Relatively backward level of mechanization
Whether it is the size of the population, the total economy, or the level of scientific and technological development and military strength, India is undoubtedly already a regional power of world significance. However, its economy has been in the midst of growth difficulties for a long time. Behind the unpromising economic situation is a level of mechanization that lags behind that of China by three or four decades. For a long time, India's GDP composition, the proportion of the three sectors of the saddle-shaped pattern of "high - low - high", and China's "low - high - low" is the exact opposite, and developed countries "low - low - high" is also very different. "The secondary sector, including manufacturing and industry, has not been developed.
Therefore, on the one hand, India's infrastructure and equipment construction level is low, the degree of mechanization is not high, the construction and handling of most of the manual labor. Some people say, in the street can often see some very thin women, the whole bag of concrete to the shoulders of a carry on the go, feel back to China in the 70s and 80s.
On the other hand, the backwardness of manufacturing and industrialization also means a lack of efficient production tools, which is reflected not only in the construction industry, but also in agricultural production, food service, and other aspects. Ordinary working people simply could not afford to pay for expensive machines. In the absence of tools and instruments to replace basic labor, Indians, especially the lower class workers, had to strive to improve their efficiency by practicing a lot of repetitive exercises over a long period of time to develop superb skills. To some extent, as a country with a population of 1.26 billion people, and 25-30-year-old young adults accounted for nearly 40% of the population, the Indian laborers acted as a "machine", a variety of open-ended skills is actually a helpless choice.
At present, the industrial structure imbalance problem in India is becoming more and more serious. At present, the proportion of tertiary industry has increased year by year has more than 50%, on the contrary, the proportion of primary and secondary industries is decreasing year by year, the proportion of manufacturing industry accounted for only 15% of GDP, the proportion of agriculture has also been reduced. Under the ambitious new Prime Minister Narendra Modi, one of the key elements of the "Indian dream" is to achieve industrialization, which is almost synonymous with "modernization" for developing countries.
Transportation and road construction face special challenges
In many people's impression, the most prominent manifestation of the Indian people hanging is "hanging" in the car, train, car, motorcycle ...... Indian people always hang on the side of the car or sitting on the roof. The main reason for the "hanging car" is that India's large population, the huge demand for transportation facilities, but its road development and construction speed can not keep up with the reality of the need. Highway network is far less dense than China, perfect, half of India's land without highway, the quality of the highway up to standard less than a quarter.
On the 1,500-mile-long highway from New Delhi to Bangalore, trucks often have to travel for four to five days. During the daytime through major cities, motorists suffer from traffic congestion and no-passing rules. India's railroad network is relatively well-developed compared to its roads, but faces the same aging problems. The government plans to build 25,000 kilometers of new railroads by 2020, yet only 1,750 kilometers of new lines were built between 2006 and 2011.
In India, building roads - both highways and railroads - faces uniquely Indian obstacles.
One is the problem of land acquisition: the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, which gives localities the power to expropriate private land for public ****service projects, has been abused so much that it has met with strong protests from farmers, and a new land law introduced in 2013 has been questioned. As long as one person objects, the road cannot be built, making it difficult for India to launch major transportation projects.
The second is government corruption. Indian government officials themselves have admitted that half of the government's allocation for infrastructure development is often swallowed up by officials at all levels, leading to interference in the construction of infrastructure.
Driving in a car is not without risk. The lack of transportation facilities has led to severe overloading of vehicles, which is undoubtedly the main reason for the high number of road accidents in India.
High Unemployment Rate
Every year, a net 12 million people join the labor force in India, but the unemployment rate in India is still growing. While it is true that India now has one of the fastest growing economies in the world, every day 389 individuals in this country lose their jobs. As many as 97% of workers in India are employed in the so-called "unorganized sector", with no official monthly salary, security or benefits. Moreover, most are not even in permanent jobs - 60% are in temporary jobs. In fact, few new jobs are coming up now. Agriculture, which once contributed nearly half of India's jobs, has contracted the most. At the same time, the rate of new business establishment has retreated to 2009 levels. In this situation of extreme imbalance between labor supply and demand, most young people do not have the skills to participate in the modern economy. As a result, they have no choice but to increase their job proficiency and productivity in order to secure living wage jobs.
For employers, the more competent the employee, the more desirable he or she is. In order to keep the few precious rice bowls, many people make their work into "acrobatics". The "open" workers are very competitive in the market, which in turn promotes the production of more "open" workers. Four years from now, India will have the world's largest working-age population. But will this be a blessing or a curse for India, will it boost economic growth, or will it be a source of social unrest? We can't draw any conclusions yet.
Highly solidified social hierarchy
In India, you can often hear a phrase "India is a country of a billion people, a society of 100 million people", which refers to the huge gap between rich and poor in society. The caste system of Hinduism solidifies the occupation and social status of each person. Publicly available information shows that the Indian caste system originated from early Hinduism, a social hierarchy created with the Aryan invasion of India around 600 BC. Among them, the vast majority of the Shudras were conquered native inhabitants, belonging to the non-Aryans, who were engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, hunting and other industries, as well as occupations that were considered lowly at the time.
Although the Indian caste system was abolished after India's independence in 1947, Indian society to this day has not escaped the strong influence of caste and religion, and an individual's choice of occupation is significantly influenced by family background. For example, the child of a shaver can only continue to be a shaver, and the child of a cook can only be a cook. This hereditary-like concept has been y rooted in the hearts of the Indian people, and people of low status do not have the opportunity to pursue higher education or decent jobs. As a result, some people spend their entire lives doing only one job, and over the years they develop a high degree of proficiency and skill. At the same time, because their offspring can only make a living in this industry, the work skills have been very good intergenerational inheritance, the accumulation of grandparents, "hanging" into a family of masterpieces.