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Author: Ying Lili

Suggested issues for discussion

The relationship between city and business

The difference between ancient cities and modern cities

Case description

Design the future city

As soon as she entered the classroom, Ying said, "I got a message today that China Science and Design Institute needs some imaginative designers to build a future city in the west and needs to recruit in our class. The specific content is to ask students to design a city with commercial function as the unit. Everyone can freely combine and design your imaginary future city within a limited ten minutes. Is there any problem? "

"No."

"Can the teacher explain what a city with commercial functions includes?" Some students asked.

"You can design according to the commercial functions of the city where we live now and the functions we should have in the city.

Highlight commercial functions and use your imagination, but plan the layout of the city reasonably, design a perfect future city with your collective wisdom, and see which group can become the standard designers. Let's start designing. "

Students are free to form five groups, thinking, talking and drawing.

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ancient city

Ten minutes later, under the organization of the teacher, each group introduced their own ideas in turn, and after everyone's analysis and evaluation.

The group with good design effect was selected and praised.

Teachers should say: "Students, everyone has designed the image of the future commercial city in their own minds. I think. "

Ask you, do you know how the city was formed and when the commercial function of the city appeared? "

Students, you look at me, I look at you, all puzzled, only a few students are whispering below.

Should the teacher see this kind of situation, smiled and said:

"It seems that I have stumped everyone. Let me introduce you to the ancient city."

"Today's" city "is a word, but in the ancients," city "and" city "are completely different concepts. "city"

The earliest refers to the city wall, which is a tall fence built around residential areas for defense. Later, "city" was used to refer to the residential area within the city wall. However, the early cities were only walled villages, and farming activities were the main production activities of residents. Later, the handicraft industry serving the rulers developed and began to exchange products, so there was a place for exchange-the city, and it was always located in the city. In some documents, city and city are used together, but they still refer to two different things. Now we use the word' city' to refer to a place opposite to the countryside, with dense population and developed industrial, commercial and cultural undertakings. If "city" retains the meaning of a large number of densely populated areas, and "city" means the development of commercial activities and related industries and services, then the word "city" inherits and develops the original meanings of "city" and "city", and also reflects the faint traces of urban development and evolution. "

"So that's it!"

"Do you know what happened to this city this time?" The teacher asked, "Who can tell us what functions ancient cities have?"

The students raised their hands one after another. Chen Chen first stood up and said, "According to your story, I know that ancient cities have residential and commercial functions."

"So are there any other functions?"

"yes." The students answered in unison.

"Then tell me something about Liu Chang."

"The ancient city also has educational and entertainment functions."

The teacher was secretly pleased, but I didn't expect the students to answer so well. So she immediately said:

"In fact, the ancient city has many functions, but many functions are not perfect and can't even be called functions. Only the residential function and commercial function are the most important functions. "

Before the teacher's words fell, Xiao Yu, a classmate sitting in the first row, interrupted the topic and said, "I heard that the last monarch of the Xia Dynasty was dissolute and had no way, and even put the tiger in the market to watch the people running around for fun.

"Really?" Someone asked suspiciously.

"It's cruel!"

The relationship between city and business

Teacher Ying said: "The first climax of the large-scale rise of cities was in the Zhou Dynasty. At that time, the city was entirely for politics. Living in cities, besides rulers, there are also civilians-government-run craftsmen and their families (China people call them "Baigong"). By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (Eastern Zhou Dynasty), there were trading activities in the city, which gradually moved towards the integration of "city" and "city".

After the Han Dynasty, many new cities appeared, which changed the situation that they all concentrated in the north and began to move south: in the north, they radiated around with the political center as the center; In the south, it radiates around the economic center. This pattern and development trend basically maintained the whole feudal period. "

"Teacher Ying, what was the status of a businessman at that time?" Li Zhi asked.

"I know," Xiao Yu replied eagerly. "I think some historical records show that the Jin government stipulates that businessmen must wear hats, sew white cloth on them, write their names and sell things. What is even more frightening is that they must wear white shoes on one foot and black shoes on the other. Do you think the status of businessmen can be high in this case? "

"Yes, at that time, although commercial activities were developed, the status of businessmen was still very low. However, since the Northern Song Dynasty, the development of cities has entered a new era-towards modernization. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the seeds of capitalism were strangled, and China's cities finally embarked on the road of modernization. " Should the teacher said while opening the big screen:

When the wheel hub hits, people rub their shoulders',' even the curtain becomes, the curtain rises, and the sweat becomes rain.

"Teacher, what do you mean when you say' the wheel hub bumps and people rub their shoulders' and' the curtain rises and the sweat turns into rain'? I only heard that these two sentences are about the prosperity of urban commerce. " A student asked with a puzzled face.

The teacher replied with a smile: "When the hub hits, people rub their shoulders" means that the front of the car touches the rear of the car and people rub their shoulders, while "connecting curtains, sleeves and sweating into rain" means that people connect sleeves and skirts to become curtains, and even sleeves become curtains, sweating like rain. This sentence is a portrayal of the prosperity of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period. Let's enjoy a painting together. "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival appeared on the big screen.

It seems that the students are familiar with this painting, talking and excited.

"Observing this painting, what enlightenment can it give you about the relationship between ancient cities and businesses?" If the teacher keeps asking.

Wang Ming first raised his hand and replied, "The city and business are inseparable, and the appearance of the city is also inseparable from business."

"Ok, anything else?"

Zhang Yu said: "I think Wang Ming only said half of it. I think the development of business cannot be separated from the city."

The students all nodded in agreement.

Yang Jing whispered, "I think business is just a function of the city, just as life is a function of the city."

"The students are right, but not comprehensive enough. Ancient cities originated from commerce. It is precisely because of the formation of the' city' that people began their urban life as trading places, and the development of commercial activities is inseparable from the development of the city. They complement each other and are closely related. In modern cities, commerce is only a function of cities, and there is still an inseparable relationship between commercial cities. At the same time, the development of a country's business is also an important symbol of economic development. "

Future master

"Students, after we understand the close relationship between city and business, we must realize the importance of business to the development of the city and the country, especially in the development and construction of the western region. Now, let's take out the future city you designed. Suppose you are the mayor of a future city. What do you think of the commercial construction of the city? Start using your wisdom! I believe that tomorrow will be better in your hands! "

……

There are really many wonderful schemes in the designs sent by students after class. I chose some and put them in the school window.

Case feedback

Teacher Ying is a recruit who has worked for less than one year and has no teaching experience, but she is willing to study hard and is good at learning, and is welcomed by leaders, peers and students. In this teaching design, she grasped the key of teaching, provided students with rich imagination space, stimulated students' interest in learning, and was sent to participate in teaching activities, so that the interaction between teachers and students reached the best position, which made the originally boring study vivid and the students' thinking ability also got the greatest exercise.

Commentator: Xing Xueyan, Shenyang Shenhe District Teacher Training School

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When the conscious advanced discipline plan develops to a new stage, it has been understood that the discipline plan must interact with the discipline to develop, so close social activities have been carried out and various social organizations have been established. But they know that it is difficult to meet their own needs only in this way, and they must carry out close material exchange activities to develop better. In the later period of primitive society, the development of productive forces made people have surplus products in their hands and can exchange a small amount of things. The exchange of materials is beneficial to their own development, promotes the internalization of the main program, and fully expands their wisdom. Newcomers are a good exchange race, so Neanderthals who are not good at exchange are finally eliminated. Direct barter is the primary form of exchange. With the development of productivity and specialized production, direct barter can't meet the needs of society. As a result, commerce and cities came into being.

The development of productive forces and social division of labor make surplus products appear, thus laying the foundation of private ownership. At the same time, due to the technical specialization tendency of workers, the varieties and quantities of products produced by various workers in production activities are different, and workers always tend to engage in their skilled technical production. Therefore, in order to meet personal needs, product exchange began to appear. With the deepening of division of labor, the types of means of production are gradually increasing, the surplus products are also increasing, the material exchange activities are becoming more and more frequent, and the types and regions of exchange products are also expanding. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, the form of currency exchange appeared, in which physical currency such as livestock, bronzes, cloth and precious ornaments was exchanged as equivalent, replacing the original form of barter exchange. The appearance of physical currency means the birth of business, the formation of merchant class and the final formation of the third social division of labor. On the basis of the three social divisions of labor, the separation between urban and rural areas has been caused, and the division of labor between material production and spiritual production, manual labor and mental labor, manual labor and mental labor has gradually formed, that is, the basic social division of labor.

With the development of commerce, commodity exchange is increasingly frequent and extensive, and cities and markets begin to appear. According to archaeological findings, the earliest cities in the world were born in Mesopotamia around 4500 BC, that is, the Tigris and Euphrates plains in Syria and eastern Iraq, including Ur, Ellis, Lagos, Kish, Baghdad and Babylon. Since then, a number of cities have emerged in other parts of the world, such as the middle and lower reaches of the Nile, the Indus River basin, the Yellow River-Weihe River basin and the central Andes. Generally speaking, these early cities are mainly distributed in areas that are conducive to agricultural irrigation and the collection of agricultural products in the surrounding areas, which are often small in scale and have obvious traces of primitive villages and communities. For example, there are a lot of cultivated land in Ur, and several settlements are scattered on these cultivated land. The ancient Egyptian city of Amarna also had vegetable gardens, orchards and fish ponds.

The emergence of cities is not only the result of productivity and social development, but also the driving force and source of economic and social progress. Cities gather all kinds of different things, people of various occupations, ideas and material and cultural achievements in a limited space, thus providing conditions for the mutual promotion and cooperation of these things, making these different people, activities and material elements form a system, thus perfecting and expanding the functions of these elements and producing an overall effect that these elements do not have when they exist alone.

(A) the emergence and development of cities

China, China is one of the birthplaces of cities in the world. According to the existing literature, historical materials and archaeological evidence, the early cities in China originated from the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors (about 26th century BC), and formed in Xia and Shang Dynasties, which lasted about *** 1500 years. By the end of Shang Dynasty, all the early capitals of China had landmark buildings-palaces, and the buildings in the city changed from simple to complex, from disorder to orderly planning. In particular, manual workshops moved from the suburbs to the edge of the city, which eventually constituted an element of early cities. At the same time, the market positioning has gradually shifted from the early "market place" of "Japan and China are the city" to the city. Drive the commercial development of the vice city. But on the whole, the early cities in China were not widely distributed and the number was small. According to incomplete statistics, until the end of Shang Dynasty, there were 26 cities in China, mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of Huaihe River, especially in the south of Shanxi, north of Henan and east of Henan. Second, the city is small in scale, and its functions are relatively simple, mainly political. Third, there are not many connections between cities, and the city sites move frequently. For example, in the Xia Dynasty, the capital of Xia Houshi moved ten times. As for the Shang dynasty, it is "not often lost." These conditions show that in the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the urban communities in China were still in the primary stage.

China city has experienced thousands of years of development since its formation in Xia and Shang Dynasties. According to historical records, the first city, the ruling center of various vassal States, was generally developed due to the implementation of the enfeoffment system in the Western Anniversary. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China had basically formed a three-level urban network with political functions as the mainstay, with the city as the first, the city as the second, and Qingdafu (Cai Yicheng) as the third. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the implementation of the county system and economic development, on the one hand, administrative central cities were developed, and by the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 1076 cities above the county level in China; On the other hand, the commercial function of urban communities has been significantly strengthened, and commercial cities have begun to rise. Chang 'an, Linzi, Luoyang, Handan, Wan and Chengdu were all commercial centers at that time. However, during this period, the regional distribution of cities in China was still unbalanced, mainly concentrated in the north (Yellow River, Huaihe River and Shanghai River basins), and the relationship between cities was mainly concentrated in the administrative relationship between higher and lower levels. This is determined by the feudal economic and social structure.

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties (AD 220-907) was the historical period when China's feudal society reached its peak, and it was also an important stage of China's urban development. At the present stage of urban development, first, the number of cities (towns) has increased, the distribution scope has expanded, and the focus of spatial distribution has shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin. As far as county towns are concerned, there were many abandoned counties in the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Haihe River basins during this period, and the total number was only half that of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The proportion of county towns in China has also decreased from 1/2 in the Eastern Han Dynasty to 1/5, while the number of counties in the Yangtze River basin and the southeast coastal areas has more than doubled, accounting for about half of the total number of county towns in China. In addition, cities (towns) in southwest, northeast and even Xinjiang have also increased significantly. By the Tang Dynasty, the total number of cities (towns) had reached more than 1600, exceeding any period in history. Second, megacities with a population of more than one million began to appear. For example, Jiankang (now Nanjing), the capital of Liang Wudi (AD 502-548), Tokyo (AD 605-6 16) and Chang 'an, the capital of Wu Zetian (AD 684-704). The population of all these cities exceeded 1 million, which made them the largest cities in the world at that time. Third, a number of handicraft cities, river ports and seaport cities have emerged. For example, the development of commodity agriculture has promoted the development of handicraft industry, leading to the rise of a large number of emerging handicraft cities, including Dingzhou (now Dingzhou, Hebei Province), Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), Yizhou (now Chengdu) and other cities mainly engaged in textile industry, as well as cities mainly engaged in ceramic production such as Yuezhou (now Shaoxing), Xingzhou (now Tangshan, Hebei Province) and Nanzhen (Jingdezhen). Another example is that with the development of water transportation and the prosperity of port trade, larger cities such as Chuzhou (Huai 'an), Yangzhou, Suzhou and Hangzhou have sprung up along the canal, while important cities such as Jingkou (Zhenjiang), Xiakou (Hankou) and Xunyang (Jiujiang) have sprung up along the Yangtze River, and Ding Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Chaozhou, Fuzhou, Wenzhou, Mingzhou (Ningbo) and Dengzhou have sprung up. Fourthly, with the expansion of land development and the prosperity of regional economy, it has also led to the rise of frontier fortress towns and grass markets outside big cities, which has become the beginning of the development of small towns in China. All these indicate that the urban communities in China have developed greatly in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties.

On this basis, during the Song and Yuan Dynasties (907- 1369), cities (towns) in China developed further. The city (town) system was formed in the Song Dynasty, which was composed of four levels: national capital and government, prefectures and cities, and counties and towns. Among them, the population of the capital is mostly over one million. Residents in prefectures and cities often reach tens of thousands to more than 65438+ ten thousand, which is equivalent to the current medium-sized cities. The population of the county is about 5000-20000. There are thousands or even tens of thousands of people in the town. However, years of melee at the end of Yuan Dynasty caused serious damage to urban communities.

Before the Opium War in Ming and Qing Dynasties (A.D. 1368- 1840), the feudal social and economic development in China was relatively stagnant, and the capital began to sprout. The development of cities (towns) in this period is manifested in the emergence of a large number of small towns, especially in the south of the Yangtze River, forming a large number of commercial towns, handicraft towns and handicraft-commercial towns. Second, the number of cities (towns) has further increased, and the hierarchical scale structure has gradually balanced. At that time, China had megacities with a population of over one million, such as Nanjing, Beijing and Suzhou; Yangzhou, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Hankou, Fuzhou, Tianjin and Xiamen with a population of 500,000-654.38+00,000; cities with a population of 200,000-500,000 with a population of over 6,543.8+00,000; small towns (including small cities) were the third; cities in the Yangtze River valley and the Canal valley were further developed. For example, Tongzhou, Tianjin, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Jining, Huaiyin, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Jiaxing and Hangzhou along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal are all famous for their figures in Yin Ruins. However, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the maritime ban was strictly enforced, which led to the stagnation and decline of large and medium-sized coastal port cities.

From the perspective of historical development, the formation of ancient cities in China is contrary to that in the west: most of China built city walls first, and then formed urban areas; In the west, most ancient cities first formed urban areas and then built city walls.

Cities in ancient western countries. Cities in western countries also have a long history and tortuous development process. Historical data show that cities in ancient Greece and Rome have begun to take shape. At that time, more than 200 city-states were formed in Greece, and the center of each city-state was a city, the most famous of which were Sparta and Athens. After the establishment of the Roman Empire, urban construction has developed to a certain extent. However, in the 4th and 5th centuries, due to the war and other reasons, the cities in ancient Rome gradually declined, and the capital was reduced from 1 10,000 to 40,000. Other cities were also greatly damaged by the migration of Germans from north to south, or basically disappeared, or lost the meaning of cities. At that time, the Germans, as occupiers, were still in the primitive social stage. Their production and life do not need cities, and they are all concentrated in the countryside. Even after three or four hundred years, the fragile feudal manor economy in the west did not drive the development of urban communities.

/kloc-around the 0/0 century, some important changes have taken place in the western economy. In agricultural production, iron plough is widely used. In handicraft industry, woolen cloth industry, mining industry and metal processing industry have emerged. At the same time, the long-distance transport trade engaged by Hong merchants has gradually flourished. All these provide the premise for the separation of agriculture and handicraft industry and the concentration of industry and commerce. As a result, craftsmen and businessmen gradually concentrated in places close to consumers or with superior sales conditions, such as seaports, river banks, intersections, castles and temples, which led to the re-emergence of western cities. The re-emerging western cities, due to the concentration and specialization of handicrafts and commerce, have continuously improved and expanded their product quality and production fields, showing the superiority of urban community economy and attracting more and more craftsmen, farmers and even feudal lords. /kloc-After 0/3rd century, in Britain, France, Italy and other countries, the feudal manor economy tends to collapse, the natural economy begins to collapse, and the characteristics of the city as the industrial and commercial center of the whole society become increasingly prominent. More importantly, more and more cities got rid of the control of feudal lords and gained autonomy, which laid a good foundation for further development.

It can be seen that due to the continuation of Chinese civilization, the scale of urban development in China is getting larger and larger, which also promotes the development of business. Although the scale of urban development in western countries was limited due to the serious destruction of war and the religious rule in the Middle Ages, the cities in western countries were finally brought into the correct development track.

(B) the development of business

The further form of commercial development is the appearance of symbolic currency.

The earliest currency in China, China (also the earliest currency in the world) is a shell currency processed from natural shells, which was unearthed in Fu Hao's tomb in Yinxu, Henan Province from 19 BC to16th century BC, about 3,500 years ago. After processing, natural shell coins are grooved, smooth and beautiful, small and exquisite, durable and easy to carry. This kind of sea currency is mainly produced in the East China Sea and South China Sea of China, which reflects the commercial exchanges in Shang Dynasty. Before the middle period of Shang Dynasty, the value of Beibi was very high, and it would be a great honor for my lieutenants to get the reward from the Shang King by using Beibi. With the development of commodity economy at that time, the supply of natural shell coins was in short supply, so many imitation shell coins appeared at that time, such as stone shells, bone shells, mussel shells and pine shells. These shell coins are very small, about 1.2 cm to 2.4 cm long. In the late Shang dynasty, copper coins appeared again, which were also shaped like seashells. Copper shells were unearthed in the tombs of the late Shang Dynasty in Anyang, Henan and Baode, Shanxi, from about 14 BC to 1 1 century BC. Copper shell is the earliest metal coin in China, among which there is a kind of gold-coated copper coin used as a large amount of money, and there are very few existing coins. As soon as mussels are unearthed, they are easily damaged, and few mussels are well preserved.

The earliest metal currency in China was the copper shell of Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty is also called the Bronze Age in the history of China. The developed bronze smelting industry at that time promoted the development of production and the increase of trade activities. As a result, the most popular coin at that time was not easy to trade because of its unstable source, so people looked for more suitable monetary materials and naturally concentrated on bronze, and bronze coins came into being. However, this kind of metal currency made of bronze is very rough, simple in design, not fixed in shape, without using units, and has not reached the level of widespread use in the market. Because its shape is very similar to the shell coin as a currency, most people call it a copper shell. According to the analysis of archaeological materials, the copper shell was circulated with Beibi at the same time after it was produced. In the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, a new form of money appeared, namely, gold-plated copper shell, which is a thin layer of gold plated on the surface of ordinary copper coins, which is luxurious and wear-resistant. The copper shell is not only the earliest metal currency in China, but also the earliest metal currency in the world.

China was also the first country to invent paper money. During the Northern Song Dynasty, paper money-"jiaozi" appeared in China. The appearance of paper money is a great progress in the history of money. Some people think that the origin of China paper money can be traced back to the "White Deer Skin Coin" of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and the "Flying Money" of Tang Xianzong. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national treasury was empty because of years of fighting against Xiongnu. In order to solve the financial difficulties, while casting "three baht money" and "white gold coin" (a kind of gold coin made of silver and tin), the "white deer skin coin" was issued. The so-called "white deerskin coin" takes the white deerskin of the court as the coin material, each piece is one square foot, and the periphery is painted. Each deerskin coin has a fixed value of 400,000 yuan. Because its value is far from the value of leather coins, "White Deer Original Leather Coin" is only a gift between princes and has not been used in the circulation field, so it is not a real paper currency, and can only be said to be a pioneer of paper currency. "Flying money" appeared in the middle of the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was inconvenient for businessmen to bring a lot of copper coins when they went out to do business. They first issued vouchers to the government, which recorded the number of places and money, and then took the vouchers to withdraw money from different places to buy goods. This kind of voucher is called "flying money". "Flying money" is essentially just a kind of exchange business. It does not interfere with circulation and does not exercise functions of money, so it is not a real paper money. The "Jiaozi" in Chengdu, Sichuan in the Northern Song Dynasty was the beginning of real paper money.

It is no accident that paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is the inevitable product of social, political and economic development. With the rapid development of commodity economy in Song Dynasty, commodity circulation needed more money. There was a shortage of copper coins at that time, which could not meet the demand in circulation. At that time, iron money was widely used in Sichuan, which was inconvenient to use because of its low value and heavy weight. At that time, a copper coin was worth ten iron coins. Every thousand iron coins weigh 25 Jin, and the middle money 13 Jin. It costs 20 thousand yuan to buy a piece of cloth, which weighs about 500 Jin and needs to be carried by car. Therefore, there is an objective demand for light money, which is also the main reason why paper money first appeared in Sichuan. Furthermore, although the Northern Song Dynasty was a highly centralized feudal autocratic country, the national currency was not unified, and there were several currency areas, which were not common. At that time, there were 13 roads (administrative units in Song Dynasty) dedicated to copper coins, 4 roads dedicated to iron coins, and Shaanxi and Hedong used copper coins and iron coins together. Currency outflow is strictly prohibited in all currency areas, and the use of paper money can prevent the outflow of copper and iron currency. In addition, the Song government was often hit by Liao, Xia and Jin dynasties, and the military expenditure and compensation expenditure were very large, so it was necessary to issue paper money to make up for the financial deficit. Various reasons have contributed to the emergence of paper money-"Jiaozi".

The appearance of symbolic currency is a sign of formalization of business thinking, and paper money promotes the development of business thinking. The appearance of paper money facilitates business contacts and makes up for the shortage of cash, which is a great achievement in the history of currency. But in ancient times, paper money was only a temporary need, and metal money still dominated. Therefore, the influence of paper money is very weak.

The commercial development in China seems to be smooth sailing, but due to the natural economy of small-scale peasant production, the commercial universality in ancient China is not developed, and the circulation of goods and money is very limited, so money is not the basic element of a joint society. On the contrary, although the earliest Swedish banknotes in Europe were more than 600 years later than those in China, the commercial level in Europe was much higher than that in China.

Ancient Greece. Ancient Greece was an island country, and its environment was not suitable for growing crops. But it is very beneficial to the growth of olive and grape. Olives can be used to fry olive oil and grapes can be used to make wine. However, these two items alone will definitely not be able to feed so many people. The only way is to sell it elsewhere through certain channels and exchange it with agricultural products there. In other words, from the beginning, agriculture in ancient Greece could not be self-sufficient. However, it has the advantage of geographical location, being at the junction of two major civilizations, which is conducive to navigation and trade. As a result, on the islands of ancient Greece, a civilization dominated by trade and navigation was formed. With the development of commerce and handicrafts in ancient Greece, the more exquisite, unique, professional and efficient handicrafts, the more money you can earn by selling them. Moreover, handicrafts are easy to copy and copy, and others can't. If it can be done, the benefits will be greater and greater. On the ancient Greek island country, a civilization dominated by industry and commerce was formed. Influenced by the geographical environment, the ancient Greeks were famous for being good at sailing, and were called "maritime residents" and "maritime peoples". The mysterious vast sea and frequent sailing activities not only aroused people's strong desire to explore and explore nature, but also cultivated their national character of adventure and expansion abroad, and enabled them to conduct overseas commerce and colonization continuously and conduct extensive cultural exchanges with the civilized circles in North Africa and West Asia. Crete has close trade relations with Aegean Islands, Greek Peninsula, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Egypt and the Western Mediterranean. While trading with these areas, they also established colonies in these areas, which shows that overseas trade is the economic lifeline of this island country. Extensive trade must have a system of weights and measures and monetary units. They use the weight of stone and copper, as well as the exquisite design of animals and plants. But their currency is not clever, using 29 kilograms of cowhide-shaped copper blocks as currency. Crete has also established a powerful navy, whose purpose is not only to ensure the unimpeded maritime trade, but also to carry out commercial colonial plunder and force many places to pay tribute. It is both a maritime hegemon and a land power. Mycenae's business is also very active. They followed the example of Crete, facing the sea and engaged in various looting and commercial activities. They established colonies in the eastern Mediterranean, and later with the help of their terrible maritime armed forces, they developed into the western Mediterranean. He began to rule Crete in the 0/5th century BC/KLOC. Mycenae deal in a variety of commodities, besides pottery, wine, oil, gold and silver jewelry, as well as hides and other commodities. Archaeological excavations show that there are various commodities of Mycenae everywhere in the Mediterranean region. In addition, many large warehouses have been excavated in Mycenae. These warehouses are full of all kinds of utensils, including adult-high vats, jars and clay tablets with economic accounts written on them. This is obviously a merchant's warehouse. Scholars call Mycenae businessmen "literati businessmen".

Greece's economy is basically a natural economy, but there is a relatively developed commodity economy. In the 6th century BC, Athens became the main center of handicraft production. In the middle of the 5th century BC, Piraeus, a seaport in Athens, became a Mediterranean trade center. From the 5th century BC to the 4th century BC, the currency exchange business between city-states developed, and currency management and usury became common. Therefore, the economic thoughts of ancient Greece have been very rich, including the content of maintaining the natural economy of slave owners and the exploration of commodity economy.

Since the middle period of the ancient Roman Republic, due to the continuous expansion, the surrounding provinces have become the suppliers of grain and various mineral raw materials. As a result, the local economies of Rome and Italy began to focus on cash crops, metal industries and various handicrafts, and extensive land and sea trade was launched around the Mediterranean, making Rome a developed commodity society.

The development of business promotes the cultural exchange, which leads to the interaction of subject procedures. This is conducive to the internalization of consciousness. Cities provide a realistic material basis for the interaction of disciplines and projects. This will inevitably greatly speed up the internalization of the main program. With the development of commerce and cities, mankind will soon break through the development stage of primary civilization ideology.