First, Hohhot, a representative city in cold regions.
1, climate characteristics of Hohhot
Hohhot is located in the middle of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Figure 2. 1. 1). East longitude110 46'-110', north latitude 40 51'-418', located at the foot of Zhongshan, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
Hohhot belongs to the mid-temperate continental monsoon climate, and the climate changes obviously in four seasons, with great differences. It is characterized by long and cold winters, short and hot summers, and drastic climate changes in spring and autumn. The annual average temperature is rising from north to south, with only about 2℃ in Daqingshan District in the north and 6.7℃ in the south. The maximum Leng Yue temperature is-12.7 ~16.1℃; The average temperature in the hottest month is 17-22.9℃. The annual average variation range is 34.4-35.7℃, and the daily average variation range is l3.5- 13.7℃. The highest extreme temperature is 38.5℃, and the lowest is -4 1.5℃. Frost-free period: 75 days in northern mountainous area, 1 10 days in hilly area, 1 13- 134 days in southern plain area: annual sunshine hours 1 600 hours. Precipitation: the average annual precipitation is 335.2-534.6 mm, and its geographical distribution is the least in southwest China, with an annual rainfall of only 350 mm; The plain area is about 400 mm; Daqingshan District 430-500mm；; The largest is Yiqianxiang Village, Daqingshan Township, with an average annual precipitation of 534.6 mm; Followed by Jingxiang, the average annual precipitation is 489.3 mm; At least in Nanping Township, Heicheng Town and Xinying Town, the average annual precipitation is only 335.2-362.8 mm. ..
2. Mongolian yurts
Mongolian yurts began to appear in the Xiongnu period and have been in use ever since. The yurt has a round appearance, a conical top and a cylindrical wall. The surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is about 160 cm high, and the cover is built with wooden strips. Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming.
Mongolians use sheep's bellies to describe their felt bags, because1Mongolian yurts in the 3rd century were like this (Figure 2. 1. 1). The top ring of the yurt is pointed, and the middle is wide and round. The following can be regarded as a "quasi-circular" formal feature, so that sandstorms and snow on the grassland, after being buffered by yurts, form a crescent-shaped gentle slope behind them at an appropriate distance. This is because the yurt has no water chestnut, which is smooth and streamlined. The top of the package is arched and has the strongest bearing capacity (such as the arch of a bridge) to form a solid whole. There's a strong wind. It's very strong. The sand above ran away, and the sand below piled up behind. Strong yurts can withstand the ten winds in winter and spring.
The location of yurts is very particular. The yurts in Xiayingpan are all built in a flat, open and cool place on the plateau, and the camp is sheltered from the rain in front of the mountain in winter. These sites suitable for climate characteristics cooperate with the opening and closing of the top window felt and the bottom felt (Hayabusa felt) of the yurt, so that the yurt is hot, ventilated and cool in summer and cold, warm and peaceful in winter, and the daily energy consumption can be maintained only by a small amount of cow dung on the grassland. The yurt is warm in winter and cool in summer. Because it is spherical, it is white and has a good reflective effect. Wind windows can also be opened on the back, and the edge of the felt can be lifted.
Mongolian yurts have obvious signs of natural region and lifestyle. They have the advantages of short construction period, flexible structure, simple construction technology, fast construction speed, good structural integrity, earthquake resistance and durability, thermal insulation ("thermal insulation" is provided by Industrial Encyclopedia), and the materials used are all environmentally friendly. These characteristics are just in line with the green design concept that contemporary design circles are constantly pursuing.
Second, Yan 'an, a representative city in cold regions.
1, climate characteristics of Yan 'an
Yan' an is located in the southern half of northern Shaanxi, between 35 21'and 37 31'north latitude and107 41'east longitude, and belongs to the plateau continental monsoon. There are many valleys in the territory, and the surface is fragmented and steep. It belongs to warm temperate semi-humid semi-arid continental monsoon climate. The main meteorological disasters are drought, low temperature frost, hail, dry hot wind and continuous rain. The annual average temperature is 9.9℃, the annual average maximum temperature is 17.2℃, the annual average minimum temperature is 4.3℃, the monthly average temperature in the hottest month (July) is 23. 1℃, and the monthly average temperature in Leng Yue (65438+ 10) is -5.5℃, which is extremely high.
2. Cave dwellings in Shaanxi Loess Plateau
Yan 'an, located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and in the gully region of the Loess Plateau, is still the most important life form for people, whether in towns or villages. Cave dwellings are generally more than 3 meters high, about 3 meters wide and up to 20 meters deep. The holes are all facing the sun, which is convenient for sunlight. The simplest cave is a soil cave formed by direct excavation; Reinforce the earth hole with stones, and the earth hole becomes a stone hole.
The Loess Plateau is sunny, dry and short of rain, lacking of wood resources, criss-crossing ravines on the terrain, good soil quality and low groundwater level. The cave uses the soil layer to keep warm and store heat, improving the indoor thermal environment. In other words, the main advantage of cave architecture comes from the thermal properties of soil. The thermal insulation of thick soil layer makes its temperature rise very low, and the temperature fluctuation has only a certain depth in the soil. Here,
Outside the depth, there is no fluctuation effect. It is better to use mountainous terrain in cave dwellings along cliffs in northern Shaanxi. Cave dwelling is not only suitable for people and animals to live in, warm in winter and cool in summer, but also a good natural cold storage.
3. Wenzhou, a representative city in hot summer and cold winter areas.
Climatic characteristics of Wenzhou in 1 year
Wenzhou, located in the southeast of Zhejiang Province, has a subtropical monsoon climate. In winter, northerly winds blowing from the mainland prevail, with low temperature, less rain and less evaporation of humidity. There is abundant rain, humid air and four distinct seasons. In summer, the south wind blowing from the ocean prevails, accompanied by heavy rain and high temperature. The weather is changeable in spring, and it often rains continuously. In autumn, the atmosphere is relatively stable, and "crisp autumn" weather is common. The general characteristics of the climate throughout the year are: moderate temperature and abundant heat; Rainy, hot in summer; The four seasons are distinct and the monsoon is remarkable; The climate is diverse. The average annual temperature in Wenzhou is around 18℃, which is a suitable climatic condition for human activities. According to the daily and hourly temperature records of Wenzhou Meteorological Observatory over the years and the requirements of people's cold and hot comfort, the warm and comfortable period (10-28℃) lasts for 9 months every year, and the appearance hours can reach 6500 hours, accounting for 74% of the total hours in the whole year. The accumulated active temperature of > 0℃ throughout the year is about 6500℃, and the frost-free period is 275 days, which is the region with the richest heat resources in the province.
2 Jiangnan dwellings
The general layout of residential houses in the south of the Yangtze River is roughly the same as that of quadrangles in the north, but the layout is generally compact, and the courtyard occupies a small area to adapt to the characteristics of high local population density (Industrial Encyclopedia provides the term "density") and less cultivated land. Influenced by the hot and humid climate in the south, the houses in the south of the Yangtze River are all big houses with high walls. The front and rear doors (the entry "door" is provided by Industrial Encyclopedia) are connected to facilitate ventilation (Figure 2.3.1); In order to prevent moisture, many buildings have two floors, with brick structure at the bottom and wood structure at the top. Jiangnan dwellings also often use patios to organize door and window design (industry encyclopedia provides "doors and windows" entry), and the south wall tries to open the window or open the door alone to guide the south wind into the room; Part of the windowsill wall under the windowsill is provided with permeable railings to increase the ventilation area; Support the window, the upper part can support the lower part, and the air volume can be adjusted; The sliding window can be pushed and pulled; There is also a pivot window that can be opened in blocks to adjust the angle and opening size and guide the south wind; Especially for horizontal batch windows, cold air enters from the lower part of the window and flows out from the upper part, forming hot pressure ventilation.
Jiangnan folk houses also pay attention to geomantic omen (Figure 2.3.2). "Feng Shui" mainly refers to the comprehensive evaluation of climate, geology, landform, ecology, landscape and other architectural environmental factors when the ancients chose the building site. Now it seems to be a manifestation of adapting to the local climate.
Four, hot summer and warm winter area-Guangzhou
1, climate characteristics of Guangzhou
Located in the transitional zone between the north temperate zone and the tropics, it spans the Tropic of Cancer, with an annual average temperature of 22℃, the average temperature in the hottest month (July) of 28.5℃, the average temperature in Leng Yue (1 month) of 13.3℃, the extreme minimum temperature of 0℃ and the maximum temperature of 39. 1℃. The subtropical monsoon climate is pleasant, and it is one of the largest cities with the smallest annual average temperature difference in China. It has the characteristics of warm and rainy, sufficient light and heat, long summer and short frost period. The same period of water and heat throughout the year, abundant rainfall, is conducive to plant growth, providing excellent conditions for Guangzhou, a flower city with flowers. The annual average rainfall is 1982.7mm, and the average relative humidity is 68%. April-June is the rainy season, and August-September is hot with many typhoons, and the temperature 10- 12 is moderate.
2. Guangzhou xiguan big house
This area is commonly called "Xiguan". There are many typical traditional old houses in this area, which are called "Xiguan old house". These old houses used to be the residences of wealthy businessmen. They were tall, bright and beautifully decorated. There is a Qingyun lane on both sides of the big house, also known as cold lane, fire lane and water roll, which has the functions of ventilation, fire prevention, drainage, lighting, drying, transportation and planting flowers and trees.
The hot weather in Guangzhou lasted for a long time. There were no electric fans and air conditioners before, and xiguan big house's design was very thoughtful. Using a clean and closed external wall (Figure 2.4. 1) can reduce solar radiation (the entry "solar radiation" is provided by the industry encyclopedia), and it can also prevent fire and maintain privacy. The building uses undulating sloping roofs, small courtyards, patios, open halls, Qingyun Lane, skylights, high side windows, sparse wood strips and various transparent doors and windows to organize natural ventilation (such as foot doors, walkways and gates), which is particularly cool in hot summer.
V. Moderate area-Xishuangbanna
1, climatic characteristics of Xishuangbanna
Xishuangbanna, located at the southern tip of Yunnan, has a tropical monsoon climate with abundant sunshine and rainfall. A year can be divided into dry season and rainy season, with an average annual temperature of 265,438 0℃. The dry season is 1 1 to April of the following year, and the wet season is from May to 10. There is no frost and snow all year round. Annual foggy days reach 108— 146 days. The extreme maximum temperature in Jinghong area is 4 1. 1℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is 2.7℃, which is suitable for sightseeing all year round. Xishuangbanna is located in the tropical northern margin south of the Tropic of Cancer, with a tropical monsoon climate and a subtropical monsoon humid climate in the mountainous area. It is warm, sunny, rich in heat, humid and rainy all year round, with the characteristics of "long summer without winter, a rain becomes autumn". A year is divided into rainy season and dry season. The rainy season lasts for five months (late May-late June 10) and the dry season lasts for seven months (late June 10- late May of the following year). Rainfall in rainy season accounts for more than 80% of the annual rainfall.
2. Xishuangbanna "dry aperture"
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan has a subtropical climate with high annual temperature and heavy annual rainfall. In order to adapt to the local humid and rainy climate, the Dai people living here used local materials and built a dry diaphragm house with bamboo and wood (Figure 2.5. 1). The ground floor is overhead, and there are no walls around it, only a few rows of columns support the weight on it. There are cracks in the wooden floor or bamboo floor, so that cold air can penetrate into people's bodies from the bottom and improve the microclimate. The ground floor is generally used as kitchen, animal pen and miscellaneous use, and the second floor stores food. There are no windows on the outer walls of the ground floor and the second floor. The upper two floors are houses, which open windows to the outside, and the inside is a corridor, which connects rooms. Set the balcony, the roof slope is large, often using the "backing type", which is convenient for roof ventilation, and the eaves are far away, which is conducive to sun protection and rain protection. The plane is square, and the central part is in the shadow area all day, which is relatively cool. It is used for national deliberations, weddings, funerals and other public activities.
Sixth, the representative of a special city-Wuhan.
1, summary of climate characteristics in Wuhan
Wuhan is located in the valley of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River (figure 1. 1. 1). According to the Architectural Climate Zoning of China (Figure 1. 1.2), Wuhan belongs to subtropical monsoon humid climate, with abundant rainfall and sunshine, hot summer and cold winter. The average annual temperature is 15.8℃- 17.5℃. In a year, the average temperature is the lowest, at 65438 0.4℃. The highest average temperature in July and August is 28.7℃. Summer is as long as 135 days. Because Wuhan is located at 30 degrees north latitude, the height of the sun can reach 38 degrees at noon in summer, and it is located inland and far from the ocean. The terrain is like a basin, which is easy to collect heat and difficult to dissipate heat. There are many rivers and lakes, and there is much water vapor at night. Coupled with the urban heat island effect and the control of summer drought subtropical high, it is very stuffy.
It is one of the three largest stoves in China. It is generally higher than 37℃ in summer and its extreme maximum temperature is 44.5℃. The rainy season in early summer is concentrated, and the annual precipitation is1100 mm.
Compared with other cities in the same climate zone, Wu Hanyou is very different. The main reason for this regional difference is Wuhan's unique geographical location, topography and hydrological conditions. Wuhan is located in the Yangtze River valley with a low altitude. The topography of the valley is like the bottom of a pot, surrounded by mountains, and the ground is difficult to dissipate heat, which makes it difficult for evaporated water vapor to disperse and makes the temperature rise continuously. Because it is located at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Han River, the climate is obviously different from other cities.
The active accumulated temperature in Wuhan is "5 150℃, the annual frost-free period is 240 days, and the total sunshine hours are 2000 hours. Early summer begins in mid-May every year, and summer enters midsummer. The highest temperature in midsummer is 37-39 most of the time, which is lower than that in some cities, but the lowest temperature is relatively high, generally 29-30. Why do you feel bored? Wu Hanyou's developed water system. After the water vapor evaporates during the day, the air humidity is high, so it gives people a very uncomfortable and sultry feeling. Generally, it is difficult to fall asleep without turning on the air conditioner in summer. The temperature may reach about 38 in September, but the minimum temperature is not very high. After 10, in early autumn, the temperature will gradually drop, with an average of 20-25. The weather is dry, and sometimes the temperature will reach nearly 30 or exceed it abnormally. From autumn to winter, it is often very fast. As long as there is cold air going south, the temperature will drop very sharply. It is common for the temperature to drop more than 10 degrees. /kloc-the end of 0/2 to February next year is winter. The average temperature in winter is generally 1-3 degrees, and it can be 7-8 degrees in good weather, but it is often below 0 degrees in cold wave or rain and snow. Most families in Wuhan have no heating. In the early spring after March, the temperature rose rapidly, reaching more than 20 degrees at the highest, but the temperature was still low. Be careful of the cold spring in March-April-the temperature often drops overnight 15 to 20 degrees, with heavy snow.
2. Wuhan Climate Adaptable Building
1) Qingcheng International
Qingcheng International Project (Figure 1.2. 1) is located at the intersection of Heping Avenue and Jianshe Third Road in the core area of Qingshan, with a total floor area of 1.6 million square meters and a total construction area of 65,000 square meters, including 53,000 square meters of residential building area, 6,400 square meters of business and 6,000 square meters of Qingshan District Cultural Center.
Qingcheng International has a good indoor and outdoor environment, and the greening rate is as high as 36.4%. It is also equipped with efficient building equipment (the entry "equipment" is provided by the industry encyclopedia) and systems, as well as the utilization of renewable energy such as solar energy. There are two major water system planning and design and seven major water-saving measures; High-quality energy-saving building materials and typical lighting and ventilation equipment; Intelligent and humanized management.
The application of seven low-carbon technologies, such as solar hot water system, rainwater recycling system, external wall internal insulation system and double-layer insulating glass, makes the energy-saving index of Qingcheng International Building far exceed the national energy-saving standard of 50%, and its comprehensive benefits such as emission reduction and consumption reduction are more significant.
External wall internal thermal insulation technology can increase indoor temperature by 6- 10℃ in winter and decrease indoor temperature by 6-8℃ in summer, which not only adapts to the climate characteristics of Leng Xia in winter and reduces building energy consumption, but also greatly reduces the emission of harmful gases by reducing the use of air conditioners. Two kinds of building materials, double-layer insulating glass and bridge-broken insulated colored aluminum doors and windows, can not only effectively reduce energy consumption, but also provide heat insulation and sound insulation ("sound insulation" is provided by Industrial Encyclopedia), reduce noise and improve living quality.
2) Wuhan Railway Station
Wuhan Railway Station is located near Rongjia Gorge on the east side of Yangchun Lake in Qingshan District, Wuhan. It is a newly-built large-scale modern high-speed railway station and an important station of the Beijing-Hong Kong high-speed railway under construction. It was put into operation in June 5438+February 2009.
Wuhan Railway Station adopts "Millennium Crane Return Modeling" as a whole (Figure 1.2.2), which highlights the characteristics of Hubei. The model implies a thousand-year-old yellow crane full of spirituality, marveling at the changes in his hometown and returning home naturally. The 60-meter-high roof in the middle of the building shows that Wuhan is a key position for the rise of Hubei and central provinces. Nine eaves are arranged concentrically, symbolizing the important geographical position of the thoroughfare of nine provinces in Wuhan. It is under these dancing nine eaves.
Rows of solar silicon crystals (the entry "silicon crystals" is provided by Industrial Encyclopedia) are arranged in rows, in order to provide clean electricity for the railway station.
In addition, Wuhan Railway Station also adopted the ground source heat pump system. In winter, the underground water with a temperature higher than that of the ground is extracted from the underground of 100 meters to form exchange and raise the indoor temperature. In summer, take underground cold water to cool the room.
The ground source heat pump system used in Wuhan Railway Station is energy-saving and environmentally friendly, and the utilization efficiency of renewable energy is remarkable. From the test of typical projects, the energy efficiency of ground source heat pump system is about 20%-30% higher than that of conventional electric refrigeration unit cooling+boiler heating system, and about 30%-40% higher than that of air-cooled heat pump system, reducing the use of primary energy (fossil energy) by 50%-60%. In summer, the floating water loss of cooling tower decreases, and the urban heat island effect slows down; There is no combustion process in winter, and there is no pollutant emission from end users. The popularization and application of ground source heat pump technology can improve energy utilization efficiency and effectively improve the energy structure of Wuhan City, Hubei Province.