● Latitude position and advantages: China's territory spans a vast latitude from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the (northern temperature) zone, and a small part is in the (tropical) zone, not in the (cold zone). The huge climate difference provides favorable conditions for the development of (various agricultural economies).
● Land and sea location and advantages: (1) is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, which makes the vast area in the east of China (under the influence of humid air flow in summer monsoon, precipitation) rich and is beneficial to (agricultural) production; (2) The eastern region has both land and sea, which is conducive to friendly exchanges with overseas countries; The western region (deep into Eurasia) enables China's land transportation to communicate directly with other countries (Central Asia, West Asia and Europe), which facilitates foreign countries (exchanges and cooperation). (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which are convenient for development (marine industry).
● China has a territorial area of (9.6 million) square kilometers, ranking third in the world after (Russian) and (Canadian). Lulin 14. Clockwise, they are North Korea, (Russia), (Mongolia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (India), Nepal, Bhutan, (Myanmar), (Laos) and Vietnam. The land border is more than 20,000 kilometers. There are six countries across the sea: Korea, (Japan), Philippines, (Malaysia), Brunei and (Indonesia).
2. The population of our country
● Population in 2000: (1295) billion.
● The outstanding characteristics of China's population: large population base and rapid population growth.
● Characteristics of population distribution in China: The population distribution (uneven) is bounded by Heihe River in Heilongjiang and Tengchong in Yunnan, with high population density in the (eastern) area and low population density in the (western) area. The western part of China is sparsely populated, but rich in resources. What problems should be paid attention to in the development of the western region? The western region has resource advantages, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. At present, the contradiction between man, land, water and soil is quite acute, and the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection, and it is not possible to develop first and then treat it. )
● Population policy: family planning.
● Content: Control the population and improve the quality of the population.
3. Nationalities in China
There are (56) ethnic groups in China, among which the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.
● Distribution characteristics of Han nationality: Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in (central) and (eastern).
● Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: mainly concentrated in (northeast), (northwest) and (southwest). Zhuang nationality is the most populous nation. Characteristics of ethnic distribution: (large mixed residence, small settlement).
● National customs:
Nadam Congress (Mongolian)
Dai water-splashing festival, peacock dance,
Keywords Tibetan group dance, Tibetan calendar year,
The long-term encouragement of the (North Korea) nation, etc.
4. The terrain of China
● Topographic features of China: (complex and diverse topography, vast mountains)
● What problems should be paid attention to in the development and protection of mountainous areas:
(1) The mountainous area is rugged, with inconvenient (transportation) and difficult (infrastructure) construction.
(2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to (ecological environment construction) to prevent and avoid mountain disasters (such as collapse, landslide and debris flow).
● Topographic features of China: (The topography of China is high in the west and low in the east, with a stepped distribution).
Stairs, altitude, main terrain types and boundaries of main terrain areas
The first step, the first step, the second step, Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain; The second and third steps are Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain. Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qaidam Basin over 4000m.
The second step is 1000-2000m Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin.
The hills, mountains, plains and basins below the third step 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeast hills, northeast plains, North China plains and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
● The influence of the stepped distribution of China's topography on the climate, rivers and traffic in China;
(1) Impact on climate: China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is conducive to the humid air flow at sea to advance inland and bring abundant precipitation to vast areas of China.
(2) Impact on rivers: the topography of high in the west and low in the east will inevitably cause rivers in China to flow into the sea from west to east; When the river flows from a higher step to a lower step, the drop is large, resulting in huge water energy.
(3) Impact on traffic: The big river flowing eastward connects the traffic between the east and the west of China, which facilitates the connection between coastal areas and inland areas; The mountain range at the junction of stairs has become a huge obstacle to the east-west traffic in China.
Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range
West side east side
① Northeast Plain of Inner Mongolia Plateau in Daxinganling
② Taihang Mountain Loess Plateau North China Plain
③ Wushan Sichuan Basin Yangtze River Plain
④ Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range
North and South
⑤ The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Kunlun Mountain Tarim Basin
⑥ Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Tianshan Mountain
● Mountains form the terrain skeleton.
● Four stationary periods
(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The plateau with the highest altitude and the largest area in China.
(Inner Mongolia Plateau) The ground is open and endless.
Loess is widely distributed, and there are thousands of valleys on the surface.
The surface of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged and the karst landform is remarkable.
● Four great basin
The largest basin is Tarim basin.
The basin with the highest altitude is (Qaidam) basin.
The basin with the highest latitude is Junggar basin.
The basin with the best conditions for developing agricultural production is the (Sichuan) basin.
● Main mountain range trend: east-west trend: Tianshan-Yinshan.
Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains
Nanling mountains
Northeast-southwest trend: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain
Changbai Mountain Range-Wuyishan Mountain Range
Mountainous areas of Taiwan Province Province.
North-South trend: Hengduan Mountains.
Northwest-Southeast Strike: Qilian Mountain Range
Arc mountain range: Himalayas
5. Climate in China
According to the active accumulated temperature, China can be divided into five temperature zones from north to south.
Cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone; In addition, there is a plateau climate zone with higher terrain.
(1) tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, middle temperate and cold temperate plateau climate zones
(2)0
(3) Warm temperate zone
(4) Qiongtai, Guangdong, Guiyun or Yunnan
(5) 13
(6)② Subtropical ③ Warm temperate zone
According to the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, China can be divided into
It is divided into four areas: dry and wet (wet), (semi-wet), (semi-arid) and (arid).
Dry and wet areas, humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas and arid areas.
Vegetation forest grassland and desert.
Agricultural type planting (paddy field agriculture) planting (dry land agriculture) animal husbandry
● The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area: (Daxinganling), (Yinshan), (Helan), (Bayankala) and (Gangdise).
Name the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena:
The special landscape of "Land of Fish and Rice" in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China benefits from the climate.
The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are roughly at the same latitude, but the reason for the huge climate difference is the terrain (the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is at a high altitude).
The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are at the same latitude as the Arabian Peninsula, and the reason for the great climate difference is the influence of (land and sea location) and (summer monsoon). The latitudes of Beijing and Urumqi are roughly the same, but the precipitation is quite different. (Land and sea location, summer monsoon)
Planting different fruit trees in different temperature areas; Different temperature zones have different internal cooking systems; The architectural structure of traditional folk houses in north and south is also different. The reason is (latitude factor)
The vegetation in the east and west is different; The types of agriculture in the east and west are different, with farming in the east and animal husbandry in the west; The roof structure of east and west houses is different, with many pheasant roofs in the southeast and many flat roofs in the northwest. (Different precipitation)
China is extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. (The climate is complex and diverse)
② Different natural resources and tourism resources (with complex and diverse climate) are formed.
People's eating habits are also different, such as: Sichuan, Hunan and other places are cold and humid in winter, and they like to eat Chili; Southerners love rice, while northerners love pasta. (The climate is complex and diverse)
People's clothes are also colorful because they have adapted to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse)
For example, Tibetan robes in Tibet are designed to adapt to the climatic characteristics of Tibet with large daily difference (topography); ⑤ Architectural features vary from place to place. The slope of the roof in the north is small, the wall is thick, and the slope of the roof in the south is large (temperature and precipitation); 6. That's right. ……
( 1)①7; ②7、8; ③4、5、6、7、8; ④4、5、6、7、8、9
(2) More in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring
(3) Guangzhou and Harbin; The rain belt in China is advancing from south to north.
(4) Because the rainy season in southern China starts early and ends late, the rainy season is long; The rainy season in northern China started late, ended early and lasted for a short time.
● Disastrous weather (cold wave), (typhoon) and (flood and drought disaster) caused by monsoon climate.
● Main features of climate in China.
(1) Read the climate characteristics of our country from the picture: the climate characteristics (complex and diverse climate) and (monsoon) climate are remarkable.
(2) Sanming has a subtropical monsoon climate.
List and compare the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.
Yangtze river and yellow river project
Mount Tanggula, the birthplace of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Bayankala, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Source Tuotuo River Yuegu Zonglie Canal
It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other provinces.
It flows through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau and North China Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
The main tributaries are Jialing River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Taohe River, Huangshui River and Weihe River.
The basin is located between Qinling and Nanling, and between Yinshan and Qinling.
Develop hydropower (upstream) and shipping hydropower (upstream)
Harnessing and building shelter forests in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below)
● Causes of disasters in various sections of the Yellow River and basic control schemes.
The upper, middle and lower reaches of the river.
The main disasters are grassland degradation, desertification and serious soil erosion.
The cause of the disaster is that the climate tends to be dry. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau with many tributaries. The loess plateau has loose soil layer and serious vegetation destruction. In heavy rain, a lot of sediment flows into the Yellow River with the rain. When the Yellow River enters the lower reaches of the plain, the channel widens and the slope slows down. The river's velocity slows down, and the sediment it carries is deposited, which makes the river bed gradually rise.
Managing planting trees and grass to carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Reinforce the Yellow River levee
8. Characteristics of China's natural resources: (rich in total resources), (but insufficient per capita). )
Types of land resources Main topographic types in dry and wet areas in monsoon or non-monsoon areas
Farmland monsoon region in humid and semi-humid areas of plains, low mountains and hills and eastern basin
Mountain area in humid forest area
Semi-arid plateau in grassland non-monsoon area
Basins and plateaus with unused land in semi-arid areas of western China.
● The basic national policy of land in China is to "cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land."
Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China and its influence on social and economic development
At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.
● Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in China: time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring; Space: There is no southerly wind in the north.
● Solve the problem of uneven distribution of water resources in time and space: The construction of reservoirs can effectively control the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity. For example, the Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi water control projects.
● One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions: inter-basin water transfer. For example, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Luanhe River Diversion Project and the Yellow River Diversion Project.
● One of the main ways to solve the water shortage problem in China is to save water and protect water resources.
9. Traffic in China
● The overall distribution pattern of China's traffic network: dense in the east and sparse in the west.
● Main railway lines in China.
① Lanxin Line ② Qinghai-Tibet Line (unfinished) ③ Baolan Line ④ Beijing-Kowloon Line.
⑤ Baocheng Line ⑤ Chengkun Line
East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou-Baolan line (Baotou-Lanzhou);
Longhai (Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanxin Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);
Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Xiang Qian (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guikun (Guiyang-Kunming) Line
North-South direction: Jingha Line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai line (Beijing-Shanghai);
Beijing-Guangzhou line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon)
Liujiao Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou);
Baocheng Line (Baoji-Chengdu)-Chengkun Line (Chengdu-Kunming)
Major transportation hubs and railway trunk lines in China;
Beijing: (Jingha Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line) and (Beijing-Kowloon Line).
Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line).
Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line).
Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line) (Baolan Line).
● Reasonable choice of transportation mode according to needs (omitted)
9. Agriculture in China
● Regional distribution of agriculture:
Differences between East and West:
400 mm isohyet in the west and east.
Planting, animal husbandry, forestry and fishery
Plains, valleys and oases with irrigation water sources; Differences in planting between north and south in semi-humid and humid plains of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and eastern Tibet; Natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest; Artificial forest areas in the southeast; As well as the eastern coastal areas and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;
Crops of cultivated land types in this area are ripe (several times a year), and the main crops are ripe.
Grain crops, oil crops, sugar crops
Wheat, peanut and beet are harvested once a year, thrice a year and twice a year in the dryland north of Qinling-Huaihe River.
In the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains, rice, rape and sugarcane are harvested twice a year and three times a year in paddy fields.
● Three major cotton areas:
● Illustrate the necessity of developing agriculture according to local conditions with examples: (P 102 Figure 4. 16 Fill in the Atlas P32 V)
Making use of local (natural) advantages to arrange agricultural production departments or crops to be developed in areas that are most conducive to their own development and growth is one of the important contents of "adapting to local conditions".
Agricultural production is also restricted by local (socio-economic conditions), which is also a factor that needs to be fully considered in developing agriculture.
10, China industry
● Industrial distribution characteristics: (coastal), (along the river) and (along the traffic)
● Spatial distribution of industry:
(1) Industrial bases along national railways such as Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Harbin and Beijing-Shanghai.
(2) Industrial belt in the Yellow River Basin.
(3) The economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on (Shanghai), (Nanjing), (Wuhan) and (Chongqing).
(4) Coastal areas (Yangtze River Delta), (south-central Liaoning), (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan) and (Pearl River Delta) are the most developed economic core areas.
● Develop high-tech industries;
(1) Features: A large proportion of scientific and technical personnel are employed; The cost of development and research is high; Product update is fast.
(2) Distribution characteristics: it is mostly attached to big cities and has the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.
(3) development focus: focus on developing high-tech industries in coastal areas (science park type); Border areas are dominated by (trade-oriented) industries; Inland areas focus on industries closely related to (national defense, military).
● High-tech industrial development zones are attached to big cities, and their distribution characteristics are (large dispersion) and (small concentration).
● Give examples to illustrate the impact of high-tech industries on production and life;
Shanghai: Optimization and adjustment of industrial structure. (changes in Shanghai's industry)
Beijing: The rapid growth rate has promoted and promoted the economic development. Zhongguancun's Contribution to Beijing's Economic Development
Internet: Internet technology has changed people's way of life and production. (Online shopping, SOHO clan, online community, etc. )
Chapter I Territory and population of China.
1. 1 the territory of China
Great motherland: People's Republic of China (PRC) is located in the east of Asia and the west bank of the Pacific Ocean. ? Including land and sea.
Vast territory: land rights: ① vast territory ② land boundary ③ land neighbors 14.
Maritime power: ① vast sea area; ② Long coastline; ③ Six countries facing each other across the sea.
Northernmost: Mohe 54 degrees north latitude; Eastmost: East longitude 135 degrees at the intersection of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River. Southmost point: Zengmu shoal is at 4 degrees north latitude. West: Pamirs 73 degrees east longitude.
China has a vast territory, with a total land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, which is almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe. It ranks third among countries in the world and is a country with a large area in the world.
China is an important maritime power in the world, with a coastline of over18,000 kilometers, which is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with a sea area of over 500 square meters in China. The width of China's territorial sea is 22.22km (12 nautical mile). The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers.
There are many neighboring countries: China has a long land border, reaching 20,000 square kilometers, and there are 14 neighboring countries (Mandarin): eastern Korea, northern Mongolia, northeastern and northwestern Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Danny in southwestern India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south. There are six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Wen Fei, Japan and South Korea.
1.2 chinese administrative division
Historical administrative divisions: current administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into three levels: provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and towns (townships). There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions, namely Hongkong and Macau.
Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.
Names, abbreviations and teaching materials of administrative centers of 34 provincial administrative units: Grade 8, page 8.
2.3 Population of China
The first in the world: the fifth census: the total population of China is 6543.8+29.5 million. The current population is 654.38+0.3 billion.
Rapid growth: uneven distribution: Tengchong? Population distribution density in Mohe and China.
Characteristics of multi-group and minority groups
The eastern region has a large population;
Coastal, river and lake areas have a large population;
The plains and basins have a large population;
Areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population;
Areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population;
The Han area has a large population. The western region has a small population;
The arid desert area has a small population;
The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small;
Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population;
Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population;
Most ethnic minority areas have a small population.
China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control population and improve population quality.
1.4 population of China:
56 Ethnic Groups: China is a unified multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities.
Large mixed communities and small settlements: Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. There are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas.
Ethnic customs: Mongolians? Nadam Convention; Yunnan Dai people? Songkran Festival; Chinese nation? Dragon Boat Festival.
Chapter II Natural Environment of China
2. 1 Topography of China
The terrain is high in the west and low in the east: it is stepped. The mountains are staggered; Mountain situation:
East-west trend: Tianshan, Yinshan, Kunlun, Qinling and Nanling; North-south trend: Helan Mountain, Liupan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain. Northeast and Southwest: Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Xuefeng Mountain, Changbai Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Taiwan Province Mountain and Yushan Mountain. Northwest and southeast strike: Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain; Arc strike: Himalayas.
Five Mountains in China: Mount Tai and Dongyue; Xiyue Huashan; Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; Zhongyueshan
The terrain is complex and diverse: China's terrain is high in the west and low in the east, showing a stepped distribution. The criss-crossing mountains and complex and diverse terrain provide us with rich and colorful natural landscapes, and the production activities and lifestyles in different parts of the motherland are different. Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers crisscross. Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, and there are many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the east and middle of the northwest. Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world.
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.
Great basin: Tarim Basin: the largest inland basin in China. Among them is the largest desert in China? Junggar Basin in Taklimakan Desert: China's Second great basin. Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia".
Sichuan Basin: It is called "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".
Three plains: Northeast Plain: Black soil covers a vast area. North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small.
The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".
2.2 Climate in China
The climate is complex and diverse: the climate is complex and diverse: in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is large, the south is warm, and the farther north, the lower the temperature. In summer, the temperature in the north and south is generally high. The climate types in China are divided into temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate.
Remarkable monsoon climate: Although there are various types of climate in China, the monsoon climate is remarkable, with the widest monsoon climate area.
The influence of monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space. Mainland characteristics.
Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on. Many droughts and floods. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.
2.3 Rivers in China
The outflow area is the main area: the basin refers to the area where rivers or water systems are concentrated. Water system refers to the water flow system composed of all rivers, lakes, swamps and underground rivers in the basin. Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area. Rivers that eventually do not flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into the desert, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area.
The hydrological characteristics of the outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by the monsoon climate. With the Qinling Mountains? The Huaihe River is the boundary, and the rivers in the south area flow through the humid area, which is rich in water. Northern rivers flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.
Compared with the outflow river, the hydrological characteristics of inland rivers in China are obviously different. The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake. Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, its main stream flows through Qinghai-Tibet and other provinces 1 1 and finally flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, making it the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. Upstream: the source? Yichang; Midstream: Yichang? Hukou, Jiangxi; Downstream: Hukou, Jiangxi? Enter the estuary. The middle reaches are called "nine-curved ileum".
Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the world famous rivers. Originated in Bayan Kara, it flows into 9 provinces and regions such as Qinghai and Sichuan, and flows into Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers.
Chapter III Natural Resources in China
3. 1 Overview of natural resources
What are natural resources? Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings.
It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.
Characteristics of natural resources: The concept of natural resources is not immutable. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited. The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. China's natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. Restricted by some reasons, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but its regional distribution is generally uniform. The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.
3.2 Land Resources in China * World Land Day on June 25th * Land is the stage for human life and production activities.
"More people and less land" is the basic national condition of our country. Complete types: China's land resources are complete, forming a variety of land types such as cultivated land, woodland and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. China's vast grassland area ranks among the top in the world, which provides better resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. China is a Shaolin country. The cultivated land area in China is less than 1 100 million hectares. Land types in China: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert and rocky mountain. The regional differences are obvious: the spatial distribution of land resources in China is unbalanced, and the regional differences of land productivity are obvious. The natural forests in China are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of northeast, southwest and southeast, mostly artificial forests and secondary forests. The grasslands in China are mainly distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources in different regions of China varies greatly. There is plenty of sunshine and heat in the northwest inland, but it is dry and rainy, and the water is insufficient, mainly grasslands and deserts. Cherish every inch of land:
3.3 Water Resources in China * * * World Water Day on March 22nd * * *
Disparity in regional distribution: the total amount of water resources in China is quite large, but the per capita possession is very low, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita water. Uneven time distribution: the time distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and the actual change is great. Rational use of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, we must see the inter-basin water transfer project to make rational use of water resources. * * * Diversion from Yellow River to Qinghai * * * South-to-North Water Transfer Project * * *
3.4 China's marine resources
Diversity of biological resources: China is rich in marine biological resources, with more than 20,000 species, including more than 3,000 species of fish and more than 70 species of main economic fish. Pseudosciaena crocea, Pseudosciaena crocea, hairtail and squid are the four famous seafood in China.
Rich mineral resources: China's coastal continental shelf is rich in oil and natural gas. China coastal placer reserves are very rich. Huge chemical resources: China's marine production is developing rapidly. Protecting the "blue land": China has made great achievements in the development and utilization of marine resources, but it also faces some serious problems.
Chapter IV Regional Differences in China
4. 1 Qinling? Huaihe line
Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains: The Qinling Mountains span the central part of China, stretching for 500 kilometers from east to west, with a width of 100- 150 kilometers from north to south and an altitude of 1500-2500 meters. The Huaihe River originates from Tongbai Mountain, flows eastward through Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces into Hongze Lake, and then flows into the Yangtze River through Gaoyou Hunan.
Qinling? Geographical significance of Huaihe River Line: In the process of learning geography, geographical areas and geographical boundaries are very important. Geographical regions reflect the geographical similarity within regions, and geographical boundaries reflect the differences between regions.
Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River are important geographical boundaries in eastern China. On its north and south sides, there are significant differences in natural environment, geographical landscape and residents' production and living habits.
The first volume of grade 8, page 77, Qinling Mountains? Qinling mountains north of Huaihe line? South of Huaihe River
Four geographical regions: northern region, southern region, Qinghai-Tibet region and northwest region. What is the dividing line between the North and South Qinling Mountains? Huaihe line. The dividing line between the north and the northwest is the annual precipitation line of 400 mm. The boundary between Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China is the boundary of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet region and the southern region is the boundary of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
4.2 Northern and Southern Regions
North China: Overview: North China refers to the Qinling Mountains in northeast China? The area north of Huaihe River accounts for about 20% of the whole country, and its population accounts for about 40% of the whole country. Northeast Plain, North China Plain and Wei Fen Plain are important agricultural areas in China. Culture: The northern region has a long history and culture, many scenic spots and historical sites, and rich cultural tourism resources.
Crops: spring wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, potato, beet, etc. Temperate fruits: apples, pears, peaches, apricots, persimmons, dates, grapes, etc. Minerals: coal, iron, oil, etc.
Southern China: The Qinling Mountains in China? The area south of Huaihe River and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau includes the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. The southern coastal area and the southwest area are three unusual areas. The area accounts for about 1/4 of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 55% of the whole country. There are more than 30 ethnic minorities in the west of this area, and Yunnan Province is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. Topography: The terrain in this area is high in the west and low in the east, with plains, basins, plateaus and hills interlaced. There are many rivers and lakes in the plain area, and the water network is vertical and horizontal, which has typical characteristics of southern water towns. Crops: rice, pigs, oranges, tea, silkworms, sugar cane, aquatic products and tropical crops. Minerals: copper mine, tungsten mine, mercury mine, tin mine, antimony mine, lead-zinc mine.
Cultivated land crops cooked main crops
In the dry land north of Qinling-Huaihe River, wheat, peanuts, sugar beet and cotton are harvested once or three times a year.
In the rice fields south of Qinling-Huaihe River, rice, rape, sugarcane and cotton are harvested two or three times a year.
4.3 Qinghai-Tibet and Northwest China
Qinghai-Tibet Region: Overview: Qinghai-Tibet Region mainly includes Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and western Sichuan Province, accounting for about 25% of the country's total area, and its population only accounts for about 1% of the country's total. The main body of the Qinghai-Tibet region is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is called the "roof of the world". Crops: highland barley, peas, wheat, rape. Religion: Tibetan Buddhism. Terrain: Mountains crisscross, glaciers are widely distributed, and transportation is very difficult. Highway: Sichuan-Tibet, Qinghai-Tibet, Xinjiang-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet and China-Nepal.
Northwest China: Located on the Great Wall? Qilian Mountain? Altun Mountain? To the north of the Kunlun Line, the area accounts for about 30% of the whole country, and the population accounts for about 4% of the whole country. Ethnic minorities: Mongolian, Hui, Uygur, Kazak, etc. Crops in pastoral areas: meat, milk, skin, wool, etc. Mineral resources: rare earth ore, nickel ore, coal, oil and lignite.