On the Development of Rural Economy
From 1978 to the present more than 30 years, with the full implementation of the household contract responsibility system in rural areas and the gradual adjustment of rural industrial structure, rural areas are experiencing the transformation from planned economy to market economy and from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. The great success of the economic system reform has not only enabled China to solve the problem of food and clothing for 22% of the world's population with less than 7% of the world's land, but also enabled farmers to become well-off and prosperous. In the development process of more than 30 years, the rural economy has grown rapidly. This paper analyzes the development of rural economy under the condition of socialist market economy.
Keywords: rural economic development
1 Historical background of rural economic development
Rural China? Household contract responsibility system? Originated from farmers' spontaneous choice, but after the power of this institutional change was released, why didn't the market guide farmers to make new development choices? The answer to this question can be analyzed from different angles. China's urban-rural division system is one of the key factors leading to market failure. However, it is more appropriate to examine the experience of rural development in China in the past 30 years from the perspective of farmers themselves, that is, the rules and arrangements of farmers in the process of agricultural production and market transactions involved and their related control rights are key issues, which obviously need to be understood and analyzed under the background of national agricultural policy adjustment.
The starting point and background of rural economic changes in China are the relaxation of farmers' control policies by the state and local governments and the differentiation of farmers' groups. Farmers have gradually divided from the traditional grain planting and animal husbandry into cash crops, scientific animal husbandry and non-agricultural industries, and have deeply participated in the market economy transaction process. The process of agricultural reform in China is accompanied by the change of farmers' ability to cope with the above-mentioned natural, economic, social and political risks and their related rights in the process of rural economic and social changes. Based on the expansion of farmers' rights and the adjustment they are facing, it is obviously worth trying to re-evaluate the course of agricultural and rural reform in China.
There are few documents systematically showing the changes of agriculture and rural economy and society in China in recent decades. Representative documents, such as Collected Works of Lin Yifu (1994), have studied the driving force of agricultural economic growth in China, especially the contribution of technological progress and institutional changes to agricultural growth. Colin? Carter, Zhong Funing and others (199 1) systematically described the agricultural economy of China during the economic reform period. However, on the whole, the existing literature still lacks a systematic and logical explanation of the economic and social changes in rural areas of China in the past 30 years.
2 the basic situation of rural economic development
In recent years, with the establishment of the socialist market economy system and the overall transition and rapid growth of the national economy, China's rural economy has entered a new period of rapid development. At present, the basic characteristics of rural economic development are:
(1) The reform of China's agricultural economic system has greatly changed the macro-policy background of agricultural economic operation, which is manifested in the development of market agriculture and the adjustment of market mechanism to agriculture, the transformation of traditional agriculture to high-yield, high-quality and efficient modern agriculture, and the rationalization of agricultural internal structure. Affected by social demand and market price, the proportion of animal husbandry and fishery in agriculture is increasing. Compared with 2008, the proportion in 2009 increased from 27.4% and 8% to 29.7% and 8.9% respectively. In terms of grain crop planting, the planting area of high-yield and high-quality crop varieties has increased significantly.
(2) With the adjustment of agricultural structure and the steady growth of agriculture, the rapid growth of rural non-agricultural industries with township enterprises as the main body has played a very important role in promoting the growth of rural economy and the whole national economy and improving farmers' income level. In 2009, the total output value of rural non-agricultural industries and rural industrial output value increased significantly over the previous year. The total output value of transportation, wholesale, retail trade and catering industry also increased rapidly. The development scale of rural non-agricultural industries is increasing day by day, and the role of scientific and technological progress is greatly improved. In particular, the driving factors for the growth of rural non-agricultural enterprises in different parts of the country are different, showing different characteristics. The eastern region has intensified the reform of the property right system of rural non-agricultural industries; The enthusiasm of farmers in the central and western regions to develop township enterprises is unprecedented. These enterprises constantly tap the potential of rural resources in the central and western regions, forming the growth point of rapid economic development in the central and western regions.
(3) With the rapid development of rural economy, farmers' income has greatly increased. The main characteristics of increasing farmers' income are: first, the production activities run by farmers' families are still the main source of economic income; Second, the salary income of employees in township enterprises continues to grow; Third, the proportion of low-income farmers has decreased, while the proportion of high-income population has increased.
3 rural economic development prospects
3. 1 Deepen rural reform and implement rural policies.
Reform is the only way to change the rural landscape. Thirty years' experience tells us that reform is the only way, and without reform, we will fall behind. At present, the countryside and you still account for a very important part of China's development. If the countryside and you have not made great progress, other developments will eventually be difficult to solve our fundamental problems. Therefore, we must deepen a series of reforms in rural land and finance to lay the foundation for the rapid, sustained, stable, efficient and scientific development of China's rural economy. At the same time, efforts should be made to implement a series of central policies and measures on rural economic development to help rural areas accelerate development.
3.2 Strengthen rural economic development? Non-economic factors? Exploration and research
At present, vigorously developing modern agriculture, building new countryside and realizing coordinated development between urban and rural areas are becoming an important entry point to promote China's modernization, and rural economic and social development has continuously made gratifying changes. In fact, in the process of economic operation, in addition to the economic factors themselves, there are a lot of non-economic factors that will also have an impact on economic development. Non-economic factors, as a hidden factor, not only affect and influence the rural economic and social development process in various regions, especially in ethnic poverty-stricken areas, but also affect the overall economic development in some cases, and become a stubborn cancer that hinders ethnic poverty-stricken areas from getting rid of poverty and becoming rich. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to fully study the development of rural economy from the perspective of non-economic factors for realizing the goal of building a new countryside.
3.3 Use modern technology to prosper rural economy and promote rural consumption.
Prospering rural economy and expanding rural demand are the key measures to stimulate domestic demand and promote rural consumption. Expand the growth space of domestic demand, realize the stable development of agriculture and rural economy, and increase farmers' income continuously. Since last year, many policies implemented by the state have achieved initial results in rural areas, especially the rural consumer goods market has shown a good trend of accelerated development, and there has been a rare situation that rural areas are faster than cities for many years, which is the result of expanding domestic demand and promoting consumption. The new changes in the rural market reflect that foreign policies and measures such as strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers and expanding rural consumption have achieved positive results, and also show that there is great potential to further explore the rural consumer goods market. In addition, policies to stimulate consumption, such as home appliances going to the countryside and cars and motorcycles going to the countryside, have also met the needs of different consumption levels in the vast rural areas to a great extent, thus playing a role in stimulating domestic demand and prospering the economy.
Adhere to the overall promotion of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization, and establish and improve the modern agricultural support system. According to the principle of overall consideration, we should promote the policy orientation of agricultural modernization, increase policy support, and vigorously develop farmers' professional cooperation, land share cooperation and community share cooperation? Three cooperations Promote the formation of agricultural socialized service system. Strengthen the construction of agricultural machinery and equipment, and further promote the development of agricultural mechanization and agricultural machinery industry in China. Do a good job in farmland water conservancy construction. Using modern agricultural science and technology to develop high quality, high yield and high efficiency agriculture. Rely on scientific and technological innovation, develop agricultural mechanization, and change the situation of weak rural disaster resistance as soon as possible. Accelerate the construction of high-standard farmland, build a number of basic farmland with high and stable yield, and improve the sustainable production capacity of cultivated land. These measures will be beneficial to the prosperity of rural economy.
3.4 Develop rural public utilities and promote rural financial reform.
Further accelerate the development of rural social undertakings, support rural education, and strive to improve the level of rural compulsory education, social security, medical and health care, basic medical services, public cultural system construction and social security. Strengthen the capacity building of rural public services. Actively promote the equalization of basic public services. Accelerate the establishment and improvement of rural social endowment insurance system, replace traditional land security and family security with modern social security system, and promote the coordinated development of rural economy and society. Modern agriculture is a process of transforming traditional agriculture and improving productivity, which cannot be separated from strong financial support. Rural finance is the core of building modern agriculture, and the development of rural economy cannot be separated from financial support. The construction of a good rural financial system will play an extremely important supporting role in the development of rural economy and the improvement of farmers' income. In the new historical stage, we should accelerate the pace of rural financial reform and the innovation of rural financial system, products and services. Increase agricultural loans, improve the satisfaction rate of rural financial services, expand coverage, improve service functions, and improve the overall level of rural financial services. Deepen the reform of rural credit cooperatives, develop rural financial service capabilities, and promote greater development of rural economy.
3.5 Strengthen training and improve cultural quality.
In the construction of new socialist countryside, farmers are the main body. Without high-quality villagers, it is impossible to have rural modernization and realize the grand goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way in rural areas. According to? Farmers' needs, resources provided by departments, and distance education for training? It is required to further integrate the training resources of agriculture-related departments, make full use of the established training platform of modern distance education website for cadres in rural party member, further expand the coverage of rural distance education, and extensively carry out training activities such as centralized learning, special training, courseware download, CD burning, on-site guidance, and base demonstration. It is necessary to strengthen the arrangement and study of labor skills courses for junior and senior high school graduates in rural middle schools, lay a good foundation for cultivating the follow-up forces of building a new socialist countryside, and provide talent support for the development of rural collective economy and farmers' family economy.
3.6 Adjust the industrial structure, develop characteristic agriculture, and promote farmers' multi-channel employment.
It is necessary to do a good job in guiding and serving the adjustment of farmers' breeding structure and accelerate the introduction and popularization of new agricultural technologies and varieties. It is necessary to speed up the development of characteristic agriculture and form the adjustment of characteristic industrial structure. Focus on strengthening the service and guidance of rural economy and technology, and solve the relevant problems in the economic development of rural areas and farmers. Therefore, it is necessary for our relevant departments to serve from cities to rural areas and farmers' homes. At the same time, it is necessary to develop rural distance education and satellite transmission broadband network, expand the scale of villagers' multicast distribution, speed up the pace of rural informatization construction, and provide information guarantee for rural planting and breeding structure adjustment and rural market development.
China is a big agricultural country with a population of 800 million? Farmers? The employment situation of farmers determines the level and state of China's economic and social development to a certain extent. 20 10 in order to improve the employment competitiveness of farmers, the state will continue to vigorously implement special vocational training programs. Promote the construction of new countryside, consolidate the export of labor services, stabilize enterprises to promote employment, and broaden the channels for farmers to increase their income. In addition, actively support migrant workers to return to their hometowns to start businesses, and give support from the aspects of loan issuance and tax reduction and exemption. The development of rural economy is of great significance to the development of the whole national economy. At present, China is in the stage of accelerating industrialization and urbanization, and is in an important period of accelerating the formation of a new pattern of urban-rural economic integration. At the same time, it is necessary to increase farmers' income, prosper the rural economy and narrow the differences between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas. It is necessary to improve labor productivity and the living standards of farmers, so that farmers can step into a well-off society as soon as possible [6]. Adhere to the basic direction of agricultural modernization with China characteristics, build a new socialist countryside, and promote the sustained and stable development of agriculture and rural economy.
3.7 Strengthen the construction of cadres and consolidate the ruling foundation.
Having a cadre team with strong leadership, good work performance and high service level is the fundamental guarantee for socialist rural construction. It is necessary to further strengthen the construction of leading bodies and cadres of village grassroots organizations, and further improve the working ability and service level of grassroots cadres. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of rural science and technology extension cadres. It is necessary to further improve the training mechanism of rural grassroots cadres, increase the training of rural cadres, and strive to improve the ability to lead, develop and manage the rural economy. Continue to do a good job in the selection and management of university student village officials. Improve the evaluation mechanism of village cadres, combine rewards and punishments, and solve the problem of cadres? A sink? Problems, so that grassroots cadres really do their duty for the economic development of rural areas and farmers.
3.8 Learn advanced experience and develop local economy.
In the past few decades, we have sent a large number of young laborers to coastal areas, including educated and knowledgeable young laborers. After years of study, most of them have mastered technology and management, and have a certain amount of funds. Quite a few of them want to come back and start their own businesses and become bosses. This should be a good opportunity for us to use them to develop the rural economy in the mainland. Therefore, we should actively contact them and create conditions for them in terms of policies and systems, including setting up a pioneer park for migrant workers, providing one-stop services for migrant workers to start businesses, and letting them go home to set up factories and companies, which will be a good opportunity for rural economic development in the mainland.
References:
[1] Zhao Deyu. Viewing development with rights: agricultural reform and rural economic and social changes in China. Academic monthly .2010.3 (42).
[2] Li Dongsheng, Ma. Research on the development of agriculture and rural economy [M]. China Agricultural Publishing House, April 2008-o1.
[3] Tan Zhiling. Research progress of developing new rural collective economy in the new period. Economic aspects. 20 10 (5) 24-28.
On the Development of Rural Science and Technology Association (Ⅱ)
Giving full play to the advantages of agricultural technology association has a very important role and broad development prospects in promoting the strategic transformation of agricultural and rural economic development mode, promoting the progress of agricultural science and technology and the sustainable development of rural economy, promoting the upgrading of agricultural industrialization and increasing farmers' income.
Keywords: Rural Association for Science and Technology, leading geese for farmers to get rich
At the first session of the 11th National People's Congress this year, when the Gansu delegation was deliberating the government work report, Wen told many things that he missed Gansu, focusing on four things: adjusting the economic structure, developing social undertakings, strengthening the construction of ecological environment, and striving to improve people's livelihood. Agriculture, countryside and farmers are related, and its core is the life of ordinary people. I hope that the life of ordinary people will get better every day. What? I sincerely hope that after five years of hard work, the per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen in Gansu will reach the current national average. ? It is not difficult to see from Wen's Gansu thought. On the one hand, Gansu is still very backward, especially for farmers and herdsmen. It is urgent to speed up agricultural development, rural prosperity and increase farmers' income. This puts forward an arduous task for the party committees and governments at all levels in the province, and we should actively plan and introduce major measures to promote the sound and rapid development of Gansu's economy. On the other hand, no matter what effective measures are taken, they must be implemented at the grassroots level and among the masses. Rural economic development, farmers becoming rich and building a new socialist countryside must be realized by the masses themselves, and farmers' enthusiasm should be actively mobilized. Then, under the condition of market economy, who will undertake the bridge between government and farmers, and between market and farmers? In my opinion, no matter from the historical development or practice, in Gansu, an underdeveloped province, its heavy responsibility can only be undertaken by a service organization like the Rural Association for Science and Technology.
Since Tianshui 1984 in Gansu Province, farmers have been the main body, relying on? Soil expert? And then what? Tian Xiucai? Luomen town Vegetable Association in Wushan County, the first agricultural technology association in our province, was established on the basis of voluntary mutual benefit, and rural science and technology associations based on the development of rural rich leaders, agricultural and sideline products processing enterprises and rural science and technology workers have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. There are 5 1 17 agricultural technology associations at all levels in the province, with 4 1600 members, realizing the leap from a single agricultural technology association to a rural professional technology association in Gansu Province. Lintao County Flower Association? Top ten rural professional and technical associations in other provinces and? Yuzhong County Potato Marketing Association? Top 50 rural professional and technical associations. Agricultural Technology Association has played an important role in popularizing rural practical technology and new technology research and development, improving the scientific and technological quality of farmers and herdsmen, promoting the process of agricultural industrialization, leading farmers and herdsmen to get rid of poverty and become rich and well-off, and has become an important force to promote the development of agriculture and rural economy in our province. From 2000 to 2005 alone, the provincial agricultural technology association popularized and applied new varieties and technologies 1640, and carried out rural practical technical training1718, training 2.28 million farmers. Because these associations are based on the needs of agricultural and rural economic development under the conditions of market economy, they have strong vitality and represent the development direction of rural science and technology service system.
After the reform and opening-up, the agricultural technology association was established by the rural people on the basis of voluntariness and mutual benefit. People run by the people, managed by the people and benefited by the people? The new rural technical and economic cooperation organization established in principle is an inevitable product of the development of productive forces, an effective carrier to implement Scientific Outlook on Development, an organizational form to explore the socialization of rural economy, and an important force to improve the rural socialized service system. Its characteristics: first? People run by the people, managed by the people and benefited by the people? ; Second, the organization forms are diverse and the activities are flexible and extensive; The third is the organic combination of science and technology and economy. Therefore, we should take accelerating the development of agricultural technology association and running it well as an important measure to build a new socialist countryside and realize the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and truly achieve results. Specifically, we will do the following five tasks:
1. Encourage and support farmers to establish various professional and technical associations. Actively explore effective ways to accelerate the development of agricultural technology associations, respect the wishes of farmers, and encourage farmers with technology, economic strength and entrepreneurial ability to take the lead in establishing agricultural technology associations in light of local conditions. It is necessary to guide township institutions to give full play to their talent advantages and organizational advantages to lead agricultural technology associations; It is necessary to form agricultural technology associations around local leading industries and give play to their comparative advantages. Its development model can be driven by capable people, assisted by the private sector, intermediary services, joint-stock cooperation and economic entities. Through the establishment of various professional associations, we will provide farmers with information, technology, transportation and sales services before, during and after delivery, and establish a farmers' market network system.
2, strengthen the operation mechanism and standardization of rural professional and technical associations. Agricultural technical cooperation is a spontaneous organization of farmers, and we should adhere to the road of self-improvement, self-management and self-development. At the same time, party committees and governments at all levels should actively guide, standardize in time, and gradually embark on the track of complete mechanism and scientific management. The Agricultural Technology Association should build a good team, improve the articles of association and rules and regulations, and clarify the purpose, tasks, systems and rights and obligations of its members. It is necessary to implement the organizational membership system and democratic organization system, establish and improve an effective interest linkage mechanism and social security mechanism, and truly turn agricultural technical cooperation into a market subject that operates independently according to law, is responsible for its own profits and losses, has clear property rights, has strong radiation function and is competitive. It is necessary to strengthen association registration, rectify norms, strengthen internal management, improve democratic management system, set up federations, develop group members, take the road of alliance, and form an organizational network system of rural professional and technical associations that runs through from top to bottom and from left to right.
3, strengthen the support and guidance of rural professional and technical associations. The propaganda department should intensify propaganda and report, and form a good public opinion atmosphere to support the development of agricultural technology association. Agriculture, science and technology, finance, planning, poverty alleviation, civil affairs, industry and commerce, taxation, finance and other relevant departments should improve service quality and give strong support to agricultural technology associations. Support and preferential policies should be given in terms of loans, scientific and technological development, projects and business sales. Focus on helping rural professional and technical associations solve the financial difficulties in running technical and economic entities, developing specialized production and establishing specialized production bases. , and assist in organizing the implementation of national science popularization, benefiting farmers and revitalizing rural areas, spark plans at all levels and other projects. Agricultural Technology Association to carry out scientific and technological consultation, scientific and technological development, scientific and technological training, technical services and other activities, should enjoy the state's support policies for private scientific research units in accordance with relevant policies and regulations. For qualified rural professional and technical associations, they should obtain independent economic and legal status in the administrative department for industry and commerce, require them to operate according to the law and act according to the rules, and strive to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, so that they can develop and grow in equal and free market competition. No department or unit may apportion or raise funds indiscriminately from the Agricultural Technology Association, and may not interfere with the normal production and business activities of the Agricultural Technology Association. County Association for Science and Technology, as the competent department of agricultural technology association, should attach great importance to supporting the work of agricultural technology association, be its strong backing and promote its healthy development.
4, increase technical support for rural professional and technical associations. It is necessary to send science and technology commissioners to professional and technical associations, mobilize and organize the vast number of scientific and technological personnel and relevant departments to spread advanced scientific and technological knowledge and practical technology to agricultural technology associations. Help the agricultural technology association to contact universities and scientific research units, strengthen foreign economic and technological exchanges and cooperation, introduce advanced scientific and technological achievements, strive to improve the scientific and technological level of the agricultural technology association, and promote the docking of the agricultural technology association with the market. It is necessary to give full play to the role of agricultural technology associations in agricultural technology popularization, and support scientific and technological consultation, scientific and technological development, scientific and technological training and the introduction, demonstration and popularization of new technologies. It is necessary to train the backbone and members of agricultural technology associations in an organized, planned and step-by-step manner, and cultivate a group of backbone forces of agricultural technology associations who understand technology, are good at management and can manage. The training content should include practical technology, marketing knowledge and democratic management. It is necessary to cultivate and bring up a backbone team of agricultural technology associations who understand technology, information, market and democratic management. Agriculture, science and technology, labor and personnel departments should speed up the evaluation of technical titles of rural practical technicians, promote them from the pilot to the whole province, and implement relevant policies and treatments.
5, guide the rural professional and technical associations to continuously improve the level of the association. In order to meet the needs of specialized production and market economy, rural professional technical associations should not only provide technical and information services, but also extend their service scope to areas such as financing, sales and supply, processing and storage, constantly introduce new technologies, improve traditional products, cultivate new economic growth points, expand market space, rely on effective services, enhance visibility, expand influence, promote the high-level development of rural professional technical associations to cooperative economic organizations and collectivization, and cultivate typical groups with local characteristics.
In short, by accelerating the development of rural professional and technical associations, the vast number of rural professional and technical associations will play an important role in rural science popularization, information dissemination, achievement promotion, scientific and technological services, technical exchanges, sales services, economic development, policy propaganda, legal popularization and spiritual civilization construction. It has truly become the traction point for popularizing advanced agricultural production technology in the construction of new socialist countryside, the support point for popularizing science and technology in rural areas, and the leading geese for farmers to get rich.
Thesis suggestions on rural development;
1. Introduction to rural development
2. Talking about the development situation of agriculture and rural areas
3. Talking about rural cultural construction papers
4. Papers on rural grass-roots party building
5. Papers on rural development
6. New Rural Economic Development Papers