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Xuanyuan
Open classification: China culture, games, myths, history and national emblem
1. The name of the legendary ancient emperor Huangdi
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The legendary surname is Gongsun, who lives in the hill of Xuanyuan, hence the name Xuanyuan. He once defeated Emperor Yan in Hanquan and Chiyou in Zhuolu, and the princes were honored as emperors. Later generations regard it as the ancestor of the Chinese nation.
in the spring and autumn period, governors of all countries, regardless of their titles, preferred to address the public. According to the system of the Zhou Dynasty, the monarch was generally succeeded by the eldest son, who was called the prince before he ascended the throne, and the other sons were called childe, and the son of childe was called Gongsun. Many of their descendants took Gongsun as their surname. Therefore, Gongsun is not a descendant of one family and one surname. The original surname of the Yellow Emperor was not Gongsun. It is recorded in Shuowen, Guoyu Jin Yu, Historical Records of the Three Generations, Hanshu Wendi Ji, Historical Records of Qi Family, Historical Records of Qu Yuan Jia Sheng Biography, and The Book with Chen Bo that the Yellow Emperor has been in Jishui for a long time, so he took the surname Ji, which is in the Yellow Emperor. The people surnamed Ji can be said to be direct descendants of the Yellow Emperor.
According to legend, the birthday of the Yellow Emperor is on the second day of February, and worship is held in Zhengzhou at this time every year. The ancestor of the Yellow Emperor was the Xiong family. Because people with Xiong's family advocate earth virtue and the earth is yellow, his mother named him Huangdi with a treasure. Living in the hill of Xuanyuan, because he grew up in Jishui, he took Ji as his surname and Xuanyuan as his name, so later generations also called the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan. According to legend, at the beginning of Chinese civilization, the Yellow Emperor began to build cars, so he was called Xuanyuan. The word Xuanyuan refers to the car. In the era of myths and legends and the historical facts of myths and legends going back to ancient times, as one of the four great spirits in ancient China (the other three spirits are dragons, phoenixes and forests), turtles have infiltrated into the water culture which is extremely related to the farming people.
the first emperor of China, Huangdi, whose name is Xuanyuan, is the word "Tian Yun", which means "Li Tian", which means a deified turtle. No one can explain the word Xuanyuan. After studying ancient books, it is found that Xuanyuan may be the giant salamander. In ancient times, Xuanyuan and giant salamander were pronounced the same, and giant salamander was an aquatic animal. The Yellow Emperor uses the giant salamander as a totem, which shows that his totem is an aquatic animal. "(see <; < China Ancient History Lecture > > On, pp. 128-129, Qiushi Publishing House, 1987). He further demonstrated that it is estimated that the Xia and Zhou dynasties and the Yellow Emperor are a system and related by blood. Because Xia's totem is close to that of the Yellow Emperor, Zhou also claimed to be from the giant salamander, and they all used aquatic animals such as dragons and snakes as totems. This theory finds out the meaning of Xuanyuan from the totem of ancient society. Scientifically explained why the Chinese nation is the so-called "descendants of the dragon".
In ancient mythology, the Yellow Emperor was a great god who appeared later in Emperor Yan. Legend has it that he has four faces and can monitor all directions. He is the emperor of heaven in the center and rules the whole universe. Among the people, there are all kinds of legends about his and his courtiers' inventions. It is said in a book that the Yellow Emperor invented the car, so people called him Xuanyuan.
Xuanyuan's life
Long ago, there lived two ancient tribes along the Jishui River in the northwest of the earth, the Bear clan and the Insect Joe clan. They took water as their surname from generation to generation, married and merged, and continued to develop. One year, Shao Dian, the leader of the Bear clan, married Fu Bao, a woman from the Insect Joe clan. One night, while watching the Big Dipper, Attached Bao suddenly saw white light shining in Tian Shu, illuminating all the fields. Fubao was pregnant by induction. Later, she gave birth to a son named Gongsun Xuanyuan in Shouqiu. Xuanyuan was born magical and supernatural. He began to speak when he was very young. He reacted quickly when he was a teenager. When he grew up, he was honest and sharp-minded, and he was even more clever when he was an adult. After Shaodian's death, Xuanyuan became the leader of the bear clan and married Lei Zu, the daughter of the leader of Xiling tribe. Lei Zu taught people to plant mulberry and raise silkworms. The place where they live is called the Hill of Xuanyuan. At that time, due to the increasing population of Jishui River Basin, Xuanyuan decided to lead the tribe to move eastward. In the process of moving eastward, they met the Yandi tribe who had moved over, and the two sides clashed. After three battles in the wilderness of Osaka (b m 4 n) spring, the two tribes merged and formed an alliance, and were unified under the leadership of Xuanyuan, who was honored as the "Yellow Emperor". Emperor Yan himself went to the south to educate the people there. After this integration, the clan led by the Yellow Emperor was unprecedentedly powerful. So the Yellow Emperor decided to gather ghosts and gods on Mount Tai. At the right time, the Yellow Emperor rode a treasure elephant car and was towed by six dragons to Mount Tai. Bi Fang, a crane-shaped, human-faced, one-legged god bird, served by the car; Fengbo cleans the road, and the rain teacher sprinkles clean water; Yan Di's subordinate Chiyou led the tiger and the wolf to walk in front of the car, and the ghosts and gods followed behind the car. Flying in the clouds, the winged snake crouches on the ground, while the phoenix flies on the treasure elephant car ...
The scene of the gathering in Mount Tai is grand and majestic, and the Yellow Emperor was deeply moved. He personally wrote and played a piece of music called "Clear Corner". Seeing the yellow emperor's complacency, Yan Di's subordinate Chiyou was very unconvinced. When he came back, he joined forces with tribal leaders such as Fengbo, Yushi and Kuafu to make an uprising and no longer listen to the orders of the Yellow Emperor. Chiyou is the leader of Miao Man Jiuli clan. He is very aggressive and likes chaos. He has a copper head, can eat stones, and walks in danger. In addition, he has eighty brothers, all of whom are animals and people, with bronze heads and iron foreheads, and eat sand and stones. At the same time, they can also make sticks, knives, halberds, crossbows and other weapons, so they are awesome all over the world. If the battle of Hanquan was not the main peace of Emperor Yan, the outcome would be hard to predict.
Chiyou rose up and rebelled against the Yellow Emperor, without mercy, killing innocent people indiscriminately, which made all peoples suffer. People all hope that the Yellow Emperor can reorganize the world and end the war. The Yellow Emperor was benevolent by nature, and it was not easy to fight. Therefore, he was bent on persuading Chiyou to call a truce. However, Chiyou did not listen to the advice and made repeated attacks. The Yellow Emperor heaved a sigh: "If I fail, and Chiyou is in charge of the world, the people will suffer. Palliating and accommodating Chiyou is to raise bandits for trouble. This situation can't be tolerated any longer. "
So, the Yellow Emperor personally led his troops to conquer Chiyou. He sent Ying Long to attack the Yuan Ye in Jizhou. Ying Longsheng has wings, can fly and can spray water from his mouth. Ying Long sucked the water from the river into his mouth, flew high into the sky and sprayed water on the array of Chiyou. Suddenly, the rough waves fell from the sky and rushed straight to Chiyou. Chiyou sent Fengbo and Rain Master out to fight. Fengbo and the rain master, displaying their great power, made a longitudinal wind and a water collection, and in turn beat the storm into the Yellow Emperor's array. Ying Long couldn't collect water. As a result, the Yellow Emperor was in a state of confusion and returned in rout. Later, it was nine wars and nine defeats.
There was no way. The Yellow Emperor led his troops back to Mount Tai and hid in the dim fog. He didn't eat or sleep for three days and nights, thinking hard about the way to retreat from the enemy. Just then, a woman in the shape of a bird appeared in front of the Yellow Emperor. Huangdi bowed his head and bowed again with the highest courtesy, but he fell on the ground and did not dare to get up. This woman said that she was a "nine-day Xuan Nv" and asked the Yellow Emperor what he wanted. The Yellow Emperor said that he always lost the battle and wanted to win the battle. So, in nine days, Xuan Nv taught the Yellow Emperor "Xuan Nv Tactics". After getting the tactics taught by Xuan Nv for nine days, the Yellow Emperor invited the drought god Nu Wa to help. Nvwa will collect clouds and rest rain, and live on Kunlun Mountain. In order to cheer up the low morale, the Yellow Emperor sent people to Liubo Mountain, 7,111 miles away from the East China Sea, to catch a foot monster "Kui" who was as strong as an ox and had no horns and roared like thunder, and peeled off its skin to make a war drum. At the same time, send someone to catch Lei Shou, use the biggest bone on his body as a drumstick, and knock on the real leather drum. The sound can spread five hundred miles, which is enough to shock all directions. In addition, the Yellow Emperor made dozens of battle drums from the skins of nine cows, and together with the skin-beating drums, they formed a drum array. After everything was ready, the Yellow Emperor led his troops back to Mount Tai and fought a fierce battle with Chiyou in the wilderness of Zhuolu. Chiyou sent Chiyou (Ch Ρ) charm and other monsters that hurt people in the mountains to attack the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor asked his men to brag about their horns and make dragons to subdue them. As a result, Chiyou died. Chiyou also used magic to raise the fog all over the sky and cover the Yellow Emperor's team. Unable to tell the direction for three days and nights, the foot soldiers were full of fear and confusion. Huangdi ordered Fenghou to follow the example of Beidou to make a compass car to distinguish the direction and successfully withdraw from the encirclement.
The Yellow Emperor ordered Ying Long to fly again and spray water. Ying Long opened his mouth, and the river water rushed to Chiyou's army. Chiyou sent Fengbo and Rain Master to take up the battle, and the strong wind wrapped in heavy rain hit the Yellow Emperor's army again. The Yellow Emperor immediately sent Nu Nu, the God of Drought, into battle, and Nu Nu displayed her divine power. In an instant, the scorching sun took the lead and the heat wave rolled. Wherever she goes, the wind and rain disappear. Fengbo and the Rain Master were at their wits' end, and hurriedly failed. When Chiyou saw this, he led eighty brothers to kill him. The Chiyou brothers are tough and brave, and almost no one can beat them. The Yellow Emperor held Lei Shou's drumstick, beating the real leather drums. Suddenly the drums were blaring, and eighty brothers Chiyou were scared out of their wits and soon died. When Chiyou saw this, he jumped into the air and quickly escaped from Yuan Ye, Zhuolu. The Yellow Emperor ordered his men to lay a drum array. At one command, dozens of cowhide drums sounded at the same time, beating nine times and shaking the earth. Chiyou, who has flown to the middle of Jizhou, fell to the ground and can't escape anymore. After catching Chiyou, the Yellow Emperor ordered him to be put on a cangue web and executed him on the hill of Lishan. This place was later called "Xiezhou", which produced pond salt. The salt water was red, and the local people said it was formed by the blood of Chiyou. For the Miaoman Jiuli clan who followed Chiyou's rebellion, the Yellow Emperor moved those who were willing to submit to it to the land of Zou Tu, and those who were unwilling to submit to it to the land of the North.
In order to prevent Chiyou from causing trouble after his death, the Yellow Emperor ordered his head to be buried in the land of Shouzhang, Dongping. The grave is 71 feet high. Every October, when the local people offered sacrifices, it was called "Chiyou Banner". Bury his body in the square field south of Mount Tai. The cangue on Chiyou was taken down and thrown on the Song Mountain in the wild, and later turned into a maple forest. After defeating Chiyou, the Yellow Emperor sent Ying Long to kill Kuafu. At that time, those who were eager to move were frightened, and all of them surrendered. All tribes unanimously recognized that the Yellow Emperor replaced the Yandi Shennong and became the * * * Lord of the world.
From then on, if there is any insurrection in the world, the Yellow Emperor will personally make a crusade, and then he will leave after calming down. The Yellow Emperor also sent people to use the portrait of Chiyou to show the hard-to-educate places in all directions, and warned the tribes there not to forget the lesson of Chiyou's insurrection.
the yellow emperor cut through thorns and cut a path for the people, but he didn't live a leisurely day. His footprints reached the Bohai Sea in the east, Mount Maru and Mount Tai in the west, Mount Jitou in the west, the Yangtze River in the south, Woong San and Xiangshan in the north, and expelled meat porridge in Busan with tribal leaders. He established a capital city at the foot of Guangping Mountain in Zhuolu, surrounded by troops; Use "cloud" to name the positions of officials, and set up five kinds of official positions to manage heaven, earth, god, earth and things respectively, so that each department can keep its order and avoid confusion. The army called cloud division; Set up the left and right prisons to supervise tens of thousands of tribes; Personally preside over the ritual of offering sacrifices to ghosts and mountains and closing the Zen ceremony; Set up Baoding, calculate the calendar with yarrow, and predict the future solar terms; Appoint talented people such as Feng Hou, Li Mu, Chang Xian and Da Hong to govern the country; Comply with the cycle of the four seasons of heaven and earth, follow the changes of yin and yang and five elements, and obey the truth of life and death.
The Yellow Emperor and his wife, Lei Zu, took the initiative to lead the people to open up fields, sow hundreds of crops of vegetation, plant mulberry and raise silkworms, educate the world with virtue, be diligent and diligent, save water, fire and property, and make the people live and work in peace and contentment. Xuanyuan Huangdi has the reputation of "earth virtue". When he died, the earth cracked and people buried him in Qiaoshan. Before the death of the Yellow Emperor, all the people in the world benefited. After his death, Zebei has been around for thousands of generations, and within a hundred years, Yu Wei still exists. A hundred years later, people are still following his teachings.
The Qianlong family said:
The bear tribe of the Yellow Emperor lives in the Jishui River valley, so the surname of the Yellow Emperor "Ji" is called "You Xiong"; Because the Yellow Emperor lived in the hill of Xuanyuan, he was also called "Xuanyuan". In the Historical Records of Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty, it was recorded that the Yellow Emperor was named Gongsun and Xuanyuan.
Although there are still stubborn people, they deny the existence of the "Yellow Emperor" according to western archaeology. However, no one can deny the existence of the Yellow Emperor as the cornerstone of Chinese civilization. Among the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" in ancient times, the Yellow Emperor was the first great man who was clearly recorded in the official history. Western Han Dynasty? Sima Qian in his book Historical Records? In the Five Emperors' Biography, the Yellow Emperor is the opening work. China's 5,111-year-long written history began.
The story of the Yellow Emperor pacifying Chiyou was the first earth-shattering war in ancient China, with the help of ghosts and gods. This war is different from the initial melee in which humans used primitive weapons such as stone and wood. It has begun to have array, tactics and restraint, and has begun to use new weapons and tools.
According to the book "Dragon Fish River Map", "There are eighty-one Chiyou brothers, and they speak with animals, iron heads, eat sand and stones, and build soldiers' sticks, knives, halberds and crossbows, which are awesome all over the world ..." It can be seen that the Jiuli clan of Chiyou at that time should have mastered the production and use of bronze weapons.
And Shan Hai Jing? It is recorded in the Wild North Classic that "Chiyou made an army to attack the Yellow Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor made Ying Long attack the wild land of Jizhou. Ying Long stores water. Chiyou asked Fengbo to rain, and it was stormy. The Yellow Emperor is the goddess of heaven who says, "The rain will stop ......" and the book Zhilin records that "The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the field of Zhuolu, and Chiyou was foggy for three days, and all the soldiers were confused. The Yellow Emperor made the fighting machine behind the wind be used as a guide car, so as to avoid all directions and capture Chiyou."
These descriptions show that Chiyou, once a vassal of Emperor Yan, not only set fire to smoke in the long-term practice of slash-and-burn cultivation. And have mastered the general laws of climate change. The Huangdi clan, a nomadic clan, was not good at it, so when the war began, the Huangdi side was always passive. However, the Yellow Emperor was good at solving his dilemma according to the changes of the war, such as inventing the south guide car and making war drums as contact signals.
The conflict and integration between the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di, Chiyou and other tribes, as well as the assimilation of other clans, laid the foundation for the formation of the Chinese nation. Since then, people in China have called themselves "descendants of the Chinese people". Huangdi became the undisputed ancestor of the Chinese nation. Although Chiyou was defeated and killed, he was still regarded as the "warrior master" by later generations, that is, the "god of war" and was widely sacrificed. Today, Miao people living in Guizhou still consider Chiyou as their distant ancestor in their epic poems.
In the minds of future generations, Huangdi Xuanyuan, as the ancestor, is omnipotent. Therefore, the inventions and creations of various industries, the works of Huangdi Neijing, the cultivation of immortality and other legends and stories are attached to him.
There is the Huangdi Mausoleum in Qiaoshan, huangling county, Shaanxi Province. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, there has been an endless stream of worshippers to the Huangdi Mausoleum for more than 2,711 years. From Qin Wengong (756 BC) to the Qing Dynasty, there were 76 historical records of emperors offering sacrifices to the ancestors of the mausoleum, and more than 31 inscriptions were erected. In 1937, when War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, President Mao Zedong wrote a eulogy in calligraphy and swore to Xuanyuan Huangdi: "...... if you are United as one, you will win the battle. Give me back my rivers and mountains and defend my sovereignty. This is the ambition of this thing, and you should never blame it. After the military consolidation, tell the ancestors. When the prison is in sight, the heaven will be buried after the earth ... "
Now, every year during the Qingming Festival, tens of thousands of Chinese descendants come to pay homage.
2. borrowing refers to the Chinese nation.
3. refers to the car.
4. constellation name.