What is AIDS?
AIDS is the Chinese name of English "AIDS", and AIDS is the English abbreviation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a fatal infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Aids virus mainly destroys the immune system of human body, making the body gradually lose its defense ability and unable to resist various external pathogens, so it is easy to infect infectious diseases and tumors that ordinary healthy people are not easy to suffer, and eventually lead to death. A person infected with HIV may feel good about himself for a long time, but they can spread the virus to others. It has been less than 20 years since AIDS was discovered, but its worldwide prevalence has infected more than 30 million people and killed more than 30 million people. At present, more than 1 10,000 people are newly infected with AIDS every day in the world. Not only the medical profession is doing its best to study the prevention and treatment of AIDS, but also the government and all walks of life are committed to the campaign to prevent and treat AIDS. But so far, we humans have not found a cure for this disease. Therefore, everyone should pay attention to AIDS for their own health and family happiness. Understand AIDS, and then prevent AIDS.
What is HIV?
HIV is a retrovirus with strong ability of rapid mutation. This feature not only makes it difficult for human immune system to resist its invasion, but also brings difficulties to the development of specific therapeutic drugs and preventive vaccines. HIV directly invades the human immune system, destroying cellular immunity and humoral immunity. It mainly exists in body fluids (such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, milk, etc.). ) and various organs of infected people and patients, and can be transmitted through body fluid exchange or organ transplantation containing HIV.
The resistance of HIV to the external environment is weak, and high temperature, dryness and common disinfectants can kill HIV.
Can mosquito bites, sneezing and swimming pools spread AIDS?
Cough, sneezing or mosquito bites will not spread AIDS, because AIDS virus is quite fragile, usually it will die after leaving the human body for a few hours, and it is easy to be killed by high temperature and disinfectant.
Also, contact with AIDS patients and HIV-infected people in daily life and work will not infect AIDS. Shaking hands, hugging and eating together will not be infected; AIDS will not spread through public facilities such as toilet seats, televisions, tableware, bedding, swimming pools or public baths.
Since the first case of AIDS was discovered in the United States in the early 1980s, this disease, known as the "century plague", has spread rapidly around the world and has become a global disaster.
AIDS is short for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Once you get this disease, your immune mechanism will be destroyed and you will lose your resistance to any epidemic. The transmission routes of HIV include blood, sexual behavior, drug abuse and mother-to-child transmission.
But in humid, warm and body fluids (such as blood) containing a lot of HIV, the virus may survive for a longer time. Therefore, the focus of AIDS patients and their infected families to prevent infection is to deal with the problem of body fluid pollution such as bleeding. The virus-infected person is in the incubation period of AIDS, has no obvious clinical symptoms, and is still competent for daily work. The incubation period ranges from a few months to more than 20 years.
What is AIDS?
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus, which seriously damages the whole immune system. Infected people carry the virus all their lives, and there is no effective cure at present.
In fear, most infected people will get sick and eventually die after several years of incubation, so AIDS is regarded as "super cancer" and "century plague". AIDS is spreading around the world at the rate of16,000 people/day: from the discovery of AIDS patients in June of 198 1 year to June of 19998 1 year, the number of people infected with HIV worldwide has reached 33.4 million; Since the epidemic of the disease,13.9 million people have died of AIDS worldwide. It is estimated that by the year 2000, more than 40 million people in the world will be infected with HIV, of which 90% will be in developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa. The first case of AIDS in Chinese mainland was found in June, 1985 (Ceng Yi, 1995). By September, 1998, * * reported 70 cases of HIV infection1/kloc-0, and the epidemic spread to 32 provinces and cities across the country. Experts point out that by the year 2000, the number of people infected with HIV in China may exceed1100,000.
The devil that led to this tragedy is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or HIV, which belongs to the chronic virus lentivirus group (Murphy, 1996) in the Scanvirus family in taxonomy. As the pathogen of AIDS, HIV has not only become the focus of many biologists and medical scientists, but also quickly aroused the shock and universal concern of the whole human society.
At the same time, HIV is the "hero" who lost the development of virology, especially molecular virology. With the huge investment of manpower, material resources and financial resources from the government to the people, the structure, function, life cycle, relationship with the host, prevention and treatment of HIV have been deeply and meticulously studied, and many new research fields have been opened up, and major breakthroughs have been made continuously, so that the research of molecular virology has gradually reached its peak.
Where is HIV hidden?
After HIV enters everyone's body, it first enters the blood, where it specifically attacks an important blood cell-lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are immune cells of human body. This kind of cell is the human body's fighter against foreign germs.
Because HIV can survive and multiply in lymphocytes, and then exhaust cells and invade new cells, blood is an important hiding place for HIV, and using blood contaminated by AIDS is also an important way for HIV to spread.
HIV still exists in human semen and vaginal secretions, so sexual activity is also one of the important ways of HIV transmission.
Other excreta of the human body, such as sweat, saliva, urine, tears, feces, etc., do not contain or only contain a very small amount of HIV, so it will not cause transmission. In addition, HIV can also invade the human brain and other parts of the body, but because the viruses in these parts are not easy to be excreted, it has little to do with the spread of HIV. HIV can't survive in some biting insects (such as mosquitoes), so we don't have to worry that these insects will infect us with HIV.
& gt Girls are at high risk of contracting AIDS.
There are indications that in many countries, girls are more susceptible to HIV infection than male adolescents.
A recent survey in western Kenya in Africa showed that 25% of girls aged between 15 and 19 were infected with HIV, while only 4% of men in the same age group were infected with HIV. In major cities in Botswana, more than 30% of underage pregnant women are infected. In South Africa, Botswana and Zimbabwe, the infection rate is over 20%. Some surveys in Zambia show that the infection rate of girls (12%) is three times that of male adolescents.
The high infection rate of adolescent girls reflects their vulnerability to infection, sexual harm and gender discrimination. This infection rate clearly shows that more actions are urgently needed to protect the rights of girls and women.
Epidemiologists have found that the rising infection rate in this group indicates that the disease is spreading. An ominous sign is that sex education and prevention programs have not yet been put in place, or have not yet played a role.
In industrialized countries and developing China countries, preventive measures for young people have long proved to be the most effective and economical way to solve this crisis. In the most comprehensive survey on sexual health education so far, UNAIDS found that good sex education really helps to postpone the first sexual intercourse and protect sexually active young people from HIV infection or other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex education does not lead teenagers to engage in sexual activities in advance or increase sexual activities, as some people worry.
The benefits of sex education have been fully demonstrated in Uganda. Uganda is the first country in Africa to bear the heavy burden of AIDS and solve this crisis. There, the infection rate of people in the age group from 15 to 19 decreased the most, from 38% in 199 1 to 7.3% in some areas of 1996.
Why are hemophiliacs susceptible to AIDS?
Hemophilia refers to a blood disease caused by the lack of a certain coagulation factor in the body. Hemophilia gravidarum needs long-term continuous receiving concentrated blood products of coagulation factors ⅷ and ⅸ to maintain life and control the deterioration of the disease. Each concentrated blood product needs to be extracted from more than 5,000 ~12,000 donor blood, and each hemophilia patient needs to inject about 654.38+10,000 donor blood products a year. In this way, there will be more opportunities to be infected with HIV. For hemophiliacs, once infected with AIDS, it is undoubtedly a double blow.
Since 1984, people have realized that AIDS poses a serious threat to hemophilia, and they have adopted heating to treat blood products, gradually eliminating infectious factors from the blood source.
Relevant data show that different hemophiliacs have different HIV infection rates. 90% of hemophilia A patients in the United States are positive for anti-HIV antibodies; 50% of hemophilia B patients are positive for anti-HIV antibody. The HIV antibody positive rate of hemophilia patients in Japan is 40%. The former West Germany gave 4000 hemophiliacs plasma products in 1985. More than half of them are infected with HIV, and more than 400 people have died. According to the data of the US Centers for Disease Control, the infection rate of hemophiliacs infected with AIDS in the United States is relatively high, but only 1% of the total cases develop into AIDS.
In Japan, there are not many AIDS patients among gay men and prostitutes, while those infected with hemophilia account for 1% of the total AIDS cases. It shows that in Japan, the main transmission route of AIDS infection is contaminated blood products, and most of the infected people are hemophiliacs. According to the Japan AIDS Monitoring Committee, hemophiliacs infected with HIV develop slowly, and few people become AIDS patients. The reasons may be as follows:
(1) The blood products injected by hemophilia patients are plasma or plasma products, not whole blood and containing no lymphocytes.
So there is less virus.
(2) Hemophilia patients are infected only by injecting blood products, and the frequency and quantity of receiving viruses are less.
(3) Hemophilia patients have regular daily life and sexual life, so there is no autoimmune disease, and if there is, it is only very mild.
Micro-expression.
Generally speaking, due to the unique immune state of hemophilia, the conditions required for HIV invasion, self-replication and reproduction are not fully met, which leads to the phenomenon that the course of disease evolves slowly and fewer people develop into AIDS.
AIDS prevention
AIDS is spreading rapidly, and there is no specific medicine at present. But as long as certain preventive measures are taken, the incidence rate can be reduced.
(1) Strengthening AIDS surveillance and quarantine.
Due to the implementation of China's opening-up policy, contacts with foreign people have become increasingly frequent, and the number of people entering the country has also risen sharply. This requires the health and quarantine department to strictly check HIV-positive people and resolutely refuse entry.
(B) to strengthen public security management
Prostitution and whoring activities should be strictly prohibited, and women who have sexual contact with foreigners and foreigners should be tested for AIDS antibodies. Resolutely put an end to sexual contact with HIV-positive or AIDS patients, and AIDS women avoid pregnancy.
(3) Eliminate the phenomenon of intravenous drug abuse.
Especially intravenous drug addiction, do not use needles, syringes and drugs. Don't use toothbrushes, razors or other items that may be contaminated by blood.
(D) to strengthen the management of blood products
All blood donors should be strictly tested for antibodies, and blood supply, plasma, organs, other tissues or semen are resolutely prohibited for those who are antibody positive. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the detection of imported blood products and prohibit contaminated blood products from entering the liquid.
(5) Strict disinfection to avoid iatrogenic infection.
Medical staff should wear isolation gown and gloves when contacting AIDS patients to prevent patients from stabbing their skin with needles and medical devices. Avoid direct contact with patients' blood, body fluids and pollutants. The clothes and articles of patients can be disinfected with 1: 10 bleaching powder or 1: 10 sodium chlorate solution. The patient needs to be cremated after receiving the body in a material bag. The patient's secretions, excreta and discarded articles need to be packed in sealed plastic bags for treatment or incineration.
(six) closely monitor the risk groups and detect the serum color.
At present, the key detection objects in China are:
① Patients who used imported blood products, especially hemophilia patients who used imported coagulation factor VIII, ranged from 198 1 to1984;
② Those who have had sexual relations with foreign tourists or students in China;
(3) Foreign guests and students who have been in China for a long time (especially those from countries with high incidence of AIDS);
(4) China's long-term overseas personnel, laborers (especially those who have received blood and blood products from foreigners) and diplomats;
⑤ Ethnic minorities in some marginal areas; ⑥ For AIDS patients and HIV antibody positive contacts.
(7) Vigorously popularize AIDS knowledge and do a good job in publicity.
Make people understand the etiology, epidemic situation, transmission route and preventive measures of this disease, and have a correct understanding of this disease.
Reflections on AIDS prevention and treatment and related issues
Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS in China
-Proceedings of the First China AIDS and STD Prevention Conference.
abstract
Objective To expound the support theory that the author obtained in the intervention of AIDS core population.
Methods Guided by scientific socialism and combined with multidisciplinary theory, the main factors affecting the epidemic of AIDS in China were analyzed and the countermeasures were put forward.
Results Analysis shows that the epidemic of AIDS in China is changing towards the direction of taking sexual transmission as the main route. There are great differences between the scientific community and the mainstream society in some important aspects of AIDS prevention and treatment. At present, this work faces resistance.
Conclusion The prevention and treatment of AIDS must rely on a more favorable environment. Otherwise, there may be a tragedy of AIDS epidemic in China.
1, the fulcrum of thinking "Now we must understand an indisputable truth, that is, Marxists must consider vivid real life and the exact facts of reality, instead of clinging to yesterday's theory." "... it should be understood that everything now lies in practice, and now it has reached such a historical juncture: theory is becoming practice, and theory is endowed with vitality, revised and tested by practice." (Lenin)
"Emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts." (Deng Xiaoping)
"You should have your own shoulders!" (Zhang Wentian)
"If you eat the food provided by the people, you should be rewarded." (Gu Zhun)
We should talk about politics seriously. Talking about AIDS politics.
Realizing human rights and fundamental freedoms for all is essential to reduce the harm caused by AIDS. (United Nations Special Session on AIDS, Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, "Global Crisis-Global Action". Prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS in China. )
"If you know me, it means I'm worried; If you don't know me, I'm French. The days are long, who can carry it? " (Feng Wang Shu Li)
I often look at those cold eyes corruptly. Every time I talk about blood, I feel sad. (Note: Corruption here refers to corruption and "ugliness" with different meanings; Sadness refers to the weakness related to AIDS, including the weakness of scholars in some places or aspects. )
2. The underlying cause of AIDS epidemic in China is 1993. It is estimated by academic circles that by the year 2000, there will be 270,000 HIV-infected people and patients in China. However, in 2000, China announced that the actual number exceeded 600,000. The estimate of international academic circles far exceeds this figure. Among them, international academic circles estimate that there is reliable evidence that if there is no significant progress in response measures, the number of infected people in China may reach 20 million by 20 10. Therefore, we should deeply explore the deep-seated causes of major differences to guide decision-making.
Since the reform and opening up from 65438 to 0980, especially since the transition to market economy, the historical background of our country has undergone revolutionary changes. Open multiculturalism based on pluralistic economy, the continuous expansion of private living space, people's pursuit of their own theories and interests, the low quality of science and humanities, especially a considerable proportion of people living in poverty and other factors interact to form the background of AIDS epidemic in China today. Among the above factors, there are products of progress and the brand of the old times. Generally speaking, it reflects the fact that our economy and culture are still relatively backward.
Compared with some countries where the first case of HIV/ADIS was found in the same period, the epidemic speed of AIDS in China was relatively low in 1993, which was related to the fact that some factors of sexually transmitted diseases and drug dependence (drug abuse) were still at work in the 1960s+0950-1970s. The old restriction mechanism is gradually fading away, and the new restriction mechanism cannot be established immediately. Especially, the misunderstanding of various factors affecting the AIDS epidemic in the mainstream society and the disorder in the process of social reform are the main reasons for the acceleration of the AIDS epidemic after 1994, and they are also the opposition of many old observation and restriction means, which has historical inevitability.
3. Scientific and Political Understanding of AIDS Core Groups There are three core groups that are most likely to infect and spread HIV, namely female sex workers, gay men and intravenous drug users. Understanding and countermeasures of these three groups of people are the main factors affecting the epidemic of AIDS. In this regard, there are sharp differences between the scientific community and the mainstream of society. The scientific community believes that the most effective and economical AIDS prevention and treatment strategy is health intervention for the core population. In the mainstream understanding of society, there are feudal socialist ideas that have been passed down for thousands of years, and there is a "left" notch in 1950-1970, which only emphasizes the interests of the majority ("good people") and ignores the legitimate rights and interests of the core population.
The scientific community believes that poverty, gender discrimination and the emergence of sex buyer market are the main reasons for the emergence of female sex workers; Same-sex love is caused by the living environment in early childhood on the innate basis, and the choice of sexual objects belongs to the category of freedom of marriage and change; Drug dependence is a serious chronic recurrent brain disease. Social mainstream knowledge moralizes the three groups and strongly condemns them.
The China Action Plan for AIDS Control and Prevention (200 1-2005) made a mistake in the issue of "pan-moralization" of AIDS. There are no words or judgments that reinforce discrimination or ambiguity. Let science speak and let the public understand the reasons and significance of this change. Aids is mainly a disease of the poor, and the susceptible population is mainly the poor in the core population. Regarding AIDS, we should put special emphasis on fairness, justice and equality for the poor. This is directly related to the socialist nature of China.
Professor Chen Minzhang was the first official who bluntly said that there were political problems in China's related work. He pointed out that "due to political, cultural, customs and other factors", the prevention work encountered resistance. Among the leaders of non-governmental organizations, Professor Dai Zhicheng was the first to point out this problem. He pointed out that AIDS is also a social and political problem. However, due to the complex background, including the habit of thinking that academics should stay away from politics, so far few people in China have reflected on the problems or obstacles they face from a political perspective.
Only by thinking from the height of "stressing politics" can we approach or reach the requirements of "Theory of Three Represents"; Only in this way can we stop passively responding to AIDS, but really "highlight key points" and "pay attention to actual results" to curb the epidemic of AIDS. Only in this way can we implement our government's commitment to the society at home and abroad and minimize the harm of AIDS to the people.
From the perspective of AIDS politics, because AIDS harms people's health, social stability, economic development, and even national security, any strategy that is really conducive to AIDS prevention and control is politically correct, or needs support and active implementation, otherwise it is wrong, or it should be suspected and denied. It emphasizes that different groups have the same interests in the face of AIDS, supports the relevant vulnerable groups to enjoy equal basic rights and freedoms with other groups, emphasizes cooperation with vulnerable groups and supports their active participation in prevention and treatment.
It is necessary to deeply understand the positive significance of the thought that is contrary to traditional culture in the Declaration of Commitment on AIDS signed by China. While opposing the unilateral use of some of these ideas to intensify social contradictions, we should promote the public to truly understand the great progressive significance of these ideas.
4. Some thoughts on the epidemic trend of AIDS in China. At present, it seems that in theory, only the annual growth rate of AIDS epidemic can be controlled within 10%. The economic and cultural environment makes it almost impossible for most people in the health sector to do anything. Due to the deep-seated reasons that affect the epidemic of AIDS, the epidemic speed of AIDS in China is likely to continue to accelerate for quite some time, and it seems inevitable that millions of people will be infected with AIDS in 20 10. Judging from the situation of the core population, AIDS has been difficult to control by buying sex and having sex with men. This is a cruel reality.
The poverty of some people and the employment difficulties caused by the gap between the rich and the poor and gender discrimination will make more women engage in prostitution. In recent years, female sex workers tend to be younger, which shows this trend. The fragile legal status drives prostitutes to move constantly. Male floating population, especially the young adults who entered the city (in the mid-1960s, it was reported by academic circles that the rural rich labor force in China alone reached 250 million, and in 2000, only 900-65,438+200 million entered the city) and other people, due to pressure, loneliness and lack of suitable channels for sexual satisfaction, will cause the rapid expansion of the sex buyer market in China after China's entry into WTO. The above factors determine that the proportion of HIV infection through heterosexual transmission will continue to increase, especially the possibility of accelerating transmission through prostitution. In recent years, the major changes in the mainstream society's understanding of same-sex love have led to a special background: discrimination has destroyed the foundation of establishing a stable partnership between same-sex people, and their living space is also expanding obviously. At the same time, the mainstream society began to avoid the existence of gay people, and they are also avoiding the reality that AIDS is spreading in their own groups. It is speculated that with the further opening and relaxation of society, the proportion of gay people infected with AIDS will greatly exceed the proportion of this group in the total population. For drug-dependent people, as long as measures such as drug treatment are seriously implemented, it is estimated that the epidemic speed of AIDS in this population will continue to slow down, and their proportion in all infected people will drop rapidly.
History will evaluate whether we truly represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in the prevention and treatment of AIDS. The voice that judges our work is weak, but it has already appeared. We must change in the direction of providing a strong "supportive environment" for AIDS prevention and treatment in the major social environment changes. Providing maximum support for people from all walks of life will not only bring about a substantial increase in relevant economic investment and a relaxed legal environment, but more importantly, it will give people from all walks of life who are interested in AIDS prevention and control confidence, dare to fight against all kinds of backwardness and encourage more people to join our team. Only by establishing such a big environment can our work get out of the tunnel of passive prevention and control, and then show the charm of an advanced culture to the world.