How to properly handle and recycle the collected waste batteries has become an urgent problem in many places.
A difficult problem. The construction of Donghua Xinxin Waste Battery Recycling Factory in Yixian County marks this difficulty.
The solution to this problem has been found.
Regeneration treatment of Donghua new and new waste batteries jointly invested by University of Science and Technology Beijing and Yixian County, Hebei Province.
The factory is located in the west of Yixian County and will be completed and put into operation in June this year. Used in waste battery recycling plants.
This technology comes from Beijing, which has been solving the problem of waste batteries since the 1980s.
Professor Zeng Pingrong from University of Science and Technology. The waste battery treatment technology developed by Professor Zeng is not only different from Japan.
The "wet method" is more different from the "fire method" in Switzerland, and it is not a combination of fire and moisture. Its technological process
The process is: physical decomposition-chemical purification-wastewater treatment, and finally iron sheet, zinc skin and copper can be recovered.
Taking copper needles and other materials, high-quality zinc-manganese products are obtained through electrolytic processing, and mercury is also recovered.
And by-products such as iron red. The key technical problem of waste battery treatment is that it cannot cause secondary pollution.
The wastewater treated by Professor Zeng's technology can meet the national environmental protection standards and can be recycled.
Use, basically can not discharge waste water.
According to director Duranzhu, who invested in the factory, the factory has a total investment of 7.8 million yuan and is currently under construction.
The building has been built, and the installation of plant and equipment can be completed in May. It is planned to put into production at the end of June and the factory will handle it.
Its design is to treat 3000 tons of waste batteries every year. He has two worries at present: first, he is afraid that the machine will run away.
After that, the supply of raw materials for waste batteries could not keep up; Second, the investment calculation of the treatment plant is based on non-use
If the recycled waste batteries are paid, it is difficult for enterprises to make a profit. Therefore,
To make the waste battery recycling plant run smoothly, it needs the support of the whole society and the vast environmental protection.
Volunteers continue to promote the public welfare cause of recycling used batteries.
Background information: waste batteries
With the rapid development of social economy in China, all kinds of electrical appliances, communication equipment and small household appliances.
They have sprung up in large numbers, and the use of batteries has increased dramatically. In recent years, the battery industry in China has developed rapidly.
The annual output of batteries reaches 654.38+04 billion, accounting for one third of the world's total output, and the types of batteries reach 654.38+04.
Series of 250 varieties. Most of the dry batteries produced in China are consumed in China, with only one place in Beijing every year.
The consumption of dry batteries reached 200 million.
Waste dry batteries contain a lot of heavy metals, acids, alkalis and other substances. Household dry battery
Most of them also contain mercury harmful to the environment. Because mercury is very toxic, accumulative and easy to migrate.
Transformation, once it enters the ecosystem, causes long-term damage and is intergenerational.
Passing by. When used batteries are discarded or mixed into garbage, these toxic substances will slowly.
Overflow from the battery, into the soil and water, and finally into the human body. These are poisonous.
Substances will accumulate in the human body for a long time, which is difficult to eliminate and damages the nervous system, hematopoietic function and kidneys.
Some of them can cause cancer. According to some data, a section of No.5 waste dry battery can be polluted.
/kloc-dye organisms within 0/m2 of land; Mercury pollution caused by waste dry batteries accounts for the whole city.
60% ~ 80% of solid waste is polluted by mercury.
On the other hand, the ratio of these heavy metals harmful to the environment and human body in waste dry batteries is
Rare industrial raw materials. In recent years, China consumes about 65438+200,000 zinc for producing dry batteries every year.
Tons, about 200,000 tons of manganese dioxide and about 20,000 tons of copper. In some developed countries, there are already corresponding
Recycling policies and producers have gradually formed an environmental protection industry. Waste batteries in China
The research of treatment began in 1980s, and the treatment technology is mature after production inspection.
2. Harm of waste batteries: (1) For the environment, a small button cell can pollute 600 cubic meters of water, which is equivalent to a person's drinking water for a lifetime; A dry battery can pollute 12 cubic meter of water and 1 cubic meter of soil, causing permanent public hazards ... (2) For human beings, the dry batteries commonly used in our daily life mainly include acidic zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries, both of which contain heavy metals such as mercury, manganese, cadmium, lead and zinc. After waste batteries are discarded, the battery shell will slowly corrode, and the heavy metal substances in it will gradually penetrate into water and soil, causing pollution. The biggest feature of heavy metal pollution is that it cannot be degraded in nature and can only migrate. That is to say, once the water body or soil is polluted, the water body or soil can't guide itself to purify and eliminate the pollution, and at the same time, heavy metals are easy to accumulate in organisms, so that with the passage of time, after being kind to a certain amount, it will have teratogenic or mutagenic effects and eventually lead to the death of organisms. Another way that heavy metals do harm to human body is to spread through food chain. After fish and shrimp eat plankton containing heavy metals, heavy metals accumulate in fish and shrimp. After people eat this kind of fish and shrimp again, heavy metals will accumulate in the human body, which will have a serious impact on the human body after reaching a certain amount. Besides the Minamata disease caused by mercury pollution, others include:
Excessive accumulation of manganese in the body can cause neurological dysfunction, and the early manifestations are comprehensive dysfunction, monotonous speech, dull expression, apathy and mental symptoms.
Long-term consumption of water and food contaminated by cadmium will lead to bone diseases. After cadmium enters the human body, it will cause osteomalacia and bone deformation, and in severe cases, it will form natural fractures and lead to death.
Zinc salt can precipitate protein and irritate skin and mucous membrane. When the concentration in water exceeds 10-50mg/L, it may cause cancer and chemical pneumonia.
Lead mainly acts on nervous system, hematopoietic system, digestive system, liver, kidney and other organs, which can inhibit the anabolism of hemoglobin, and can also directly act on mature red blood cells, which is very harmful to infants. Chronic lead poisoning will lead to physical retardation and mental retardation of children. Nickel powder is soluble in blood, participates in internal circulation, and has strong toxicity, which can damage the central nervous system, cause vascular variation, and even lead to cancer in severe cases.
Status quo of recycling used batteries: Although 8-year-old pupils in Beijing have begun to know that used batteries should not be littered. They will throw old batteries into special recycling bins with their small hands. The behavior of sorting and recycling used batteries is being promoted in shopping malls and offices in Beijing. A new battery recycling box will be added next to the trash can. The collection of waste batteries is increasing rapidly. In the first half of this year, Beijing has collected nearly 100 tons of waste batteries. However, these used batteries are in an embarrassing situation, piling up like mountains and not being properly disposed of. At present, the used batteries in Beijing are finally transported to the "Beijing Useful Garbage Recycling Center". The center is a subordinate institution of Beijing Municipal Administration Committee, which is responsible for the recycling and transshipment of garbage. The recycling center is now worried about the whereabouts of used batteries. Lu Jianguo, chief of the business department, said that the recycling center began to recycle used batteries in Beijing in April 1998, and the recycling volume in that year was 7 tons, compared with nearly 40 tons last year. Up to now, * * * has collected more than 100 tons. Most of these used batteries are still piled in containers in the recycling center, and the used batteries collected in the future can only be stored here for treatment, because there is no special battery treatment plant to carry out scientific and harmless recycling.
It's not just Beijing that is worried about used batteries, but the areas that collect used batteries all over the country have encountered problems. Recently, relevant departments in Shanghai jointly held a special conference on the prevention and control of waste battery pollution, and experts actively made suggestions. However, the final feasible scheme is still to properly store the recovered waste batteries and wait for the safe landfill after the completion of the municipal hazardous waste landfill. Nanning, Guangxi, launched a series of activities of "environmental protection action into the family" and collected a large number of used batteries. In order to recycle, Nanning Environmental Protection Bureau collected the disposal technology of used batteries through the network. Two months have passed and no exciting news has been heard. A self-employed person in Xinxiang City, Henan Province learned about the harm of dry batteries to the environment and collected more than 20 tons of waste batteries at his own expense. A few days ago, she complained in an open letter published by China Environmental News. For these 20 tons of waste batteries that will not pollute the environment, she could not find the final destination. People who calm down from the enthusiasm for environmental protection suddenly find that it is more difficult to dispose of used batteries than to recycle them!
Recovery method: laboratory recovery method: ordinary dry battery is cylindrical, the outer cylinder is made of zinc, and zinc is the negative electrode of the battery; The carbon rod in the center of the cylinder is the anode; The steel cylinder contains manganese dioxide, ammonium chloride and zinc chloride. The following are two ways to recycle materials from waste dry batteries:
(1) Extraction of ammonium chloride: put the black substance in the battery into water, stir and filter, put part of the filtrate into an evaporating dish to evaporate to obtain white solid, then heat and sublimate to collect pure ammonium chloride.
(2) Preparation of zinc particles: cut the zinc sheet on the zinc cylinder into pieces, put it into a crucible and heat it strongly (the melting point of zinc is 4 19 degrees), and then carefully pour the zinc sheet into cold water after melting to obtain zinc particles.
Industrial recycling methods: There are generally three ways to treat waste batteries in the world: solidification and deep burial, storage and recycling of abandoned mines.
1. Solidification is deeply buried and stored in waste ore.
For example, a factory in France extracts nickel and cadmium from it, and then uses nickel to make steel and cadmium to produce batteries. The remaining waste batteries are generally transported to a special toxic harmful waste landfill, but this is not only costly but also wasteful, because there are many useful substances that can be used as raw materials.
recycle
(1) heat treatment
Switzerland has two factories specializing in the treatment and utilization of used batteries. The method adopted by Battleck Company is to grind the waste batteries and then send them to the furnace for heating. At this time, the volatile mercury can be extracted, and zinc will evaporate at a higher temperature. It is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are melted to form ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. The factory can process 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap. However, the heat treatment method is expensive, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special expenses for waste battery treatment.
(2) "Wet treatment"
A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburbs of magdeburg, in which all kinds of batteries except lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than the heat treatment method, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the battery can be extracted. Wet processing can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill, precious raw materials will not be discarded and will not pollute the environment.
(3) Vacuum heat treatment method
The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte company in Germany is cheaper, but it needs to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, quickly recover mercury, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of treating one ton of waste batteries is less than 1500 mark.
Outlook: 4. view
Now, people's awareness of environmental protection has been greatly improved. For example, cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have set up special waste battery barrels. I believe that in the near future, the problem of recycling used batteries will be well solved.
Three. Recycling technology of used batteries (please refer to)
1, UPS and supplementary solution for regenerative protection of large-capacity maintenance-free lead-acid batteries.
2. Detergent lead-acid battery
3. Methods of treating metal-containing wastes
4. Methods of removing and recovering mercury from waste batteries
5. Method for extracting zinc and manganese dioxide from waste dry batteries
6. A method for recycling negative electrode materials from waste lithium batteries.
7. Method of recovering metal from waste lithium ion batteries
8. A method for extracting manganese dioxide and zinc from waste zinc-manganese dry batteries.
9. Method and equipment for obtaining enriched substances from waste storage batteries
10. Method and equipment for separating batteries, button batteries and metals from garbage.
1 1. Method of recovering metals from waste nickel-hydrogen batteries.
12, Method 2 of metal recovery from waste Ni-MH batteries
13, Reuse method of secondary battery
14, waste battery treatment device
15. Harmless biological pretreatment method for waste batteries
16, comprehensive utilization of waste batteries
17, recovery method of waste dry batteries
18, harmless recycling process of waste dry batteries
19, waste battery treatment method
20, waste battery recycling processor
2 1, waste battery recycling decomposition head
22, waste battery recovery vacuum distillation device
23, waste battery lead recovery method
24, waste battery pyrolysis gasification incineration treatment equipment and its treatment method.
25, waste battery comprehensive utilization treatment process
26. Alkaline leaching of waste dry batteries
27, waste dry battery recovery device
28. Comprehensive recycling process of used mobile phone batteries
29. Clean recovery method of lead from waste batteries
30. Clean recovery technology of lead from waste batteries
3 1. Waste lead-acid batteries produce recycled lead, red lead and lead nitrate.
32, waste lead storage battery recovery lead technology
33. Reduction and transformation methods of waste lead battery sludge. Waste lead battery smelting regeneration furnace
35, waste battery lead-containing materials reverberatory furnace continuous smelting.
36, waste battery lead-containing materials reverberatory furnace continuous smelting method
37. Treatment and utilization of waste residue and waste liquid from cadmium-nickel battery
38. Comprehensive recovery method of waste batteries containing mercury
39, chemical power battery raw materials and recycling technology
40. Methods of recycling batteries, especially dry batteries.
4 1. Method and equipment for recycling sealed battery components
42, metal-air battery waste recycling device
43. Recovery of dry batteries by leaching method
44. Composition for purifying waste batteries or mercury-containing sludge and its treatment method.
45, waste battery and heavy metal sorting device
46. Recovery process of N- methylpyrrolidone in waste gas treatment of lithium battery industry
47, lithium ion secondary battery anode waste and waste recycling method
48, nickel cadmium waste battery comprehensive recovery method
49, nickel-hydrogen secondary battery anode and cathode residue recovery method
50, lead-acid battery recycling sources and production methods
5 1, failure regeneration technology of lead-acid battery
52, the method of removing sulfate in waste lead storage battery plate
53, waste nickel-hydrogen secondary battery anode alloy powder regeneration method
54, cement clinker calcination technology to treat waste dry battery
55, battery waste plate regenerant and treatment technology
56, battery desulfurizer regeneration method
57. Methods of recovering lead from waste batteries.
58. A device for crushing waste dry batteries.
59. A regeneration method of battery desulfurizer.
60, using waste batteries as raw materials to produce sewage treatment agent method
6 1. A method for producing active lead powder from waste battery sludge
62. Method of separating and recovering lithium from waste lithium-ion batteries with ion sieve.
63. Device and method for recovering nickel and cadmium.
64. The method of electrolytic reduction in neutral medium to recover lead from waste batteries.
65. Recover manganese sulfate, manganese dioxide, graphite, reusable graphite electrode and its special equipment from waste zinc-manganese dry batteries.