Introduction: With the development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of economic level, people put forward higher requirements for the freshness and quality of agricultural products. As a special industry in the logistics system, cold chain logistics can better meet this demand.
(1) definition of cold chain logistics
The so-called cold chain logistics refers to a special supply chain system in which perishable products are processed, stored, transported, distributed and retailed until they reach consumers, so as to ensure food quality and safety, reduce losses and prevent pollution. Its object is perishable food, including vegetables, meat, aquatic products, dairy products and quick-frozen food.
Cold chain logistics is a special form of supply chain logistics. It is established with the progress of science and technology and the development of freezing technology, and consists of four aspects: frozen processing, frozen storage, frozen transportation and distribution, and frozen sales. Its development needs not only the interconnection of all aspects of logistics, but also the comprehensive consideration and coordination of production, circulation, processing, transportation, sales, economy, technology and other issues to ensure the safety of perishable food in the process of processing, transportation and sales. Although cold chain logistics needs higher technology and investment than normal temperature logistics system, as an important part and measure index of modern logistics development, it plays an increasingly obvious role in meeting people's material and cultural needs and ensuring national food safety. It is imperative to vigorously develop cold chain logistics, which not only conforms to the reality of China's economic and social development, but also conforms to the development of logistics industry.
(2) the scope of application of cold chain logistics
The service objects of cold chain logistics are mainly fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) and medical and pharmaceutical industries with special requirements for temperature control. Logistics objects mainly include:
① Primary agricultural products: vegetables and fruits; Meat, poultry and eggs; Aquatic products, flowers, etc. ;
② Processed food: quick-frozen food; Packaged cooked food such as poultry, meat and aquatic products; Ice cream and dairy products, fast food raw materials;
③ Special commodities: medicines; Biological donors; Blood.
Generally, we can divide the cold chain into cold chain and cold chain according to different temperatures.
In the process of logistics, the cold chain needs to meet four conditions: pretreatment; Quick freezing; Below-18℃
The temperature of; Correct and complete packaging. Cold chain generally means that the temperature is kept between 0℃ and 8℃ in the logistics process.
Because the temperature of the freezing chain is kept below-18℃, more than 93% of the water contained in the logistics object can be frozen into ice to prevent its quality from changing over time, so it is not necessary to rely on any preservatives. Except frozen foods such as ice cream, other fresh foods need to be refrigerated at a low temperature of 0℃-8℃. Compared with the cold chain, the fast-selling goods in the cold chain have shorter shelf life, faster circulation speed and higher requirements for the logistics system.
1. 1.2 characteristics of cold chain logistics
Because cold chain logistics is a supply chain system in the pharmaceutical industry, which aims at ensuring the quality of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG), takes temperature control as a special requirement and maintains a low temperature environment as the core requirement, the cold chain logistics system is more demanding and more complicated than the general normal temperature logistics system.
First, compared with normal temperature logistics, the construction investment of cold chain logistics system is much larger, which is a huge system engineering. It needs special refrigeration or freezing devices to ensure its low temperature environment. Such as special refrigerated trucks, refrigerated warehouses and special low-temperature processing places.
Second, the timeliness of perishable food requires higher organization and coordination in all aspects of the cold chain. Compared with normal temperature logistics system, cold chain logistics system needs very high time in its operation. Once there is a problem in a certain link in the operation process, it is likely to pose a threat to the quality of goods. If each link of the cold chain can't solve the problem in time because of poor organization and coordination, then both the shipper and the carrier will face huge losses.
Third, cold chain logistics is the supply chain with the closest relationship between upstream and downstream suppliers and customers. To ensure the continuity of cold chain, this is not only related to the internal organization and coordination of cold chain logistics providers, but also closely related to suppliers who provide refrigeration equipment for cold chain logistics providers. Once the refrigeration equipment has problems, whether the upstream equipment suppliers can timely repair or urgently allocate substitute products to maintain the continuity of the cold chain is also a key factor to maintain the continuity and integrity of the cold chain operation. Therefore, in the process of cold chain operation, suppliers and customers in all aspects of the cold chain must keep the closest contact and deal with some emergencies to ensure the quality of the cold chain.
Fourthly, the operation of cold chain is always related to energy consumption cost, and effective control of operation cost is closely related to the development of food cold chain. Logistics quality and logistics cost are two logistics elements with antinomy principle, which is particularly prominent in the cold chain logistics system with high logistics cost. How to ensure the quality of goods
At the same time, controlling the cost of cold chain logistics well has always been one of the focuses explored by cold chain logistics researchers.
As an important part of logistics, cold chain logistics has its own characteristics besides general logistics, such as strict requirements on refrigeration technology and time, which is the main difference between cold chain logistics and other logistics. In addition, cold chain logistics has the following characteristics: (1) large construction investment and complex technology; (2) Require each link of the cold chain to have higher organization and coordination; (3) Effective control of operating costs is closely related to the development of cold chain; (4) The cold chain logistics market is small and the network is scattered.
1.2 significance of cold chain logistics
As consumers, whether in supermarkets or traditional vegetable markets, when buying a series of products that need temperature control and preservation, besides considering whether the products are genuine or not, have you considered how these products are delivered from manufacturers to retail terminals? Because the quality assurance of non-warm products in the whole supply chain is very important, even the best products are not fresh due to problems in transportation and storage, which will affect the changes of nutrition and taste. When it is serious, it will have an adverse impact on health, so it can be equated with fake and shoddy goods, but the supply chain behind it is often unknown to consumers.
Cold storage and frozen food need a complete cold chain logistics to control the temperature of goods throughout the whole process and ensure the safety of food. This includes the closed environment, storage and transportation when loading and unloading goods. A complete refrigerated food supply chain is an indispensable element of food safety, so the requirements of cold chain logistics are relatively high, and the corresponding management and capital investment are also greater than that of ordinary normal temperature logistics.
2. The development of cold chain logistics
2. 1 Development Status of Foreign Cold Chain Logistics
The international requirements for food quality and safety are getting higher and higher. Developed countries have taken many positive measures and made great progress in production technology, production equipment, the best coordination with the external environment, better interface management and traceability of perishable food raw materials. The World Food Logistics Organization (founded in 1943) is committed to improving refrigeration technology, information exchange,
Remarkable achievements have been made in personnel training and research and development, and it has become an integrated logistics service, especially in perishable food. Developed countries are studying how the food service industry can meet the needs of consumers, evaluating the performance of logistics service companies and the logistics equipment and requirements of food under low temperature conditions, and attach great importance to the relationship between food refrigeration industry and external environment, the substitution of refrigerants in food refrigeration industry and the legislative research of food refrigeration industry.
The refrigeration rate of perishable food in developed countries such as Britain and America has reached 100%, and Japan also attaches great importance to food industry technology and the preservation and circulation of perishable food.
The United States has a complete fruit and vegetable logistics service system and advanced service means, which basically realizes all-round socialized storage and transportation services before, during and after delivery, including consultation and technology promotion; Production services, including farming, sowing, weeding, spraying, harvesting and other operational services; Purchase and sale services mainly provide post-natal service information services such as purchase, collection, grading, processing, packaging, storage, transportation and sales of fruits and vegetables, and provide various information services and other services related to agricultural materials, market, production technology, pest prediction and other services, including credit and insurance, farm management consulting, legal and Tianjin, soil testing and other services.
In order to ensure quality and reduce losses, the United States attaches great importance to all aspects of postharvest treatment of fruits and vegetables. The general procedures are harvesting and field packaging. Pre-cooling includes ice cooling, air cooling and water cooling. Cleaning and disinfection, waxing or film packaging and classified packaging. All vegetable packaging materials are printed with names, grades, net weights, farmers' names, places of origin, telephone numbers, etc. Fruits and vegetables to ensure credibility. Fruits and vegetables are always in the low temperature state of postharvest physiological needs, forming? Cold chain? That is, pre-cooling after harvest in the field. Cold storage refrigerated truck transportation, wholesale station cold storage, supermarket freezer to consumer refrigerator. Due to timely and proper treatment, the loss rate of American fruits and vegetables during processing and transportation is only 1%? 2%。
2.2 Domestic cold chain logistics development status
1. The demand for cold chain logistics is growing rapidly.
In recent years, China's food industry has developed rapidly, and the food cold chain logistics industry has ushered in greater development space. Cold chain food represented by meat products, quick-frozen foods and dairy products has developed rapidly.
(1) Market demand analysis of meat products. China's meat processing industry is in the growth stage, with the rapid growth of consumer groups and the continuous growth of production and sales. In 2007, the per capita annual meat consumption in China was 49.6 kg, and the per capita consumption of main meat was at the advanced level in the world. According to statistics, the total domestic meat output reached 805 1 10,000 tons in 2006, including 510.97 million tons of pork, accounting for 64% of the total meat output; Beef and mutton12.2 million tons, accounting for15% of the total output; Poultry meat15.09 million tons, accounting for 19% of the total output, and the output of poultry eggs reached 29.46 million tons. 2007
In, China's meat production continued to grow steadily, and the annual output of meat and eggs increased by 1.0% and 2.9% respectively. The rapid growth of meat products has ushered in greater development space for the food cold chain logistics industry.
(2) The market demand of quick-frozen food. Quick-frozen food is quickly frozen at MINUS 25℃ by using modern quick-freezing technology, and then stored at MINUS 65438 08℃ or lower, transported and preserved for a long time. Common ones are quick-frozen dumplings, quick-frozen dumplings and quick-frozen steamed buns. Since 1995, the annual output of quick-frozen food in China has increased by 20% every year, with the annual output exceeding100000 tons. According to incomplete statistics, in recent years, there are more than 2,000 quick-frozen food production enterprises in China, with annual sales reaching more than 654.38 billion yuan. At present, the cold chain distribution system of quick-frozen food, which is specialized, socialized and can constantly adapt to market changes, has not yet been formed, which has seriously affected the development of quick-frozen food enterprises.
(3) Market demand of dairy products. Dairy products include liquid milk, various milk powders and other dairy products. Since 1990, China's dairy products have entered a period of rapid development. From 1990 to 2009, the average growth rate was 12. 1%, ranking first in the world. The rapid development of dairy industry has brought great demand for cold chain logistics. Under normal circumstances, the produced fresh milk needs to be transported to the dairy factory for processing, which is a commodity with strict requirements on freshness and should be delivered every day. If it is not transported properly, it will lead to the deterioration of fresh milk and cause great losses. In order to ensure the quality, fresh milk transportation has special requirements. Therefore, high-quality cold chain logistics operation is of great significance to promote the development of dairy industry.
2. The cold chain logistics process is gradually standardized.
In recent years, many food, medicine and other production (or sales) enterprises have set up cold chain logistics departments or outsourced cold chain logistics business, and increased the monitoring of cold chain logistics operation process. Coupled with the introduction of relevant cold chain logistics technical standards, the promotion of laws and regulations and the supervision of market public opinion, the operation and management of cold chain logistics industry has gradually become standardized.
3. Cold chain logistics enterprises are gradually developing.
With the start of China's cold chain logistics industry, cold chain logistics enterprises have also begun to develop in recent years. But overall, despite the rapid development of cold chain logistics enterprises, there are still not many domestic specialized cold chain logistics enterprises.
4. Cold chain logistics information technology began to develop.
Global Positioning System (GPS) of refrigerated trucks is an important aspect of cold chain information technology. The seamless connection between multi-point intelligent thermometer and GPS system of refrigerated truck can quickly and accurately record and return the multi-point temperature in refrigerated carriage, making it possible to monitor the temperature of refrigerated transportation.
GPS system is implemented in Internet and mobile communication system.
3. Problems and countermeasures in the development of China's cold chain logistics
3. 1 Problems in the Development of Cold Chain Logistics in China
(1) has not formed a complete and independent cold chain logistics system. As far as the whole cold chain system is concerned, China's cold chain logistics has not yet formed a system. At present, about 90% of meat, 80% of aquatic products and a large number of milk box bean products are basically sold without cold chain guarantee. The lag in the development of cold chain logistics has affected the development of its industry to some extent.
(2) Cold chain logistics facilities and equipment are not perfect. Domestic cold chain facilities and equipment are outdated and unevenly distributed. At present, most of the cold storages were built in 1950s and 1970s, and many of them have reached or even exceeded their service life, so the equipment functions can no longer meet the requirements of modern commodities for cold chain logistics. At the same time, the cold chain logistics facilities and equipment are seriously inadequate, especially the quantity of refrigerated trucks, refrigerated trucks and refrigerated containers is low, which is far from meeting the market demand.
(3) The degree of marketization of cold chain logistics is low. Products that need cold chain transportation in China, except those exported by foreign trade, are mostly completed by domestic manufacturers and distributors. The development of cold chain third-party logistics is very backward. The comprehensive whole-course service provided by the third-party logistics enterprises in China is less than 5% of the total demand. Lack of national and influential third-party cold chain logistics industry leader, cold chain cost and loss are high, which greatly dampened the enthusiasm of manufacturers and hindered the healthy development of the market.
(4) Low price competition leads to low industry level. The competitive environment of cold chain logistics enterprises is poor, and low-price competition is very common. Enterprises depress prices and pursue short-term interests, so the quality of product transportation cannot be guaranteed. Due to the vicious competition in the cold chain logistics market, it is very common that the logistics management of frozen and refrigerated products is out of control. Low-price competition has seriously hindered the development of cold chain logistics in China.
(5) Cold chain logistics lacks the overall planning and integration of upstream and downstream. At present, the biggest obstacle to the development of cold chain logistics in China is that the upstream, intermediate links and downstream of cold chain logistics are not well connected, and a complete cold chain has not yet been formed, so it is impossible to control and integrate the efficiency and benefit of mobile storage from the starting point to the consumption point.
3.2 China cold chain logistics development countermeasures
3.2. 1 Practice and experience of foreign cold chain logistics development
At present, the United States, Canada, Germany, Italy, Australia, South Korea and other countries have formed a complete cold chain logistics system for agricultural products. In some countries, the cold chain circulation of fresh and perishable agricultural products has accounted for 50% of the total sales, and it is still growing. Its main practices and successful experiences are:
(1) is established? From the field to the dining table? The core of the whole cold chain logistics development system.
(2) Relying on leading enterprises and giving full play to the role of market mechanism, it has promoted the development of key links of cold chain logistics.
(3) The government increased investment, created a good business environment, and supported the development of cold chain logistics.
(4) Give play to the role of associations, strengthen industry coordination and self-discipline, and promote the basic development of cold chain logistics.
(5) Perfecting relevant legal standards and promoting professional certification are prerequisites for promoting the development of cold chain logistics.
(6) Technological innovation promotes advanced technical management methods and ensures the development of cold chain logistics.
Cold chain logistics enterprises must rely on scientific and technological innovation to improve the overall level of cold chain logistics, which is reflected in all aspects of cold chain logistics.
3.2.2 China cold chain logistics development model
The development of cold chain logistics in China must proceed from the national conditions, start with the overall planning and integration of the upstream and downstream of the cold chain logistics market, and establish an integrated cold chain logistics model that can meet the needs of consumers, suppliers and retailers. To integrate cold chain logistics, we must establish a platform to provide integrated services for the cold chain market on the basis of integrating the existing resources of the cold chain market. This platform can create a brand-new model for the development of cold chain market through modern information technology, network technology and advanced all-temperature distribution solutions.
(1) Establish a public network information platform for cold chain logistics. Integrate cold chain logistics from upstream suppliers to downstream users.
Organize cold chain logistics product supply and demand resource database and cold chain logistics industry business resource data in each link to serve both supply and demand sides and cold chain logistics and other links. Provide convenient, timely and accurate information sharing, interaction, overall transaction, decision support, data mining and other functions for cold chain logistics equipment suppliers, so as to establish a complete transaction-oriented and comprehensive service e-commerce for cold chain logistics industry.
(2) Establish a cold chain logistics information service center. By integrating the existing cold chain resources, it faces all links of cold chain enterprises.
Industries and service providers provide efficient information solutions to improve the efficiency of cold chain logistics and save social resources. Through the popularization and application of modern advanced logistics information technology (such as RFID, GNSS, GIS and GPS)
Technology), realize data collection and application, improve the operation efficiency of cold chain logistics and reduce the cost of cold chain logistics. According to the characteristics and information needs of cold chain logistics enterprises, the related information systems for different application subjects are studied, demonstrated and established.
(3) Establish a physical logistics network for cold chain logistics operation. Realize the construction of cold chain logistics entity platform and integrate the status quo.
There are social cold chain resources, combined with new refrigeration, transportation technology, materials, advanced logistics operation mode, using scientific and advanced logistics management methods and business models, optimize the cold chain logistics entity network, and explore the establishment of a new and efficient cold chain logistics business model.
3.2.3 Cold Chain Logistics Development Strategy
From a macro point of view, the government should actively guide the development of cold chain logistics, play a macro-control role, strengthen the research of cold chain logistics, strengthen the construction of infrastructure, and introduce advanced cold chain logistics technology and management methods from mature foreign experience.
From the microscopic point of view, as the main body of cold chain logistics operation, enterprises should raise awareness, strengthen management, introduce third-party logistics suppliers to operate, and make circulation lean. By exploring the market, strengthening service awareness, enriching service functions and improving service level.
(1) Make overall planning and construction, establish a perfect cold chain logistics management system combining soft and hard, and plan cold chain materials.
When circulating the system, we should learn from some foreign practices and follow the needs and operational characteristics of cold chain logistics itself.
Point, overall planning, combination of soft and hard. First, it is necessary to scientifically plan hardware, rationally plan workshops, storage equipment and transportation equipment, and promote the perfection and improvement of refrigeration facilities and equipment.
We should constantly innovate Tibet's ways and technologies, speed up the pace of introducing advanced technologies and promote them as soon as possible.
Various new technologies of cold storage and preservation. Secondly, we should plan the software reasonably, and plan the inventory control system, customer service system, warehouse management system and transportation management system. Cold chain logistics information system provides accurate market dynamics and information communication for cold chain stakeholders, and it is also safe.
Full verification provides traceability information support, and the problem food can be traced back to the end. By introducing advanced information technologies such as POS technology, EDI technology and GPS technology, the supply chain information integration is realized.
Do upstream and downstream enterprise information. Third, we must carry out technological innovation. It is necessary to increase scientific and technological development and investment, constantly innovate refrigeration methods and technologies, introduce and learn advanced foreign technologies, and popularize various new technologies for refrigeration and preservation. Fourth, we should improve the quality of employees. By cultivating professionals in cold chain logistics operation, we can cultivate their sensitivity to temperature, ability to deal with emergencies, and good work plans and habits.
(2) Introduce third-party logistics enterprises and implement cold chain logistics and transportation outsourcing. Construction demand of cold chain logistics system
A large amount of investment, for small and medium-sized low-temperature commodity production enterprises, is in urgent need of health if they want to expand their business.
Low logistics cost requires the introduction of third-party logistics service enterprises. At present, we should vigorously promote the third-party logistics enterprises to enter the low-temperature logistics refrigeration market. By outsourcing the cold chain logistics business to a third-party logistics company, the enterprises themselves strive to build their core competitiveness and reduce logistics costs with the help of 3PL's economies of scale. Third-party logistics enterprises form alliances through commercial enterprises, provide functional services of cold chain transportation through cold chain segmentation, and then export targeted improved logistics management and operation systems. Although the transportation in cold chain logistics is outsourced to the third-party cold chain logistics enterprises, the production enterprises must strengthen it.
Real-time monitoring of the transportation process of third-party cold chain logistics enterprises to ensure the quality of cold chain products and improve consumer satisfaction. While increasing the profits of production enterprises, it also brings benefits to third-party cold chain logistics enterprises and realizes real double annoyance.
(3) Establish an integrated cold chain logistics with the same distribution mode. The development of cold chain logistics in China should put more
Focus on? Chain? In the construction, try to make the chain the longest and most complete. To realize this operation process, the whole cold chain logistics industry should unite and establish a cold chain logistics distribution center to realize the same distribution of the cold chain logistics industry. The goods are transported by the supplier to the cold chain logistics distribution centers in major cities, and then transported for a long distance after integration. The regional distribution centers box and pick up the goods, and press.
Transportation, reintegration and delivery to retail outlets. Through * * * same distribution, the operation efficiency of cold chain logistics can be improved, the operating cost of enterprises can be reduced, and a lot of funds, equipment, land and manpower can be saved. Through the centralized treatment of cold chain logistics, the loading rate of cold chain vehicles is effectively improved and cold chain logistics is saved.
Handle space and human resources well, improve the cold chain logistics environment and improve the overall quality of social life.
(4) Establish the strategic partnership of cold chain logistics supply chain. Cold chain production enterprises only have downstream points.
Only when sellers and merchants form an alliance and establish a cooperative strategic partnership with integrated interests can the communication between cold chain logistics partners be truly improved.
(5) Strengthen the training of cold chain logistics professionals. At present, the shortage of cold chain logistics talents has become a production
Bottleneck of further development of cold chain logistics in China. In the future, relevant state departments and educational institutions should adopt various ways to strengthen the training of talents in this field.
(6) Accelerate the development of third-party logistics. Frozen products have higher requirements for logistics and distribution because of their own characteristics.
It is neither realistic nor economical for a single enterprise to realize multi-directional and door-to-door channel distribution services, and the whole logistics link needs to be connected with the help of third-party logistics. It can be said that the third party logistics is the development direction of socialized division of labor and modern logistics, and it is an advanced model suitable for the development of domestic cold chain logistics to promote the integration of upstream and downstream of cold chain logistics.
3.3 The future development direction of cold chain logistics in China
1. The development of cold chain logistics was accelerated.
The construction of cold chain infrastructure will further accelerate the development of domestic cold chain logistics infrastructure, mainly in the construction of cold storage facilities, the improvement of cold storage technology and the diversified development of cold storage vehicles. The development trend of cold storage is mainly manifested in the following aspects: a number of modern cold storage and cold chain logistics distribution centers are gradually established to meet the needs of regional economic development, micro-cold storage suitable for farmers will develop rapidly, constant temperature controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables will develop rapidly, and the proportion of low temperature storage will be further increased. From the perspective of the development of railway refrigerated transport vehicles, railway refrigerated transport vehicles will be positioned in the long-distance transport of cryogenic high-quality goods and low value-added refrigerated goods. Railway refrigerated transport vehicles will focus on the following models: fast refrigerated trucks that can be linked with passenger cars and adapt to intercity transportation, refrigerated containers that can adapt to diversification of goods categories and long-distance transportation, single-section and segmented refrigerated trucks that can meet small-batch cargo transportation, and modified atmosphere fresh-keeping trucks and refrigerated containers that can adapt to large-batch transportation. In the development of highway refrigerated trucks, the future refrigerated truck market will be further integrated, and there will be a trend of polarization: one is small tonnage, which is used for short-distance and small-batch transportation, such as supermarket cold drinks, milk, ice cream, refrigerated drugs and other distribution centers; The other is large capacity and tonnage, which mainly meets the needs of long-distance transportation.
2. Cold chain logistics will gradually realize closed operation.
Cold chain logistics often appears at present? Broken chain? Phenomenon, affecting the quality and safety of products, greatly increasing the loss of products. In addition, cold chain logistics lacks emergency measures. For example, there have been cases where law enforcement officers have been inspecting illegally refrigerated transport vehicles for too long, resulting in the deterioration of transported food. In order to prevent the above situation, it is necessary to bind production enterprises, cold chain logistics enterprises and government supervision departments together and implement closed operation; Enterprises that need to participate in cold chain logistics operation should establish unified norms and standards, establish a dynamic quality tracking and monitoring system based on logistics information technology, and establish a perfect cold chain quality information release and accountability system.
4. Summary summary
Through the investigation and study of cold chain logistics in China, it is concluded that the development of cold chain logistics in China is not perfect. First of all, the development system of cold chain logistics is imperfect, the facilities and equipment are outdated, and the marketization of cold chain logistics is low. In this paper, the problems existing in the development of cold chain logistics and their solutions and suggestions are put forward in detail. However, our knowledge is limited after all. Perhaps our understanding of cold chain logistics is not comprehensive, and only theoretical knowledge is not enough. We need to combine practice with theory and put forward suggestions for improvement. I hope the teachers can correct the shortcomings and defects in the article. In the future research and study, we will seriously think about it and do better in the future.
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