In recent years, in some coastal areas of southern China, a "plant killer" named Mikania micrantha landed quietly and spread rapidly under the conditions of warm climate and abundant rainfall. Before long, litchi trees with sparse flowers and trees, banana orchards, beautiful hills and Yuan Ye were soon covered with Mikania micrantha. The thick vines of these invaders entangled or covered local plants, took away the sunshine and nutrients that should belong to local plants, and caused serious damage to local vegetation.
The list of the first batch of alien invasive species in China is 1, and its scientific name is Eupatorium adenophorum. (Spreng. ) R.M. Kim&; H. rob ) English name: Crofton Weed Chinese synonym: liberating grass, destroying grass classification status: Compositae identification characteristics: purplish red stem, glandular pubescence, opposite leaves, oval triangle, thick serrated edge. Head, up to 6mm in diameter, arranged in an umbrella shape, with 3-4 layers of total bracts and small white flowers. The height is1-2.5m.. Biological characteristics: perennial herbs or subshrubs, sexual and asexual reproduction. Each plant can produce about 1000 achenes every year, which are spread by the wind through the crown hairs. The rhizome is developed, and it can spread rapidly by relying on strong rhizome. They can secrete allelochemicals and crowd out many neighboring plants. Origin: Central America, widely distributed in tropical regions of the world. China Sichuan (Southwest), Taiwan Province Province, the upper limit of vertical distribution is 2500m. The reason and harm of introduction and diffusion: 1935 was found in southern Yunnan and may have been introduced through Myanmar. In its occurrence area, a single dominant community often forms, crowding out local plants and affecting the restoration of natural forests; Occupy economic forest land and farmland, affecting the growth of cultivated plants; Blocking the canal, blocking the traffic, the whole factory is toxic and harmful to animal husbandry. Control method: (1) biological control: Eupatorium adenophorum has obvious inhibition on plant height growth, and the field parasitic rate can reach more than 50%; (2) Substitution control: plants such as short stalk grass, red clover and Bermuda grass are used for substitution control. It has a certain effect. (3) Chemical control: 2,4-D, glyphosate, diquat, dicamba and other herbicides 10. It has a certain control effect on the aerial parts of Eupatorium adenophorum, but the effect on the roots is poor. Scientific name of Mikania micrantha H.B.K English name: Mile-a-minute Weeds classification status: Compositae identification characteristics: slender stems, creeping or climbing, multi-branched; The middle leaves of the stem are triangular to ovate, and the base is heart-shaped; White flowers with flower heads. Biological characteristics: perennial herbs or micro-woody vines, sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Its stem nodes and internodes can take root, and a pair of new branches can grow in the axils of each node to form new plants. Origin: Central America; It is widely distributed in tropical areas of Asia and Oceania. Distribution Status of China: It is widely distributed in Hongkong, Macau and the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong. Cause and harm of introduction: 19 19 appeared in Hong Kong, and 1984 was found in Shenzhen. Mikania micrantha is a vine with super reproductive ability. After climbing shrubs and trees, the whole plant can be quickly covered. Plants suffocate because of the destruction of photosynthesis, and Mikania micrantha can also inhibit the growth of other plants by producing allelochemicals. For trees below 6-8m, especially some secondary forests with low density, landscape forests are the most harmful, which can cause trees to wither and die, resulting in disastrous consequences. This species has been listed as one of the most harmful 100 alien invasive species in the world. Control method: There is no effective control method at present. Chemical and biological control research is being carried out at home and abroad. 3. Alternanthera philoxeroides. ) Griseb English name: Alligator Weed Chinese synonym: Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alternanthera philoxeroides. Taxonomic status: Amaranthaceae. Identification characteristics: aquatic plants have no root hair, and the stem length is1.5-2.5m; Terrestrial plants can form fleshy storage roots, with a diameter of about 1cm, hairy roots, a plant height of 30cm, a solid stem, the longest internode 15cm, a pith cavity of 3-5mm, opposite leaves, oblong to obovate-lanceolate, a total stalk 1.5-3cm, and white or pink flowers. The roots of dry-land fleshy storage can produce adventitious buds when stimulated. They can grow 2-4 cm a day during the peak growth period. Flowering in May-10, they often do not bear fruit. Origin: South America; It is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the world. The distribution of China is almost all over the south of the Yellow River Basin in China. In recent years, naturalized plants have also been discovered in Tianjin. Causes and hazards of introduction and diffusion: 1892 appeared in the islands near Shanghai, and was planted as pig feed in 1950s, and then escaped, resulting in grass damage. The specific manifestations are: (1) blocking the waterway and affecting the water traffic; (2) crowding out other plants to make the community species single; (3) Covering the water surface, affecting the growth and fishing of fish; (4) endangering farmland crops and causing yield loss; (5) A large number of ditches proliferate in the field, which affects the irrigation and drainage of farmland; (6) encroaching on wetlands and lawns and destroying the landscape; (7) Breeding mosquitoes and flies, endangering human health. Control method: (1) Agasicles hygrophila, an exclusive natural enemy insect from South America, has good control effect on aquatic plants, but poor control effect on terrestrial plants. (2) Mechanical and artificial control is suitable for low density or newly invaded populations. (3) Use herbicides, such as glyphosate, roundup and Alternanthera philoxeroides. It is effective for the air part in a short time. 4. the scientific name of dolphin grass is ambrosia artemisiifolia L. the English name is Ragweed and Bitterweed.
Taxonomic status: Compositae: below 1m in height, the lower leaves of the stem are opposite, the upper leaves are alternate, the leaves are once or twice pinnate, and the edges have small teeth. The male inflorescence is dish-shaped and arranged in a general shape, and the female inflorescence is born in the lower or upper leaf axil of the male inflorescence. Biological characteristics: panicum miliaceum, born in wasteland, roadside, ditch or farmland, has wide adaptability. Ragweed seeds have the characteristics of secondary dormancy and strong stress resistance. Origin: North America; Domesticated all over the world. China Distribution: Northeast China, North China, Central China and East China are about 15 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Causes and harm of introduction and diffusion: It was found in Hangzhou in 1935, and it is a malignant weed. The harm is as follows: (65,438+0) Pollen is one of the main pathogens of human pollinosis; (2) occupation of farmland, resulting in crop yield reduction; (3) release a variety of allelochemicals, which can inhibit and repel plants such as Gramineae and Compositae. Control method: (1) The biological control effect of the ragweed moth is good; (2) Bentazon, Huwei, Gramoxone and glyphosate can effectively control the growth of ragweed; (3) The substitution control effect of Amorpha fruticosa and Hippophae rhamnoides is better. 5. The scientific name of poisonous wheat is poisonous weeds, and the English name is Darn El rye-grass. The taxonomic status of poisonous barley is Gramineae. Remarkable features: stems are clustered, with a height of 20- 120cm. Leaves linear, lanceolate, 6-40cm long. The width is 3-13cm, the spike is narrow, the length is 5-40cm, the main axis is wavy, there are grooves on both sides, and there are 8- 19 alternate spikelets; Each spikelet contains (2-)4-6 flowers. The second glume has 5-9 veins; The awn length is 7- 15 mm. The caryopsis is oval, 4-6 mm long, green, with purple-brown halo. Biological characteristics: Perennial or panicum miliaceum, with wide adaptability and strong tillering ability. Its seeds are earlier than wheat, and fall off with the glume when they mature. Seed propagation. Origin: Europe and Mediterranean region; Now it is widely distributed all over the world. Distribution of China: Except Tibet and Taiwan Province Province, all provinces (regions) in China have reported it. Cause and harm of introduction and diffusion: it is spread through wheat seeds. It was found in 1954 wheat imported from Bulgaria that the yield of wheat crops could be seriously reduced. Wheat seeds were infected by the fungus Stromatinia Temulenta Prill. &; The infection of Delaware River can produce temulin, which can paralyze the central nervous system. People will be poisoned if they eat flour containing 4% poisonous wheat. When poisoned wheat is used as feed, it can also cause poisoning of livestock and poultry. Control method: Pull it out manually. The scientific name of Spartina alterniflora. English name: Smooth Cord-grass taxonomic status: Gramineae identification characteristics: the stem is 1- 1.7m, upright and unbranched. The leaves are 60cm long and the base is 0.5- 1.5cm wide. At least when they are dry, they are rolled in. Lingual hairs are annular, with a length of 1- 1.8cm, and the spike is composed of 3- 13 spikes, with a length of (3-)5- 15cm. Spikelet length 10- 18 mm, arranged in imbricate shape. The apex of glume is a little acute, with 1 pulse. The first glume is shorter than the second glume, and it is glabrous or sparsely pubescent along the ridge. Anthers 5-7 mm long. Biological characteristics: perennial herb, born in intertidal zone. Plants are resistant to salt, flooding and wind and waves. Seeds can spread with the wind and waves. Roots are distributed in the beach soil as deep as 60cm, and a plant can reproduce dozens or even hundreds of plants a year. Origin: the southeast coast of the United States; Transplanted to the western United States and the European coast. China Distribution: Shanghai (Chongming Island), Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Hongkong. The reason and harm of introduction and diffusion: 1979 was introduced and achieved certain economic benefits. However, in recent years, it has become a harmful weed in some places, which is manifested in: (1) destroying coastal habitats and affecting beach culture; (two) blocking the channel, affecting the ship's departure; (3) affecting the exchange capacity of seawater, leading to the decline of water quality and inducing red tide; (4) Threatening the local coastal ecosystem, leading to the disappearance of large mangroves. Control method: Herbicide can remove the aboveground parts, but it has poor effect on the seeds and roots in the beach. 7. Eupatorium odorata (L.) H. Rob. ) English name: Eupatorium adenophorum, bitter shrub, Siam grass Chinese synonym: Eupatorium adenophorum Taxonomy: Compositae identification characteristics: 3-7m high, stout rhizome, erect stem, spreading branches, opposite leaves, oval triangle, short and tapering apex, rough serrated edge, obvious three veins, rough sides, pilose and red. The flower heads are arranged in an umbrella shape; The involucre is cylindrical, 65438±0cm long and has 3-4 involucres. Corolla tubular, pale yellow, stigma pink. Achene is narrow linear, angular, 5mm long, with short bristles on the edge, dirty and white crown hair and rough hair. Biological characteristics: tufted perennial herbs or subshrubs, achenes can be spread with the wind by crown hairs, and the mature season is just in the dry and windy dry season. Widely distributed in tropical areas of South America, Asia and Africa.
Distribution of China: Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Hongkong, Macau, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou. Causes and harm of introduction and diffusion: Eupatorium odoratum was introduced and cultivated in Thailand in the early 1920s, and 1934 was found in southern Yunnan, which harmed many crops and invaded pasture. When the height reaches more than 15 cm, it can produce allelochemicals, inhibit the growth of neighboring plants and make insects refuse to eat. The leaves are poisonous and contain coumarin. Rubbing the skin with leaves can cause redness and blistering, eating young leaves by mistake can cause dizziness and vomiting, and can also cause poisoning of livestock and fish. It is the intermediate host of Cercospora. Leaf spot pathogen. Prevention and control methods: firstly, pull it out mechanically or manually, and then treat it with herbicides or plant crops with strong vitality and good coverage to replace it. It is effective to use the natural enemy insect pseudoleaf roller to control it. 8. Eichhornia. ) Solms English name: Water Hyacinth Chinese synonym: Eichhornia crassipes, taxonomic status of water hyacinth: identification characteristics of Euphorbiaceae: the water part is 30-50(- 100)cm high, or higher. There are long creeping branches on the stem. Basal leaves are rosette-shaped, broadly ovoid, broadly ovoid to kidney-shaped, bright, with curved veins; The middle part of the petiole is swollen, and there are many air sacs inside. The flowers are purple, with large upper parts and yellow spots in the middle. The capsule is oval. Biological characteristics: perennial herbs, floating in water or raw mud. The propagation mode is mainly asexual propagation, and the number of plants 1 times can be increased by separating creeping branches from the mother plant for 5 days. An inflorescence can produce 300 seeds, and the seeds can survive underwater for 5 times. Now it is distributed in warm areas all over the world. Distribution status of China: it is cultivated in southern Liaoning, North China, East China, Central China and South China 19 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), and the Yangtze River basin and its south area escape as weeds. The reason and harm of introduction and diffusion: Taiwan Province Province 190 1 year was introduced from Japan as a flower, but it escaped after being promoted as pig feed in 1950s. Destroy aquatic ecosystems and threaten local biodiversity; Absorb toxic substances such as heavy metals and sink to the bottom after death, which constitutes secondary pollution to water quality; Covering the water surface, affecting domestic water use; Breeding mosquitoes and flies. Control method: (1) artificial fishing; (2) Eichhornia crassipes and Brucea javanica, the natural enemies of food, have control effects; (3) Herbicide is effective in a short time. 9. The scientific name of fake sorghum is sorghum. The English name is Johnson Grass. The taxonomic status of Arabian sorghum is Gramineae. Remarkable features: it has elongated rhizomes, branches, erect stalks, 1-3m high, wide and linear leaves. Branches are whorled, with white hairs at the junction with spindle; Spikelets in pairs, one stipitate and the other sessile, 3.5-4 mm long, awnless and pilose. Caryophylls are brown and obovate. Biological characteristics: perennial herbs, born in fields, orchards, river banks, ditches, valleys and wet places on the shore of lakes. The flowering period is June-July, and the fruit period is July-September. Seeds and rhizomes propagate. Now it is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, as well as high latitude countries such as Canada and Argentina. Distribution of China: Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Fujian, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Sichuan, Chongqing and Yunnan. The reason and harm of introduction and diffusion: It was introduced to the southern part of Taiwan Province Province from Japan in the early 20th century, and domestication was found in Hong Kong and northern Guangdong. Seeds are often introduced and spread in imported crop seeds. They are weeds in more than 30 crop fields such as sorghum, corn, wheat, cotton, soybean, sugarcane, jute, kenaf and alfalfa, which not only reduce crop yield through niche competition, but also may become hosts for many pathogenic microorganisms and pests. In addition, this species can cross with other species of the same genus. Control methods: (1) For weeds mixed in imported seeds, (2) Weeding by intertillage and autumn tillage, placing the roots in a high-temperature and dry environment; (3) inhibiting its growth by temporarily accumulating water; (4) Use herbicides such as glyphosate or tetrafluoropropionic acid to control .55438+00, scientific name: Opogona sacri(Bojer) English name: Chinese synonym: banana moth Taxonomic status: Lepidoptera Hieroxestidae Recognition characteristics: adult body length is 7.5- 10mm, wings are lanceolate, and the front wings have two obvious dark brown spots and many fine. It is about 0.5 mm long. Larvae is milky white and transparent. The pupa is bright brown, the back is dark reddish brown, and the end is mostly black. Biological characteristics:/kloc-0 has 3-4 generations per year, and its life history is about 3 months at 1 5℃, and it can reach as many as 8 generations at higher temperature. Larvae are extremely active, agile and eaten by insects.
Origin: tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. Distribution of China: It has spread over more than 65,438+00 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The south is more serious. In these areas, almost all Brazilian wood (Dracaena fragransker-gavl. ) It can be seen that it has been harmed by sugarcane borer. Causes and harm of introduction and diffusion: it is easy to spread and spread with host plants, which has existed in Europe. Brazilian wood is an important host plant. 1987, sugarcane borer entered Guangzhou with imported Brazilian wood. With the popularity of Brazil wood in China, sugarcane borer also spread to Beijing in 1990s. Sugarcane borer has a wide range of feeding habits, which threatens bananas, sugarcane, corn, potatoes and other crops and plants cultivated in greenhouse, especially some precious flowers. In severe cases, the entire cadre's cortex will be completely hollowed out. Control method: The overwintering and burying period of larvae is a favorable opportunity to control this insect. Pesticides with the same killing rate as chrysanthemum emulsion can be used to irrigate the injured part of the stem, and toxic soil made of trichlorfon can be scattered in the surface soil of the flowerpot. In the large-scale production of greenhouses, dichlorvos can be fumigated with cloth strips or sprayed with chrysanthemum vinegar chemicals. When the stem of Brazilian wood is partially damaged, local injection of pagumogonimus skrjabini can be used for biological control. 55438+0 1, scientific name: Oracella acuta(Lobdell), English name: Lobdelly Pine Mealybug, Chinese synonym: Pinus taeda. Taxonomic status: Homoptera: Pseudomyiidae. Identification features: the nymph is oval to asymmetric oval, with the length of1.02-1.52 mm.3. The worm secretes wax at the last instar, forming a white wax bag and covering it. Male adults are divided into winged and wingless types. Different from the local pine mealybug, the female adult of the pine mealybug is pear-shaped, with the abdomen pointing backwards and seven antennae. The number of particularly stout branch insects is the largest. Some nymphs only hide in the old needle leaf sheath during the winter. They lay a lot of eggs, do not require high temperature conditions and can tolerate a certain low temperature. Origin: USA. Distribution of China: Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and other places have reported. The reason and harm of introduction and diffusion: 1988 entered Taishan, Guangdong Province with the asexual propagation materials of Pinus elliottii, reaching 65438. It has spread to many counties and cities in Guangdong Province, destroying 277,000 hectares of pine forests. It is estimated that the pine mealybug is spreading at the rate of 70,000 hectares per year. In recent 30 years, China has introduced many excellent pine varieties from the United States, among which Pinus elliottii, Pinus taeda and Pinus caribaea are the most widely planted. These hosts promoted the spread of pine mealybug and also helped the local Pinus massoniana. South Asian pine also poses a serious threat. The damage in the low-altitude coastal areas of central Guangdong Province is quite serious, and the damage area is spreading rapidly. This insect can tolerate the low temperature in winter, which shows that it may spread northward. Control method: many chemical and microbial control experiments have been carried out in China, and certain insecticidal effects have been achieved, but it has not been widely used in production. Scientific name: Dendroctonus valens, English name: Red Turpentine Beetle, Chinese synonym: Taxonomic status: COLEOPTERA, bark beetles, identification features: the adult is cylindrical, with a body length of 5.7-/kloc- The man is 2.60 wide. Insects are sparsely covered with long hair arranged irregularly. The female insect is similar to the male insect, but the middle forehead of the upper eyeliner is obviously raised, the front chest is larger, the end of Coleoptera is rough and the particles are slightly larger. Biological characteristics: It mainly harms large-diameter standing trees that have become mature and weak, especially in fresh stump cutting and logging. The insect stage of 0 years 1-2 generations is irregular, and it should be eliminated in one year. The peak appeared in the middle and late May. Female adults arrive at the tree first, eat the inner and outer bark to the cambium, and the xylem surface can also be engraved. In a short time after the invasion of females, males enter the tunnel. When they reach the cambium, the female insects first feed upward, and constantly expand the channel to both sides or vertically until the juice stops flowing. Once the juice stops flowing, the females feed downward. It usually reaches the root. The mixture of flowing fat and moth-eaten debris condenses into a funnel-shaped block around the invading hole. All kinds of insects can overwinter between bark and phloem, mainly concentrated in the roots and bases of trees. Origin: USA, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Distribution Status of China: It is now distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Hebei. Henan and other places. The reason and harm of introduction and diffusion: It was first discovered in Yangcheng, Shanxi, China on 1998. It is speculated that the introduction is related to the introduction of wood from the United States in Shanxi in the late 1980 s. Different from the situation in North America, it not only attacks weak trees, but also attacks healthy trees, resulting in a large number of host deaths in this area. At the end of 1999, the insect was found in Hebei, Henan and Shanxi with an area of 526,000 hm2, of which the severely damaged area was 6,543.8+0.3 million hm2, and the mortality rate of Pinus tabulaeformis in some areas was as high as 30%, causing more than 6 million pine trees to die. According to the survey in Shanxi in 2000, the affected area reached 65.438+0.63 hm ~ 2, including 965.438+0.0000 hm ~ 2, and there were 3.424 million pine trees.
Prevention and control methods: clean the seriously damaged trees and fumigate the stumps to eliminate the residual stupidity and avoid the danger of laying eggs on the stumps again. Spraying pyrethroid pesticides at the base of the tree during adult invasion can prevent adult invasion. 13, the scientific name of the American moth (Drury), the English name of the American moth, the Chinese synonym of the American moth: autumn curtain caterpillar, autumn curtain moth. Taxonomic status: LEPIDOPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA. Identification characteristics: the adult is white, with a body length of 12- 15 mm, and the male antenna is comb-toothed. There are several brown spots on the front wing. The female antenna is serrated and the front wing is pure white. It's oval. The body color of larvae changes greatly. According to the color of the head, it can be divided into red head type and black head type. Pupa is spindle-shaped, dark reddish brown, cocoon brown or dark red, and consists of sparse silk mixed larva body hair. Biological characteristics: Hyphantria cunea has a second generation in Liaoning and other places 1. Pupa overwinters under the bark or on the litter on the ground, and larvae hatch and form webs. After the leaves are eaten up, the larvae move to another part of branches and twigs to weave new webs. Origin: North America. Distribution Status of China: It is now distributed in Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, Shaanxi and other places. Causes and hazards of spread:/kloc-0 was introduced to Europe in 1940, and now it has been introduced to many countries in Europe 10, as well as Japan, the Korean Peninsula, Turkey and other places. The wood carried by fishermen in Liaoning Province was introduced to Rongcheng County, Shandong Province in 198 1 year. Found in Tianjin 1995, found in Wugong County, Shaanxi Province 1985, and caused harm. Mainly spread through wood, wooden packaging, etc. And it can be further spread by flight. Strong reproduction, rapid diffusion, and can spread outward every year. More than 200 kinds of plants, such as crops and wild plants, can eat up all the leaves in densely populated orchards, tourist areas and tree avenues, causing some branches or even whole plants to die, which seriously threatens sericulture, fruit industry and urban greening and causes amazing losses. In addition, the damaged trees are weak, vulnerable to other pests and diseases, and their cold resistance and stress resistance are reduced. Larvae like to eat mulberry leaves, which poses a threat to sericulture. Prevention and control methods: artificially digging pupae in autumn and winter; Spraying deltamethrin vinegar, diflubenzuron and other chemical and biological pesticides. 14, scientific name of African giant snail: A Liaofulica (F-door ochrussac) English name: African giant snail Chinese synonyms: brown cloud agate snail, Babylonian snail, cabbage snail, snail, French snail Taxonomic status: Stylomnatophora agationaceae; Identification features: umbilical orifice is closed by axial lip, and shell mouth is long and fan-shaped; The number of layers of light blue snails in the shell is 6.5-8; The soft part is dark brown or yellow, and the shell is about 10 cm high. The feet are muscular, the back is dark brown and the mucus is colorless. Biological characteristics: they like to live in dark and humid places with rich vegetation and a lot of humus. They are most active from June to September. They are active in the morning or at night. Their feeding habits are varied and large, and the young snails are mostly saprophytic. They are hermaphroditic, cross-breed and grow rapidly, and they can mate and lay eggs in five months. They have strong reproductive ability. The spawning amount at one time reaches 100-400. The service life can reach 5-7 years. It has a strong ability to resist adversity, and will quickly enter a dormant state when encountering adverse environment, and can survive for several years in this state. Origin: Zanzibar, Pemba and Madagascar in Tanzania on the east coast of Africa. Distribution of China: It has spread to Guangdong, Hongkong, Hainan and Guangxi. Taiwan Province province and other places. Cause and harm of introduction and diffusion: as human food, pet and animal feed, etc. In addition to the origin, it has also spread to South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan, the United States and other places, and the diffusion rate is very fast. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, it was discovered in Xiamen, Fujian Province, and it was probably introduced by a Singaporean Chinese. Later, it was introduced to many southern provinces as a delicious food. In addition to artificial introduction, its eggs and larvae can be spread with ornamental plants, wood, vehicles, packaging boxes and so on. , and can be mixed into the soil during the egg period. They bite off the epidermis of buds, branches, leaves and stems of various crops and become pests that harm crops, vegetables and ecosystems. This snail is also an intermediate host of parasites and pathogens in humans and livestock. Control method: the farm must establish isolation system; After aquaculture, snails must be completely killed. In addition to drug control, we should kill it as much as possible in various ways. 15, Ampullaria canaliculata, Apple snail, Golden Apple snail, Amazonia snail, Chinese name: Ampullaria canaliculata, Apple snail, Snow snail, taxonomic status: Gastropoda, Ampullidae. Distinguishing features: thin shell, oval; Light green olive to yellow brown, smooth, with 5-6 fast-growing spiral layers at the top of the shell. The spiral part is a short cone, and the spiral layer of the body accounts for 5/6 of the shell height. The suture line is deep, the shell mouth is wide and continuous, and the height accounts for 2/3 of the shell height. Callus is thin, blue-gray, umbilical foramen is large and deep, with horny, oval and concentric growth lines, and the nucleus is near the axial edge of the inner lip, and the shell is more than 8cm high. The shell diameter is more than 7cm, and the maximum shell diameter can reach 15cm.
Biological characteristics: like to live in slow-flowing rivers, moist and ventilated ditches, streams, paddy fields and so on. They are benthic, bisexual and have the habit of dormancy and hibernation. They begin to mate in early March and lay eggs on the stems or banks of aquatic plants. The initial spawning block is bright orange-red, and the eggs gradually turn pale pink in the air. A female pomacea canaliculata usually produces for 2400-0 years in 1 year. The hatching rate can be as high as 90%. Its reproductive speed is about 10 times faster than that of Asian rice field relatives. Although it is an aquatic species, it can spend 6-8 months in wet mud in dry season. Once submerged or irrigated, it can be active again. Origin: Amazon river basin. Distribution of China: Widely distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places. 198 1 introduced to Guangdong. 1984, widely cultivated as a unique economic animal in this province, and then introduced to other provinces for cultivation. However, due to over-planting, poor taste and poor sales, it was abandoned or escaped in large quantities and quickly spread from farmland to natural wetlands. Pomacea canaliculata has a large appetite and can eat rough plants. Its excrement will pollute the water body. Its loss to rice production obviously exceeds its value as food. Ampullaria canaliculata is not only a threat to aquatic shellfish and aquatic plants, but also an intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Prevention and control methods: focus on the prevention and control of overwintering snails and first-generation snails before spawning, reduce the occurrence of the second generation, prevent and control the second generation in time, and rectify and destroy its wintering sites. Reduce the number of residual snails after overwintering, and manually catch snails to collect eggs, mainly by raising ducks to eat snails, supplemented by drug control. 16, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, English name: Bull Frog, Chinese synonym: American Bullfrog Taxonomic status: Anura (Salientia), Rana catesbeiana, Rana bullfrog. Remarkable features: large and stout, with a body length of 152-l70mm. The length and width of the head are similar, the nose and mouth are blunt and round, the nostrils close to the nose and mouth are upward, the eardrum is large, the skin on the back is slightly rough and the eggs are small. Egg diameter12-1.3 mm. The total length of tadpoles can reach more than100 mm. Biological characteristics: It lives and breeds in waters rich in aquatic plants. In addition to the breeding season, adult frogs generally inhabit the waters in a scattered way. Tadpoles live in benthic organisms and often feed in aquatic plants. They eat all kinds of food, including insects and other invertebrates, as well as fish and frogs. They even ate each other. They can lay eggs 2-3 times in 1 year, and each time they lay eggs 10000-50000. 3-5 years of sexual maturity, life expectancy of 6-8 years. Origin: East of the Rocky Mountains in North America, north to Canada and south to North Florida. Distribution of China: Almost all over the south of Beijing (including Taiwan Province Province). Are naturally distributed. Causes and harm of introduction and diffusion: It was widely introduced to all parts of the world because of eating, and was introduced to China in 1959. Bullfrog has strong adaptability, wide feeding habits, few natural enemies, long life, strong reproductive ability, obvious competitive advantage and easy invasion and spread. Local amphibians are in danger of being reduced and extinct, and even have affected biodiversity, such as local fish in Dianchi Lake. It also poses a threat to some insect populations. Improper early feeding and management methods are the main reasons for its spread. Domestic trade and consumption and processing lack strict management, and animals escape during long-distance trafficking and processing. Control methods: Strengthen bullfrog breeding management and catering industry control to avoid further expansion of the invasion scope. Change the feeding method from stocking to captivity. In tadpole stage, the pond is cleaned to control the population, capture and consume the adult resources of bullfrog, thus controlling its natural habitat.