1. integration strategy
Integration strategy refers to the enterprise's extending the depth and breadth of business along the vertical or horizontal direction of the business chain for products or businesses with advantages and growth potential, expanding the business scale and realizing enterprise growth. According to the business development direction, the integration strategy can be divided into vertical integration and horizontal integration.
(1) vertical integration strategy
Vertical integration strategy refers to the strategy that an enterprise extends and expands its existing business forward or backward along the product or business chain. The adoption of vertical integration strategy by enterprises is conducive to saving transaction costs with upstream and downstream enterprises in the market, controlling scarce resources, ensuring the quality of key inputs or acquiring new customers. However, enterprise integration will also increase the internal management cost of enterprises, and the bigger the enterprise, the better. Vertical integration strategy can be divided into forward integration strategy and backward integration strategy.
Forward integration strategy refers to the strategy of obtaining the ownership of distributors or retailers or strengthening their control. Forward integration strategy helps enterprises to control and master the market by controlling the sales process and channels, enhance the sensitivity to changes in consumer demand, and improve the market adaptability and competitiveness of enterprise products.
The main applicable conditions of the forward integration strategy include: 1) the existing manufacturers of enterprises have high sales costs or poor reliability, which is difficult to meet the sales needs of enterprises; 2) The industry in which the enterprise is located has great growth potential; 3) The enterprise has the capital and human resources needed for forward integration; 4) The profit rate of sales link is high.
② Backward integration strategy refers to obtaining the ownership of suppliers or strengthening the control of suppliers. Backward integration is beneficial for enterprises to effectively control the cost, quality and supply reliability of key raw materials and other inputs, and ensure the steady production and operation activities of enterprises. Backward integration strategy is widely used in automobile, steel and other industries.
The main applicable conditions of backward integration strategy include: 1) the existing suppliers of enterprises have high supply costs or poor reliability, which is difficult to meet the needs of enterprises for raw materials and parts; 2) The number of suppliers is small, and there are many competitors on the demand side; 3) The industry in which the enterprise is located has great growth potential; 4) The enterprise has the capital and human resources needed for backward integration; 5) The profit rate of supply chain is high; 6) The stability of product prices is very important for enterprises, and backward integration is beneficial to control the cost of raw materials, thus ensuring the stability of product prices.
The main risks of enterprises adopting vertical integration strategy include:
1) Not familiar with the risks brought by new business areas;
2) Vertical integration, especially backward integration, generally involves a large amount of investment and strong asset specificity, which increases the exit cost of enterprises in this industry.
(2) Horizontal integration strategy.
Horizontal integration strategy refers to the strategy of enterprise acquisition, merger or joint competition. The main purpose of implementing horizontal integration strategy for enterprises is to reduce competitive pressure, realize economies of scale and enhance their own strength to gain competitive advantage.
Under the following circumstances, the horizontal integration strategy is more suitable: ① the competition in the industry where the enterprise is located is fierce; (two) the scale economy of the industry in which the enterprise is located is remarkable; (3) The horizontal alliance of enterprises conforms to anti-monopoly laws and regulations, and can obtain a certain monopoly position in some areas; ④ The industry in which the enterprise is located has great growth potential; ⑤ Enterprises have the funds and human resources needed for horizontal integration.
2. Intensive strategy
(1) Market penetration strategy-existing products and existing market portfolio. Peters and wortmann refer to this concentration strategy as "holding the ground", emphasizing the development of a single product and trying to gain a larger market share through stronger marketing means.
The basis of market penetration strategy is to increase the market share of existing products or services, or to increase the business in the existing market. Its goal is to increase the use frequency of products through various methods.
The growth methods are: ① expanding market share. This method is especially suitable for the growing market as a whole. Enterprises can increase their sales in the existing market by offering discounts or increasing advertisements; Improve sales and distribution methods and improve service level; Improve products or packaging to enhance their appeal to consumers and reduce costs. (2) Developing niche markets, with the goal of gaining growth in a series of target niche markets of the industry, so as to expand the total market share. This method is especially applicable if the enterprise is small compared with its competitors. ③ Maintaining market share, especially when the market declines, is of great significance.
The difficulty of applying market penetration strategy depends on the nature of the market and the market position of competitors. When the whole market is growing, it may be easier for enterprises with small market share to improve quality and productivity and increase market activities, but it is more difficult when the market is at a standstill. The experience curve effect makes it difficult for enterprises to penetrate into mature markets. In mature markets, the cost structure of leading enterprises will prevent competitors with smaller market share from entering the market.
The main applications of market penetration strategy: ① When the whole market is growing or may be affected by some factors, it may be easier for enterprises to enter the market, and those enterprises that want to gain market share can achieve their goals faster. On the contrary, it may be much more difficult to break into a stagnant or declining market. (2) If an enterprise is determined to limit its interests to the existing products or market areas, even if the whole market declines, it may have to adopt a market penetration strategy. (3) If other enterprises leave the market for various reasons, the market penetration strategy may be relatively easy to succeed. (4) Enterprises have a strong market position and can use their own experience and ability to gain a strong and unique competitive advantage, so it is relatively easy to penetrate into new markets. ⑤ When the risk corresponding to the market penetration strategy is low, the participation of senior managers is high, and the required investment is relatively low, the market penetration strategy will be more applicable.
(2) Market development strategy-the combination of existing products and new markets. Market development strategy refers to the strategy of introducing existing products or services into new markets. The main ways to implement the market development strategy include exploring other regional markets and market segments.
Reasons for adopting market development strategy: ① Enterprises find it difficult to switch to new products due to the production process nature of existing products, so they want to develop other markets. ② Market development is often combined with product development. ③ The saturation of existing markets or market segments may lead competitors to find new markets.
The main applicable situations of market development strategy are: ① there is an undeveloped or unsaturated market; ② New, reliable, economical and high-quality sales channels can be obtained; ③ The enterprise is very successful in the existing business field; ④ Enterprises have the capital and human resources needed to expand their operations; ⑤ Overcapacity of enterprises; The main business of an enterprise belongs to a rapidly globalized industry.
(3) product development strategy-the combination of new products and existing markets. This strategy is to develop new products through technical improvement and development in the original market. This strategy can prolong the life cycle of products, improve the degree of product differentiation, meet the new market demand, and thus improve the competitive position of enterprises.
Enterprises with specific market segments and narrow product or service range can adopt this strategy. Product development strategy is beneficial for enterprises to use the reputation and trademark of existing products to attract users to buy new products. In addition, the product development strategy is to improve the existing products, have a better understanding of the existing market, product development is more targeted, so it is easier to succeed. There are many ways to achieve this strategy.
Developing new products is extremely risky, especially when new products are put into new markets. This will also make it difficult to implement the strategy. Although there are obvious risks in this strategy, enterprises still have the following reasonable reasons to adopt it: ① make full use of enterprises' understanding of the market; (2) maintain a leading position relative to competitors; (3) Seek new opportunities from the shortcomings of the existing product portfolio; (4) enable enterprises to maintain a safe position in the existing market.
The application of product development strategy: ① enterprise products have high market credibility and customer satisfaction; (two) the industry in which the enterprise is located belongs to a high-tech industry suitable for innovation and rapid development; ③ The industry in which the enterprise is located is in a stage of rapid growth; ④ Strong R&D capability of enterprises; ⑤ Major competitors provide higher quality products at similar prices.
3. Diversification strategy
Diversification refers to enterprises entering different fields from existing products and markets. Because the strategy changes so rapidly, enterprises must constantly investigate the market environment to find opportunities for diversification. When there is no expected growth space for existing products or markets (for example, limited by geographical conditions, limited market size or fierce competition), enterprises often consider diversification strategy.
There are three main reasons for adopting diversification strategy: ① it is impossible to achieve the goal by continuing to operate in the existing products or markets. (2) The funds retained by the enterprise in the past due to its successful operation in the existing products or markets exceeded the funds needed for its financial expansion in the existing products or markets. (3) Compared with the expansion of existing products or markets, diversification strategy means higher profits.
Diversification strategies can be divided into two types: related diversification and unrelated diversification.
(1) related diversification. Related diversification, also known as concentric diversification, refers to the strategy of enterprises entering related industries or markets on the basis of existing business. The correlation of related diversification can be the similarity of products, production technology, management skills, marketing skills and users. Adopting relevant diversification strategy is beneficial for enterprises to use the advantages of product knowledge, manufacturing capacity, marketing channels and marketing skills of the original industry to gain integration advantages, that is, the profitability of two businesses or two markets operating at the same time is greater than the sum of their respective profitability. When an enterprise has a strong competitive advantage in a certain industry or market, and the growth or attractiveness of the industry or market is gradually declining, it is more suitable to adopt a concentric diversification strategy.
(2) it has nothing to do with diversification. Irrelevant diversification, also known as centrifugal diversification, refers to the strategy of enterprises entering fields unrelated to the current industry and market. If the current industry or market is unattractive and the enterprise does not have strong ability and skills to turn to related products or markets, the more realistic choice is to adopt irrelevant diversification strategy. The main goal of adopting unrelated diversification strategy is not to take advantage of the similarity of products, technologies and marketing channels, but to balance cash flow or obtain new profit growth points from financial considerations and avoid the development risks of industries or markets.
Advantages of enterprise group diversification: ① Diversified risks. When existing products and markets fail, new products or markets can provide protection for enterprises. ② It is easier to obtain financing from the capital market. (3) Looking for new growth points when enterprises can't grow up. ④ Use underutilized resources. ⑤ Use surplus funds. ⑥ Obtaining funds or other financial benefits, such as accumulated tax losses. ⑦ Use the image and reputation of an enterprise in one industry or market to enter another industry or market. The image and reputation of an enterprise are crucial to success in another industry or market.
Risks of diversification strategy: ① risks from the original business. Enterprise resources are always limited, and diversified management often means that the original industry will be weakened. This weakening is not only manifested in funds, but also in the distraction of management. ② Overall market risk. The extensive interrelationships in the market economy determine that diversified industries still face the same risks. Under the impact of macro-power, the diversification of resources increases the risk. ③ Industry entry risk. After entering a new industry, enterprises must continuously inject follow-up resources to learn this industry, train their own employees and shape their own brands. In addition, the competitive situation in the industry is constantly changing, and the strategies of competitors are unknown, so enterprises must constantly adjust their low-level business strategies. ⑤ Internal management integration risk. The newly invested business will have a comprehensive impact on the enterprise and its existing industrial operation through capital flow, logistics, decision-making flow and personnel flow. Different businesses have different business processes and different market models, so there are different requirements for the management mechanism of enterprises. As a whole, enterprises must integrate the requirements of different businesses for their management mechanism in some form.
What are the common types of development strategies in management topics? Porter, an American strategist, believes that enterprises can have three choices to gain comparative competitive advantage. Because these three strategies are basic and widely applied, they are also called general business strategies.
(A) intensive development strategy
Intensive development strategy refers to the strategy that the existing products and markets of enterprises still have development potential, so as to fully tap their own potential and realize self-development. Its concrete forms include market penetration strategy, product development strategy and market development strategy.
1, market penetration strategy. It means that enterprises make use of their advantages in the original market, actively expand the scale of operation, continuously improve the market share and sales growth rate, and promote the continuous development of enterprises. With this strategy, generally speaking, the market competition is fierce. Enterprises should work hard on product quality, price, service and corporate reputation, not only to consolidate old customers in the original market, but also to actively try potential customers from all over the world, create new users by using the original market, and strive to win customers from competitors, so as to enhance the advantages of enterprises in market competition and promote the development of enterprises. Expanding the existing product market of enterprises is an important way to promote the growth and development of enterprises. To increase market share, we can adopt the following marketing methods: (1) Strengthen advertising; (2) Innovative marketing methods; (3) Using pricing strategy.
2. Product development strategy. It means that enterprises rely on their existing strength to improve old products and develop new products. Develop new varieties, improve product quality, and make existing enterprises grow and develop continuously. If enterprises adopt this strategy, they should actively create conditions for continuous product development to maintain their advantages in quality and price. In view of the existing market, it is another important way for enterprises to continuously develop marketable new products to meet the growing needs of customers.
3. Market development strategy, or market development strategy. It means that enterprises seek and explore new markets on the basis of the original market and further expand product sales, thus promoting the continuous growth and development of enterprises. Developing new markets for existing products is the most commonly used strategy to make enterprises grow, and its main way is to expand geographical areas. This strategy, which is suitable for enterprises, has saturated the demand for products in the original market. Only by opening up new markets and new sales outlets can enterprises develop further. However, if an enterprise wants to open up a new market, it must grasp its characteristics and requirements in advance, choose the right sales channels and adopt the right marketing means and methods, otherwise it will suffer great risks and losses.
See table 6- 1 product-market strategy 2×2 matrix for the selection of market penetration strategy, product development strategy and market development strategy in intensive development strategy.
Existing products and new products on the market
Existing market, market penetration strategy, product development strategy
New market, market development strategy and diversified development strategy
What are the advantages and risks of intensive development strategy? The multi-level structure of big country's economy leaves a lot of room for industrial policy choice. However, at present, we continue to give play to the comparative advantages of labor-intensive industries, emphasizing industrial transfer and upgrading under the premise of efficiency growth, encouraging industries to move westward and enterprises to make great achievements, rather than low-level redundant construction. Make full use of market-oriented means to implement catch-up strategy. The catch-up strategy needs the support of national industrial policy, and it is very difficult and risky to rely solely on the strength of enterprises. Make the catch-up strategy through market and * * *, so as to avoid blindly emphasizing the negative effects of policy intervention and price distortion. On the market side, it is emphasized to use the cost advantage to enter the domestic and foreign low-end markets first, rather than relying too much on import quotas and licenses and other protection policies. * * * Policy, emphasizing the establishment of an innovative risk fund mechanism to share enterprise risks by financial means; Develop basic disciplines and concentrate national strength on major key technical public relations.
Adopt it
What are the common types of fever that can be divided into missed fever, slack fever, intermittent fever, relapsing fever, wave fever and irregular fever?
1. Heat leakage means that the body temperature obviously rises above 39 ~ 40℃, and the fluctuation of body temperature does not exceed I℃ within 24 hours, which is common in the obvious period of typhoid fever, lobar pneumonia, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, scrub typhus and other symptoms.
2. Relaxation fever refers to the type of body temperature curve in which the body temperature fluctuates more than 2℃ within 24 hours, but the lowest point does not reach the normal level, which is common in the remission period of typhoid fever, septicemia, rheumatic fever and bacterial liver abscess.
3. Intermittent fever suddenly rises to the peak, lasts for several hours, and then quickly drops to the normal level, and the non-fever period can last for 1 day to several days, so that the high fever period and the non-fever period appear alternately, which can be seen in malaria and acute pyelonephritis.
4. Relapsing fever refers to the type that the temperature curve disappears spontaneously after a few days of high fever, but reappears after a few days, which can be seen in relapsing fever and Hodgkin's disease.
5. The body temperature of wave fever gradually rises above 39℃, then gradually drops to the normal level after a few days, and then gradually rises again after a few days, and so on. Common in brucellosis.
6. Irregular body temperature curve is irregular, which can be seen in tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, bronchopneumonia and exudative pleurisy.
What is China's development strategy? One. Six strategies to promote coordinated regional development since the reform and opening up: 1 strategy to narrow the regional development gap 2 overall regional development strategy 3 land development pattern strategy 4 regional integration strategy 5 support strategy for special areas and poverty-stricken areas 6 urbanization strategy with China characteristics 7 policy guarantee measures to implement regional coordinated development strategy.
Two. Sustainable development strategy: refers to the development that not only meets the current demand but also does not weaken the ability of future generations to meet the demand. The core idea of sustainable development is that human beings should coordinate the relationship among population, resources, environment and development and pursue development without harming the interests of others and future generations.
Three. Population strategy: (1) Guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, further enrich the content of Scientific Outlook on Development from the perspective of "big population". (2) Ensure to obtain basic population data, and provide solid and scientific basic population data for formulating the 11th Five-Year Plan. (3) Sketch the blueprint of China's medium and long-term population development, and put forward relevant policy suggestions on the coordinated development and sustainable development of population and economy, society, resources and environment. (4) Establish a comprehensive decision-making information system for population and development.
Four. International strategy: mainly involving China and the United States, China and Japan, and China and Russia. China-ROK and China-EU relations.
1. Sustainable development strategy
2. The strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education
Family planning, environmental protection, western development, revitalization of the old industrial base in Northeast China, the rise of central China, the construction of Tianjin Binhai New Area, agricultural tax relief, compulsory education reform, and military development plan. ...
What development strategies does China have? I. Sustainable development strategy
Second, the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education.
Third, the strategy of governing the country according to law.
Fourth, take the road of new industrialization.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) strategy of developing the western region
Six, the strategy of revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China
Seven. Promoting urbanization strategy
Eight, the strategy of strengthening the country with talents
Nine, China's strategy of peaceful rise
China Economic Development Strategy
The long-term goal of socialist economic construction and social development set by China according to its national conditions and changes in the international environment, and the main steps, policies and measures taken to achieve this goal.
The long-term goal of socialist economic construction and social development set by China according to its national conditions and changes in the international environment, and the main steps, policies and measures taken to achieve this goal.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), in the process of socialist economic construction, attention was paid to economic issues from the strategic overall situation and development prospects from the very beginning. After the recovery of the national economy, it immediately entered the first five-year plan period, and began a comprehensive and large-scale socialist construction, which made great achievements (see China's first five-year plan). However, at that time, due to the lack of comprehensiveness and systematicness in the theory and method of studying economic development strategy, especially due to the "Left" error in guiding ideology and the lack of experience in socialist construction, there were major mistakes in the choice of strategic objectives of economic development and the ways and means to achieve them.
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee has realized the strategic shift of the focus of the work of the Party and the state, and it is also the change of China's socialist economic development strategy. This change mainly includes the following two aspects:
The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China determined the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, and made a strategic decision to shift the focus of work to socialist modernization. This indicates that China has fundamentally broken through the shackles of long-term "Left" errors and corrected the guiding ideology of economic work. Studying and formulating economic development strategy has achieved two fundamental changes in guiding ideology.
What economic zones does the national development strategy include? 1, Bohai Economic Zone?
Brief introduction of Bohai Economic Zone
Bohai Rim region is a vast economic region composed of the whole Bohai Sea and some coastal areas of the Yellow Sea. Located in the northern part of China along the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, it is the golden coast of the northern coast of China and plays an important role in the coastal development strategy of China's opening to the outside world. The Bohai Rim region includes Beijing-Tianjin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and central Inner Mongolia, and five provinces (regions) and two cities. The land area of the whole region is1120,000 square kilometers, with a total population of 260 million. There are 157 cities around Bohai Sea, accounting for about a quarter of the national cities, among which there are 13 cities with urban population over one million. There are also views that the Bohai Rim region is a Bohai Rim economic zone with Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei as the core and Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula as the two wings, which mainly includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning, that is, the "3+2" economic zones of three provinces and two cities. The area is 5 1.8 million square kilometers; The population is 230 million, accounting for17.5% of the whole country; The regional GDP reached 3.8 trillion yuan, accounting for 28.2% of the country. Although there are different views on the "extension" of the Bohai Economic Zone, they all think that the Bohai Economic Zone is a compound economic zone, which consists of three sub-economic zones: Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Circle, Shandong Peninsula Circle and Liaoning Peninsula Circle. In the report of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it is proposed to speed up the development and opening-up of the Bohai Rim region and list it as one of the key areas of national open development. The relevant state departments have also formally established the concept of "Bohai Economic Zone" and made a separate regional plan for it. Regional economic cooperation, horizontal alliance and complementary advantages have opened up a broad development space for the Bohai Rim region.
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You can check Baidu encyclopedia.
2. Economic Zone on the West Coast of Taiwan Strait
[Edit this paragraph] Regional introduction
The economic zone on the west side of Taiwan Strait is called "Haixi" for short. The idea of the economic zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait has a long history. From the very beginning, Fujian put forward the concept of Southeast Fujian and South Fujian Triangle, and then formed the idea of a prosperous area on the west side of the Taiwan Strait. According to the development of the situation, the above ideas have gradually expanded into the development strategy of Haixi Economic Zone, which is the accumulated result of the long-term exploration of Fujian's development path by previous provincial party committees and governments. The strategy of the economic zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait is put forward on the basis of the original development strategy of Fujian Province, especially the strategy of the prosperous zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait. It is not only the continuation of the original strategy, but also the sublimation of the original strategy. This concept was put forward completely and publicly for the first time at the Second Session of the Tenth Fujian Provincial People's Congress in 20041early October. During the two sessions in 2006, the words supporting the economic development on the west side of the Taiwan Straits appeared in the work report and the 11th Five-Year Plan. It is planned that through the efforts of 10 to 15, large-scale industrial clusters, port clusters and urban agglomerations will be formed on the west side of the Straits, which will become a developed area for China's economic development and a frontier platform for serving the great cause of reunification of the motherland. Fujian is the main part of the economic zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait, covering parts of Zhejiang, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. The population of the railway in the 11th Five-Year Plan is about 60-80 million. It is estimated that the annual economic scale of the completed economic zone will exceed 654.38+0.7 trillion yuan. It faces Taiwan Province Province, is adjacent to the Taiwan Province Strait, and is located on the west side of the Strait. It is a special regional economic complex, shouldering the historical mission of promoting the reunification of the motherland, and it is of great significance to build the economic zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait. Up to now, the economic zone on the west side of the Taiwan Strait has expanded to Fuzhou, Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Longyan, Putian, Sanming, Nanping and Ningde in Fujian and Wenzhou, Lishui and Quzhou in Zhejiang around Fujian. Shangrao, yingtan, Fuzhou and Ganzhou in Jiangxi; Guangdong Meizhou, Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang are 20 cities.
:baike.baidu./view/377230.htm
3. Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
This is too ripe.
4. Pan-Pearl River Delta Region
Pan-Pearl River Delta
"Pan-Pearl River Delta" includes nine provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangdong, and two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao, with close economic and trade relations. The Pan-Pearl River Delta covers an area of 2.006 million square kilometers, with a total registered population of 456.98 million and a total GDP of 5,260.57 billion yuan (US$ 635.6 billion). Among them, 9 provinces and autonomous regions account for 20.9% of the country's total area, 34.8% of the country's population and 33.3% of the country's total GDP.
5. Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone is centered on Chengdu and Chongqing, mainly including Chongqing (urban area), Chengdu, Ya 'an, Leshan, Mianyang, Deyang, Meishan, Suining, Ziyang, Yibin, Luzhou, Zigong, Neijiang, Nanchong, Guang 'an, Dazhou, Guangyuan, Dujiangyan, Pengzhou, Qionglai, Chongzhou and Guanghan.
:baike.baidu./view/886732。