Naman's historical relationship
The ethnic composition of Nanman is relatively complex, which can be roughly divided into three major ethnic groups: Baiyue, Baipu and Bashu. Baiyue nationality is distributed in the vast area south of the Yangtze River, Baipu nationality is distributed in Hunan and Guizhou today, and Bashu nationality is distributed in Sichuan and Chongqing today. At present, most of the ethnic minorities in the south have evolved from the Naman nationality. It is worth noting that Xishu and Naman in Sanxingdui civilization are the same ancestor-Zhu Rong (Candle dragon).
The ancient Oriental tribes were called Yi, while the Dongyi, as a noun, came from the Zhou Dynasty, because the Zhou family came from the west relative to the Oriental Yi tribes. However, this word was later used by historians to refer to prehistoric China who lived in today's Shandong and Huaihe rivers and moved in today's Taishan mountain. Its semantic nature changed from a geographical term to a cultural origin term in the sense of China's cultural origin, which many tribes and countries called Yi. Dongyi, that is, a foreigner in the East, is a foreigner. The pronunciation of Gushan dialect is the same as that of "Man", which originally means "One Man Carrying a Bow" (Shuo Wen Jie Zi), and it is an apposition with China. Dongyi, as a noun, originated from the Zhou Dynasty. In order to record history, Zhou people called the tribes east of the Central Plains Dongyi. In fact, only one tribe calls itself "Yi". Later, this word was used by historians to refer to a noun category of many tribes and countries called Yi, where prehistoric China lived in today's Shandong and Huaihe rivers and lived in today's Taishan mountain. In the Han Dynasty, Korea and Japan were also called Dongyi. Dongyi civilization is an organic part of Chinese civilization. Some people think that Yueshi culture (about 3900 years ago) is the Dongyi civilization.
The origin and distribution of dongyi
In view of the fact that most primitive people in East Asia died in the previous glacial period (70,000 years ago, the Quaternary Late Pleistocene glacial period), some yellow people rushed to the Ganges River valley in India, then migrated to Southeast Asia, occupied southern China, crossed the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, and finally reached the Bohai Sea, forming South Asia-South Island and Baiyue (Zhuangdong or Tailao) tribes along the way. This is the South Asian race. Another part of the Yellow People entered the Yellow River valley eastward, forming Altai tribe. Among them, the nomadic people in Hetao and Loess Plateau are Turkic, the nomadic people in Hebei Plain are Mongolian, and the nomadic people in Bohai Sea and Korean Peninsula are Tungusic, all of which belong to North Asian race.
Part of Baiyue crossed the Huaihe River in the north, among which Sanmiao tribe occupied the Henan Plain, and the other tribes merged with Tunguska to form a new nation (Dongyi), and the Korean nation was a branch of Dongyi;
Yi people said that what they saw today was confirmed at that time, and the earliest was the remains (Yi) recorded in Oracle bones. According to ancient records, there were many Fang tribes in the eastern Xia Dynasty. The Biography of Eastern Yi in the Later Han Dynasty said: "There are nine kinds of Yi, namely Yi, Fang Yi, Bai Yi, Chi Yi, Xuan Yi, Feng Yi and Yang Yi." These nine kinds of barbarians are all found in the records of the relationship between Xia Dynasty and Oriental barbarians in the annals of ancient bamboo books. In fact, "nine" is just a lot of words, so there is no need to stick to nine. According to the chronological records of bamboo books, there was a pregnant woman and a blue dress in the Xia Dynasty. "Shangshu Gong Yu" records that there is a bird man in Jizhou between the two rivers (one is an island man, which is similar in shape and error); Qingzhou has Yiyi and Lion is east of Mount Tai, bounded by the sea; From Qingzhou to the south of Huaihe River, there is Huaiyi; There are also birds in Yangzhou between Huainan and Huaihai. Gong Yu was written in the Warring States Period, or it still retains the name of Xia nationality.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions were written by Yi people in the east and southeast of Shang Dynasty, taking "Fang" and "Fang" as units. The former is like a person standing sideways, which is interpreted as "human side", while the latter two are both like a person crouching, which is different from Xia people sitting in danger and interpreted as "corpse side". Oracle Bone Inscriptions scholars believe that as surnames, both of them are foreign words. However, some scholars believe that "human side" refers to the area near the sea in the Huaihe River basin in the southeast of Shang Dynasty and the area near the sea in Shandong Peninsula; Some scholars believe that human side and corpse side are different ways of writing the same title, which refer to all ethnic groups in Shang Dynasty and southeast China. Mr. Guo Moruo said: "The body was immediately transferred to the East. If there is a Huaihe River valley in the place where the body is collected, then the body of the Yin Dynasty is Daoyi and Huaiyi to the east of Heshan. "
The title of "Dongyi" officially appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Throughout the Western Zhou Dynasty, all the foreigners in the East were strong rivals of the Zhou Dynasty. According to documents, in different periods of Zhou Dongzheng, there were different names such as Dongyi, Huaiyi, Nanhuaiyi and Nanyi. These appellations actually reflect the Zhou Dynasty's generalization of the ancient enemies in the East in different periods and geographical locations. The change of ideas in the two or three centuries before and after the Western Zhou Dynasty makes it difficult to distinguish the current research work. There are different opinions in academic circles about which tribes and countries Dongyi, Huaiyi and Nanhuaiyi refer to in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
According to Zhang Maorong's Comparative Table of Dongyi, Huaiyi, Nanyi and Nanhuaiyi in the Western Zhou Dynasty, only Dongyi was discovered in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the objects of Duke Zhou and Wang Chengdong's expedition were all called Dongyi in the bronze inscription, while Historical Records of Zhou Benji said: "Zhao Gong is lord protector, Duke Zhou is the teacher, and the king is thin." The Family History of Duke Lu of Zhou said: "Guan, Cai, Wu Geng and others turned against foreigners. Duke Zhou received an order from the king to attack the East ... Ning Huai Yi Dong Tu. " Duke Zhou and King Cheng's eastward expedition involved Huai Yi, but it was mainly in Shandong, which was the birthplace of Dong Yi and the core area of Oriental Yi in Xia and Shang Dynasties. This bronze inscription is a true record at that time. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Dongyi was generally called Oriental Tribe and Kingdom, and Huai Yi was also included.
After the Duke of Zhou claimed the title of king, the Dongyi forces in Shandong were devastated, and the Duke of Zhou was named King of Qi, and the Duke of Zhou was named East Lu. By the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi had risen in the Huaihe River Basin and became the most powerful branch of Dongyi. According to the second column of the Zhang Maorong comparison table quoted above, in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was only Huai Yi in the bronze inscription, but there was no record of Dong Yi. It shows that after Cheng Kang, the relationship between the Zhou Dynasty and the eastern tribes was mainly aimed at Huaiyi, so Huaiyi was called the eastern tribe and the country. Most of the literature records can be traced back to later generations, and the records about the crusade of Duke Zhou and Wang Cheng were only covered after Cheng Kang, so according to the concept of the mid-Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi was almost called Dongyi.
Dongyi after Qin and Han Dynasties mainly refers to Dongyi in the pre-Qin period, and the Japanese are among them, referring to the nations and countries in the East, which are obviously different from Dongyi in the pre-Qin period in terms of geography and nationality.
The Yi people in Northeast China in the pre-Qin period included the homophony of caution and caution.
The title of "Northern Emperor" originated from the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou people called themselves "Huaxia", so they called the people around China Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi respectively to distinguish China. "Beidi" is a general term for northern minorities in ancient China.
After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, there were obvious differences between Di and Rong, but during the whole Spring and Autumn Period, even before the mid-Warring States Period, Rong and Di often lived together, and some tribes also had the titles of Rong and Di. This situation, as well as the surname of the northern Di family in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the remains of Rongdi culture in northern Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei all show that Rongdi in the Spring and Autumn Period only has obvious differences in geographical distribution, but the races are close.
By the Warring States period, most of them were already from China, and some of them went south and merged into the conference semifinals, which became one of the important sources of Xiongnu.
Di Zuozu said that the Spring and Autumn Annals began to be recorded in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Annals, but the Mandarin Fruit was recorded by Di at the Western Weekend. This is what some tribes and countries in the north call summer in the Central Plains, not their self-description.
The original meaning of "land" defined by Mr. Wang Guowei in Ghost Talk comes from the meaning of "far" and "elimination", and "later extended to the meaning of expulsion from a distance". In addition, "get" also means great strength and quick action. Er Ya Stone Beast said, "Elk is absolutely powerful, and Di Ye", and the soldier "Sparse" said, "Di Ye is absolutely powerful." The Book of Rites and Music says, "When evil spirits disperse, the emperor becomes the voice of purity." Zheng Xuan's Note: "Virtue and virtue are the same as illness." At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many powerful tribes in the northern parts of Qin, Jin, Zheng, Wei and Xing, that is, northern Shaanxi and the central and northern parts of Shanxi and Hebei provinces, which threatened the summer in the Central Plains. But at that time, it was still called Rong together with Rong in Xirong and Elo, and the orientation was only called Beirong. By the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, it was recorded that the tribes in the above areas were called Di, and because they were in the north, they were called Northern Emperor. Nearly 100 years after the name of the Di clan appeared, many titles such as Red Di, Bai Di and so on appeared.
In the late Warring States period, the Hu people rose, and the Huns were the most powerful. East of the conference semifinals is East Lake, and north of the conference semifinals is Ding Ling. After the end of the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, China was called the Northern Emperor in ancient times, referring to Hu people and Dong Hu people. Among them, Ding Ling and the later translated names such as Tiele and Chile can be linked together in pronunciation. Dante's Mausoleum and Tiele are Chinese translations of these ethnic groups, and Di is the title of the northern ethnic group in the summer of the Central Plains. The two have different etymologies and meanings.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Northern Emperor was similar to the Qiang and Rong ethnic groups, while in the late Warring States period and later, the Northern Emperor referred to the Hu and Donghu ethnic groups, which were completely different from the Qiang and Rong ethnic groups. The policy of "isolation" adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the measures of reclaiming land in Huangzhong to control the Qiang people show that there was a clear distinction between Qiang and Hu in the Western Han Dynasty, but Historical Records and Hanshu did not establish biographies for the Qiang people, and the ancestors and historical sites of the Qiang people were only recorded in Xiongnu Biography, while the Book of the Later Han Dynasty contained Biography of Western Qiang. Today, in some national history works, it is still often impossible to really distinguish the Northern Emperor in the Spring and Autumn Period from the Northern Emperor at the end of the Warring States Period and after the Qin and Han Dynasties, that is, the so-called Hu people and Donghu people. However, it is of great significance to distinguish the two for studying the history and archaeology of Qiang Rong and the Northern Emperor.
Xirong 1. Ancient Ethnic Names: The names of the ethnic minorities in the west in ancient China.
The title of Xirong originated from the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou people called themselves "Huaxia", so they called the people around China Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi respectively to distinguish China. When the Zhou people rose, Xirong was still a nomadic ghost Rong in Longji, which was actually the floorboard of many tribes and had different names in different times. When Gu's father died, he "cultivated Rong Di to attack him and wanted to get property". Song's Poem Da Ya Mian traveled to Gu's father to build a city and fled far away. However, Joo Won?'s military troubles are still very serious. The preface to Xiaoya Cai Wei says, "Your majesty is a writer, and it is difficult to conquer foreigners in the west and difficult to conquer foreigners in the north", and "You are so stubborn in the room" in Picking Wei. "Don't you be stubborn when you see the precepts?" After the conquest and struggle of King Wen, Emperor Rong "took the lead in Xirong and asked Yin to be a traitor". In fact, under the banner of the king of Shang, the so-called "two thirds of the world" merged with Fang, which prepared the conditions for the demise of Shang.
Ghost Rong "Rong" is a derogatory term added by Zhou people. Other names, such as Xun Yu, Xunxi, Kunyi (Yi was also added in summer), Mianyi, Chuanyi, Wanrong, etc., are actually translations of the same name in different periods. Mr. Wang Guowei pointed out that these different names are: "Yu Wei" is not a tribe, but a clan with the same clan name. They have entered the class society and have not yet formed a unified political power. In the war, various tribes may have a certain alliance and unity order.
The word "Rong" has appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and whether it is a clan name needs further study. "Qiang" or "Bianqiang" has been used as a surname in Shang Dynasty, and Qiang is also a general term for all ethnic groups in the West.
It was clear that the name of Rong began in the Zhou Dynasty. Before the demise of Shang Dynasty, it was mainly used to refer to tribes that were enemies of Joo Won?, whose opponents were concentrated in Longshan area west of Joo Won?, so it was called Xirong. After the business was destroyed, it was called "Rongyin" or "Yi Rong" to show the enemy of business. By the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Xu was a strong rival of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the East. Although it belonged to Dongyi, it was often called "Xu Rong" and lasted until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, "Rong" has occasionally been called "Huarong" together with "Hua". These are the collective names of Rong as all non-Chinese ethnic groups. As for "Xirong", from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period, it mainly refers to the Qiang tribe. The whole ancient China after the Qin and Han Dynasties, in a narrow sense, refers to the frontier provinces, and in a broad sense, includes all ethnic groups in western China.
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