such a place name in Japan can not help but make young Lu Xun have a hunch that militaristic Japan will decline one day, just like the sunset in the western hills. This should be the main reason why Lu Xun remembered the name Twilight and the name.

Secondly, I don't agree to interpret the word "Twilight" as "the decline of Japan" and put this understanding on Lu Xun. The reason is that Lu Xun is opposed to judging good or ill luck by name. He once criticized the boredom of Beijing residents renaming "Rope Craftsman Hutong" as "Prime Minister Hutong". According to this view, the "day" in Twilight is not regarded as a pun on Japanese "day", but should be understood as "day" and "time", that is, dusk, dusk and gloomy sky are the twilight of "only I look forward to my family, and the twilight is getting darker". Lu Xun's mood when he saw the name "Twilight" was not a premonition of the future national luck of foreign Japan, but a feeling of "twilight poverty" naturally occurred in connection with the situation of the old country at that time. At that time, China's national fortune declined, just as "the sun sets and the breath is dying". Moreover, before Lu Xun went to Sendai to study, he had already expressed his feelings of worrying about the country, the people and the homeland in a poem entitled "Portrait of Self-Title" given to his friend Xu Shoushang in Tokyo. As a patriot, when you see a place in the twilight on the way, you will naturally feel worried about the "stormy" motherland. This is consistent with my admiration for Zhu Shunshui, a patriot, when I think of this place. Lu Xun's deep impression of Twilight and Meitu is due to his patriotism.

Thirdly, at that time, Lu Xun bid farewell to his best friend and went to a remote town in a foreign country. When he saw the name of the first post station on the way, he felt "bleak everywhere" and "homesickness for his hometown", that is, the feeling and affection of "only looking at my home, the twilight is fading", so that when he recalled the scene on Xiamen Island more than 20 years later, he "remembered this name".

1902 shortly after Lu Xun arrived in Tokyo, three photos were sent to his family, one of which read "civilians at the foot of Huiji Mountain, wanderers in the sunrise country" and "more than 5,000 miles in the mailbox"; Soon after I arrived in Sendai, I wrote a letter to my friend Jiang Yi, with the feeling of "I'm bored without a shadow" and the idea of "I miss my hometown in Yaosi for a long time". 1900 wrote "Three Boxing in February" with a phrase "New Sorrow at Sunset". ..... When Lu Xun was in Japan, there were indeed times when he was worried about his country and people. There is no need for ..................................................................................................................................................... to make such an extension because of the name "Sunset" and the worries of the motherland "Twilight".

We consulted the relevant information in Japan and put forward the following explanation:

Sunset was originally a town in Kitajima Prefecture, Tokyo (equivalent to our town). After the expansion of Tokyo, it was incorporated into the urban area and is now a town in Arakawa District. In the north of the city center, the northeast-bound train passes through here. According to Xu Shoushang's memory, Lu Xun took an overnight train to and from Sendai, Tokyo, and "arrived overnight". According to Lu Xun's records in Sendai, the journey from Sendai to Ueno (a major station in Tokyo) is about 12 hours. Then Lu Xun hitchhiked from Ueno, and when he passed by at dusk, it was probably at dusk. He saw the stop sign and left a lasting impression.

In fact, this poetic place name was changed after the literati. It was originally called Xin Hori, which means New Canal. The book "New Musashi" says that a new canal was dug in the garden of the distant mountain, the home minister of Odahara's northern strip, so this area was named Shinhori. At that time, there was a new village with only 63 families. It was only in the middle period of Edo that the rustic name ni was changed to Ni with similar pronunciation (Ni pronounced ニヒボソ, Ni pronounced ニツボソ), just like the dog-tailed hutong in Beijing was changed to Gao Yibo Hutong. In Japan, Chinese characters generally have two pronunciations: phonetic reading and training reading. The word "twilight" is a village in the afterglow of sunset, which is very poetic. During the training and study (ヒグラシノサト), it is my hometown where I spent my years, which has practical significance. Now, this place name has both pronunciation and training.

Lin Xinchong first appeared in written materials in the eighteenth year (1733). During the period between Bao Li and He Nian, Twilight was recorded as a scene in Edo Scenery and Twenty-four Scenes of Edo Scenery, depicting the forests and historical sites of Daoguan Mountain and Jingguang Temple in this area.

In terms of administrative divisions, Niigata Village was changed to Limuli Village in Meiji 1 1( 1878) and Limuli Town in Taisheng 2( 19 13). Sunset Rili Station was opened in the thirty-seventh year of Meiji (1904). When Lu Xun passed by by car, it was still a new station that had just been set up.

6. Analysis of Mr. Fujino (Excerpt) (Qiu)

(1) Why do the first two paragraphs of this article describe the life of overseas students in China, Tokyo?

In the first two paragraphs of this article, the author described the muddled and decadent life of overseas students in Tokyo, China with extremely disgusting emotions and ironic brushstrokes. They are obsessed with cherry blossoms during the day and weave braids symbolizing racial oppression into various patterns, which are not ugly but beautiful; At night, they learn to dance, which makes the floor bang, resulting in "smoke everywhere in the room." Through these descriptions, the purpose of these "Qing students" studying in Japan is clearly indicated. They belong to a "crash course" and don't want to learn any skills at all. They can find a part-time job after returning home, just for gilding. This kind of person's attitude towards life is just the opposite of Lu Xun's. Lu Xun went to Japan to study in order to seek the revolutionary truth of saving the country and the people. He vowed to dedicate his life and blood to the liberation of the motherland with the oath of "I commend Xuanyuan with blood". In this article, it is also his strong patriotic enthusiasm. It depicts Mr. Fujino's precious spirit of caring about China's fate, thanks to his teaching and encouragement, which is also consistent with the author's patriotic thought. Therefore, the description of the decadent life of overseas students in Tokyo and China at the beginning of this article reflects the grief and indignation of a patriot who cares about his country and people. These two paragraphs seem to be free elements on the surface, but in fact they are closely related to the theme, which just reflects the characteristics of prose.

(2) Why did Twilight and Mito leave a deep impression on the author?

After graduating from Hongwen College, Lu Xun went from Tokyo to Sendai Medical College in northeastern Japan at the end of August 1904. Tokyo and Sendai are hundreds of miles apart, and there are many post offices. Why did the names "Park Jung Su villette" and "Mito" leave such a deep impression on the author that they were not forgotten when writing this article more than 20 years later?

As the name implies, "Twilight City" is "in the twilight". Lu Xun, who is in a foreign country, will inevitably think of his motherland when passing by, thus leaving a deep impression. After Lu Xun returned to China, the country was still being slaughtered and the people were still suffering. He once wrote a poem "Sunset" in Qu Yuan's "Lisao" on the title page of Wandering, expressing great concern for the future of the motherland. So when writing this article, he naturally remembered the place name "Twilight".

As for "Mito", it was the place where Zhu Shunshui, a adherent of the late Ming Dynasty, died. Zhu Shunshui is from Yuyao, Zhejiang. After his death, he refused to serve the Qing government and went to Japan to give lectures. He worked hard to regain his sight and persevered. "He swore not to return to China" died of old age in a foreign country. Lu Xun admires him very much. Later, Lu Xun once went to Tokyo and deliberately got off at Mito to pay tribute to Zhu Shunshui's remains. It was almost impossible to pay for a shop. It can be seen that Lu Xun was deeply impressed by the place names of Mito, which was the expression of his strong revolutionary democratic thought against the rule of Manchu.

(3) How to understand the sentence "Hope is probably the most valuable thing"?

There is no consensus on how to understand the sentence "hope is the most important thing". Some people think that Lu Xun received special care in Sendai, which shows the friendship between the Chinese and Japanese peoples. Others, on the other hand, show that the "worry" of Sendai Medical College staff is hypocritical on the grounds that "it is always difficult to swallow taro stalk soup every day". Others regard the phrase "hope is the most valuable thing" as an expression of Lu Xun's loneliness consciousness. We think these views are biased and inconsistent with the original intention of the article.

This article mainly talks about the author's preferential treatment in Sendai and his real life. The so-called "preferential treatment" means "not only does the school not charge tuition fees, but several staff members also worry about my accommodation." "Several staff members" refer to Miyazaki Rongzao and Sang Yuan Shou of the Academic Affairs Office. On the orders of the school leaders, they thought that the inn that also provided meals for prisoners was not suitable for Lu Xun, so they asked Lu Xun to move to another house. But this kind of "preferential treatment", according to Lu Xun, "is probably because things value hope." This is also in line with the facts. Because Japan was invading China at that time, as a "weak national" who was invaded, she came to Japan and was often discriminated against. Lu Xun has a strong sense of national pride. He was deeply ashamed that his motherland was invaded by imperialist powers. He never thought he was "favored", that is, he respected China people. Therefore, he used the reputation of Beijing cabbage in Zhejiang as a "glue dish" and Fujian wild aloe as a metaphor in Beijing, indicating that he was "favored" only because he was the only international student in Sendai Medical College. It is under such "preferential treatment" that Lu Xun's life is hard. First, there are too many mosquitoes and there are no mosquito nets. When sleeping, "only two nostrils are left to vent." Later, "I always drink taro soup that is difficult to swallow every day." However, this very difficult living condition has not shaken Lu Xun's will to "save the country by science" at all. It can be seen that Lu Xun's description of "preferential treatment" as "hope is the most precious" and his description of hard life are all vaguely permeated with a clue of patriotism. He is in a foreign country, and his every move is full of yearning for the stormy motherland, and his feelings are full of ardent patriotism.

(4) How did the author describe the valuable qualities of Mr. Fujino?

Lu Xun studied in Sendai Medical College for two years and met many teachers, but it was Mr. Fujino who left a deep impression and inspiration on Lu Xun. With admiration, the author shows Mr. Fujino's valuable qualities from all sides in chronological order.

First of all, the author describes Mr. Fujino's appearance and his first lecture: his face is "black and thin" and he wears glasses, which shows that he often concentrates on research; He "recited a stack of books, large and small" and told the students the contents of these books in general, which shows that he is knowledgeable; He is "too careless about clothes" and sometimes forgets to wear a tie. "Winter is an old coat shivering", almost suspected of being a pickpocket, which shows that he is busy with teaching and slovenly, and has a good character of hard work, simplicity and approachability. Secondly, the author describes his careful inspection of the "I" handout: he took the initiative to check the handout he copied and told him to "show it to him once a week", and corrected it carefully every time, which not only made up for the "omission" but also corrected "Lian Wenfa's mistake". All these show his tireless teaching and meticulous teaching attitude. Thirdly, it describes three dialogues about anatomy. In the first conversation, Mr. Fujino actively and kindly pointed out his mistakes to Lu Xun because of the anatomical map drawn by Lu Xun, which shows his strictness and patience with Lu Xun. In the second conversation, Mr. Fujino said that China people "respect ghosts" and were afraid that Lu Xun "refused to dissect corpses". Now, seeing that Lu Xun dared to dissect, he was "relieved". Here, from "worrying" to "reassuring", it shows that he cares about Lu Xun's study from a foreign country in every way. The third dialogue is about China women's foot binding. Although Mr. Fujino understood the changes of foot bones after female foot binding from the anatomical point of view, he did not mock China's barbaric customs at all, but "sighed" to express his sympathy for women in China.

While describing Mr. Fujino's valuable qualities, the author also wrote his own psychological activities. For example, when writing Mr. Fujino's lecture, the author saw that the reference book he used was "translated by China" and specifically mentioned: "Their translation and research on new medicine were not earlier than that of China." This is the expression of the author's strong national pride; When writing Mr. Fujino's speech, the author "felt uneasy and grateful", "It's a pity that he didn't study hard at that time, and sometimes he was willful". Here, "gratitude" and "regret" are intertwined with the author's heartfelt admiration for Mr. Fujino and his strong patriotic thoughts, thus combining Mr. Fujino's lack of national prejudice, sincere treatment of a weak nation like Lu Xun, eager attention to the valuable quality of Lu Xun's research and Lu Xun's high patriotic enthusiasm.

(6) How to understand the sentence "They all cheered like drunk"?

Lu Xun wrote in his article: "When I came back to China, I saw those idlers shooting prisoners, and they all cheered as if they were drunk ..." "Drunk cheers" originally meant that Japanese students were in high spirits when they saw China shooting "prisoners" in the film. They clapped their hands and cheered "Long live", which made Lu Xun feel "particularly harsh". After Lu Xun returned to China, he saw some idle people watching the reactionary rulers slaughter the revolutionary people, and also "cheered" like the Japanese, indicating that the spirit of these idle people has been numb to an alarming extent. So this sentence shows the author's extremely painful mood.