1, killed Niu Jinxing by mistake, even killed Yan Li by mistake.
2. Dashun Wang Chaogang was established. After several years of fighting, everything is thriving. At that time, the Qing court was at its peak, the soldiers were strong in Ma Zhuang, and there were many talents under the account. I imagined, even if Wu Sangui didn't surrender to Manchuria, but was attacked by Li Zicheng and Dourgen, what could he do?
Li Zicheng's quality, I think, can be a commander in chief, also can be a general. It is a little difficult for him to lead this program.
Wu also has a talent as a general. I think it is excusable for him to turn off the switch. He originally wanted to surrender to Li Zicheng, but because Li Zicheng did so well, how can a man defend his country if he can't even protect his family? But later, after changing careers, I felt that it was unforgivable to pursue Nanming so hard, and even what I did later, I felt that it was all for my own selfish desires!
Li Zicheng (1September 22, 606-1645? ), a native of Mizhi, Shaanxi, China, was one of the leaders of the peasant uprising army in the late Ming Dynasty and the founder of Dashun regime.
Teenagers in Li Zicheng like guns, horses and clubs. After his father died, he went to the post office responsible for delivering official documents of the Ming Dynasty as a postman. There are many disadvantages in the post station system in the late Ming Dynasty. In the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1628), one third of the country's post offices were abolished, and Li Zicheng was unemployed and went home to farm. Li Zicheng was sued by Ai to Mizhi County that winter because he couldn't afford the usury. County magistrate Yan Zibin "armed around the city and killed him". After being tortured, he was exposed to the sun. Rescued by relatives and friends, at the end of the year, he killed the creditor Zhao Ai and his raped wives Han Jiner and Gai Huer. On February 1629, Li Taitai, his nephew, went to Yang, the garrison commander in Ganzhou, Gansu, and was promoted to general manager.
1629, in Yuzhong (now Yuzhong County, Lanzhou, Gansu Province), due to the problem of wage arrears, he killed the participating countries and local county magistrate and rebelled.
After the Li Zicheng Uprising, he moved to Hanzhong and joined the rebels in Wang Zuo. After the surrender in A.D. 1630, Li defected to the Zhangcunmeng Rebel Army. During this period, the late Jin Dynasty entered the fortress for the first time, and Beijing shook, and the general Yuan Chonghuan was executed by the emperor that year. 163 1 April, Zhang Cunxu defeated northern Shaanxi and surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. Li Zicheng led the rest of the troops to cross the Yellow River to meet his uncle, Gao Yingxiang, who was called "Braveheart".
After 1634, 8 jin j entered the fortress for the second time. 1635,, Zhang, Lao, Luo Rucai, Ge Liyan, Zuo, Gai Shi Wang Wang, She Tian Jiang, Heng Tian Wang, Hun, Guo Tian Xing, Jiu Tiaolong, Shun Tian Wang, etc. 13 72nd Battalion Rebels held a "Xingyang Conference" in Henan, and Li Zicheng proposed "dividing troops and attacking on all sides". After the meeting, Zhang Lingbing captured Fengyang in South Zhili, dug up the ancestral graves of the royal family, burned down the "imperial temple" where Zhu Yuanzhang became a monk, killed more than 60 eunuchs and beheaded the governor in Zhongdu. Zhang was at odds with Li Zicheng, but left.
After 1636, Jin changed to Qing. The Qing army entered the fortress for the third time. When Gao Yingxiang attacked Xi, he was defeated and killed by Shaanxi Governor Sun Chuanting. Li Zicheng was promoted to "King of Breakthrough" and continued to fight in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi. Mingshi called him a thief.
In the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), Yang Sichang mobilized 654.38 million soldiers and increased his salary by 2.8 million. He put forward the strategy of "four corners, six corners and one net on all sides" to limit the mobility of the rebels, divide them one by one and finally annihilate them. This measure has achieved considerable results in two years. Zhang was defeated. Li Zicheng was ambushed and defeated by Hong Chengchou and Sun Chuanting in Nanyuan and Tongguan in Weinan, and took the remnants 17 people to hide in Shangluo Mountain in the southeast of Shaanxi. In August of the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), the Qing soldiers entered the customs from Qingkou Mountain (now northeast of Yu 'an, Hebei Province) and Qiangziling (now northeast of Miyun, Beijing), and launched the fourth entry operation. Yang Sichang advocated making peace with the Qing Dynasty in order to implement the strategy of "keeping the country at home and rejecting foreign countries", but it was strongly opposed by Lu Xiangsheng, a scholar of Xuan University and commander-in-chief of Qin Wangbing. Chongzhen and the battle were undecided. Hong Chengchou and others were rushed to the east to serve, but Li Zicheng survived.
1639, Zhang started again in Gucheng (located in Xiangfan, Hubei), and Li Zicheng led thousands of troops from Shangluo Mountain. 1640, Li Zicheng took advantage of the main force of Ming army to pursue Zhang in Sichuan and took in the hungry people. The team has grown to tens of thousands of people and put forward the slogan of "all fields are tax-free", that is, the folk song "Welcome the king, don't collect food." 164 1 year 1 month conquered Luoyang and killed Zhu, the son of Emperor Wanli, and was called "Marshal Fengtian Chongyi". After that, Kaifeng, the capital of Sanwei, failed within one and a half years. The Yellow River burst its banks for the last time 1642, and Kaifeng was destroyed. Killed fu he, the governor of Shaanxi province. At the same time, the Ming dynasty was unfavorable to the war in the Qing dynasty. In March, Hong Chengchou was cleared. 165438+ 10, the Qing army entered the fortress for the fifth time and went deep into Shandong, plundering 360,000 people.
1643 65438+ 10 Li Zicheng was called Xinshun King in Xiangyang. In May, Zhang established the "Daxi" regime in Kewuchang. In June 5438+10, Li Zicheng attacked Tongguan, killed Du Shi Sun Chuanting and occupied Shaanxi. 1644 65438+ 10 Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Xi' an, with the title "Dashun".
1644, Li Zicheng invaded Beijing and conquered Taiyuan and Datong, and the Ming officials came to surrender one after another. /kloc-in the middle of March 7, Cao Huachun, the eunuch guarding the city, took the lead in opening Guangning Gate on the west side of the outer city, and the peasant army entered the southern suburb of Fuxingmen today. 18, Li Zicheng sent Du Xun, the eunuch who surrendered in Changping, into the city to commune with Chongzhen. According to the four-year volume Filial Piety Chronology, Li Zicheng put forward the following conditions: "If I invade the northwest, I will reward the king with millions of troops and retreat to Henan ... Since I invade the imperial court, I am willing to curb the bandits, especially to help suppress the Liao princes with my strength. But not in imperial edict and worship. /kloc-in March of 0/9, the city was broken, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan. Li Zicheng stayed in the Forbidden City and took the maid-in-waiting Dou Yimeina as his concubine. When Dashunjun entered the city, the order in Beijing was good, and the shops were open as usual. However, since March 27th, Dashun Army began to raid Ming officials and ransack houses everywhere, and the atmosphere of terror gradually became dignified and people were worried. Li Zicheng soldiers plundered me, and I was arrogant.
It is said that after Li Zicheng entered Beijing, he found "37 million ingots of silver,10 million ingots of gold" and "37 million ingots were not used in the old city treasury all the year round, and the ingots were all 5 million (10? ) Second, the word Yongle is engraved (Volume 20 of "Ming Ji Bei Lu"). At that time, Xu Xi Zhong borrowed a sentence from Tan Qian's Chronicle of the Second Year of the Ming Dynasty, saying, "If you lose the odd zero, you can send it for two more years. Today, you will pass the exam, tomorrow, the house will be full of excitement, but the key is still the same. Why did the first emperor not see the legacy? " Too many pursuits. But the credibility is not high. Ji Liuqi thought: "You said that there is so much gold that you need 18.5 million mules and horses to transport it, that is, you have to pay back the money. It is not enough for several months, so you know that your statement is not credible." According to Liang's estimation, from 1390 to 1486, the total domestic silver output in China was only 32 million taels. Before the Ming Dynasty, although a large amount of silver flowed in, it was only 45 million taels.
1On April 3rd, 644, he led a 200,000-strong army to March on General Amin Wu Sangui stationed in Shanhaiguan and fought a stone battle. On the 22nd, Wu Jun suffered a crushing defeat. Wu Sangui surrendered to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and the two armies jointly defeated Li Zicheng. On April 29th, Li Zicheng proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing and fled to Xi 'an the next day. Burn the Forbidden City and some buildings in Beijing before you leave. As Hong Guang established the imperial court in Nanming, Dashun troops retreated, and many former Ming generals who surrendered to Dashun returned to Nanming or Qing Dynasty, Li Zicheng became more and more suspicious, and finally killed Yan Li and others, causing people's hearts to be divided.
In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army attacked Tongguan, and Li Zicheng entered Hubei via Xiangyang, trying to unite with Zuo Liangyu, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, in Wuchang, and Zuo Liangyu entered Nanjing in the east to conquer Ma Shiying, the "Jun Qing side" of the Nanming court. Li Zicheng entered Wuchang in April, but was defeated by the Qing army. He was defeated again in Jiangxi in May, and was killed by local armed forces loyal to the Ming Dynasty in Nanjiugong Mountain, Tongshan County, Hubei Province. In addition, it is said that Li Zicheng escaped and became a monk, named Feng Tianyu, who became a monk in Jiashan Temple in Shimen County, Hunan Province. Li Zicheng lives in seclusion in Qingcheng Mountain, Lanzhou, Gansu.
Li Zicheng, whose real name is Hongji, was born in Liqianji Village, Mizhi County, Shaanxi Province (this village still exists today, including Li Zicheng Memorial Hall). Li Cun was founded by the Tangut leader Li, and Li is his descendant.
Li was the leader of the Tangut Qiang in the early Northern Song Dynasty! His ancestors helped the Tang government to suppress Huang Chao in the late Tang Dynasty, so he was given the surname Li by Tang Gaozong, thus obtaining a Han surname.
Li Yisheng engaged in the anti-Song cause, constantly carrying out armed rebellion on the border of the Song Dynasty, and his son also engaged in the anti-Song war all his life. Until Li Yuanhao, the son of Li Mingde, established Xixia Kingdom, he invaded the border of the Northern Song Dynasty many times and slaughtered the soldiers and civilians in the Song Dynasty.
I didn't expect Li Zicheng, the descendant of Tangut remnants, to continue to harm me hundreds of years after Xixia perished! Later, after Li Zicheng's defeat, Li's village was bloodbath in Wu Sangui, which was also regarded as dog-eat-dog and the descendants of the Tangut Qiang people were killed!
Li Zicheng, as the main leader of the peasant army in the late Ming Dynasty, once occupied Beijing with millions of soldiers, sat facing south, ascended the throne and sat in the temple, but he was defeated in the end and didn't know where to go. When commenting on the reasons for his failure, most people only focused on his unkindness to the people after he entered Beijing, killing the generals by mistake, and Wu Sangui led the Qing soldiers into the customs, but few people paid attention to the huge loopholes in the construction of Dashun regime. This is the real reason for his failure. Silly, I think the former can only be regarded as the fuse of the collapse of Dashun regime, just like the Sarajevo incident had an impact on World War I. Even if he treated the people well after entering Beijing, there would not be a series of adverse events later, such as the wrongful killing of generals and the entry of soldiers into the customs. If all aspects of political power construction are not in place, the world will be in chaos and it will be just around the corner to be ousted.
Since the uprising, Li Zicheng has never been able to get rid of the habit of hooligans. To sum up, it is three sentences: he only knows how to attack the city and doesn't know how to defend the ground; Only know how to recruit people, not how to comfort the people; He only knows conquest and rebellion, but he doesn't know how to cultivate the backbone of his own political construction. First of all, he only knows how to attack the city and plunder the land and kill corrupt officials, but he never pays attention to building his own base areas. He captured Luoyang several times and killed the axe king in the Ming Dynasty, but later he voluntarily gave up this central hub city. Note that he has enough troops to defend the city (after Luoyang city was broken, the whole country shook, his followers of the peasant army gathered, and he seized a large amount of grain hoarded by the axe king, which can be called a soldier. Only a few hundred people were sent to stay, and when the loyalist encirclement and suppression troops came, of course, these hundreds of people could only abandon the city and flee, so Li Zicheng never formed the potential of taking land as king. Secondly, at that time, everyone knew to open the door to welcome the king, and the king did not accept meals when he came. But as a political leader, people in this place don't accept food. What does your army eat? Do you just live by robbing the loyalist of food? That's not a long-term solution. It is absolutely impossible to directly break the city, open a warehouse for disaster relief, recruit tens of thousands of hungry people as soldiers and then leave. You must stand firm: establish a government (of course, first of all, you must have at least some armed forces to defend this site), appoint officials, let the people pay taxes for you, support your struggle, bind you tightly through various policies and systems, and build and defend the base areas at the same time to promote each other. Only this suddenly won the peasant class, which accounts for the overwhelming majority of China's population. Without the support of the regime, he claimed that several provinces were not really firmly rooted. Therefore, it is not surprising that his million-strong army retreated again after the pursuit of the Qing army and collapsed rapidly within a few months. On the contrary, the Taiping Rebellion in the late Qing Dynasty paid great attention to defending the country, so he persisted in the struggle for more than ten years. Third, although it was attached to Li Zicheng's account in the later period, scholars such as Song still made suggestions for it. The above situation has changed, and he has also established some fixed strongholds to make him feel like a king, but the situation has never been fundamentally reversed. For example, most of the officials he appointed in China (excluding the army) surrendered in the Ming Dynasty, and the cadres he trained were extremely scarce. Almost all these officials are corrupt speculators, and they have nothing to do with him. Seeing that the situation was wrong in the future, he immediately surrendered to the Qing army. It is a big mistake for him not to pay attention to the training of local government cadres and the screening and use of surrender officials. Also, if he knows that "to defeat the enemy without fighting is to fight for the soldiers", he is also very serious about diplomatic work at ordinary times, and he has several outstanding diplomatic talents under his command. Even if Chen Yuanyuan was robbed, Wu Sangui also agreed to surrender, don't go back on our word just for a woman?
So I call Li Zicheng "Emperor Dashun" a compliment. He can only be regarded as a super-large mountain king who has committed a crime, a reckless warrior who doesn't know how to govern the country, but he has a little consciousness in this respect (he recruited a few literati there and took time to read some books, which is not bad for the people most of the time). The farming world is more than just killing and logging. He can be a military commander, but he is definitely unstable.