Museum design, the museum's own function is becoming increasingly complex. Museum buildings along the traditional model at the same time, there are often a number of meetings, observation, books, and even catering, commercial, entertainment and other services to join them, invariably become synonymous with some kind of cultural complex. As the Swiss architect Mario? Botta said, "In this day and age, museums are playing a social function similar to that of the temples of the past."

With the development of the city and society, the museum building architecture is generally appropriate to transfer from the ground into the underground space for the exhibition hall, exhibit storage, service rooms, equipment rooms, parking lots and so on. Especially as the main body of the museum exhibition space and collection space of the two major parts of the underground have good adaptability.

From the perspective of building space environment and use characteristics, the underground space has temperature stability, isolation (wind and dust, noise isolation, vibration damping, shading, etc.), protection and seismic characteristics. At the same time, in the case of shortage of ground space, it becomes an effective means to protect the natural landscape and humanistic historical landscape of the ground. If you can make full use of the advantages of underground space, get satisfied with the harmonious unity of building function and environmental quality, the development and utilization of underground space for museum buildings, its positive role is self-evident.

Museum buildings in urban centers set up their own image at the same time, but also pay attention to the public's participation, reflected in the integration and optimization of architectural space and street form. Designed by James? Sterling designed the new museum of fine arts in Stuttgart, Germany, through a public **** walkway from east to west around the center of the building sunken display court, the building on both sides of the road with a difference in elevation to connect. The walkway combines straight and curved ramps that meet the sculptures in the sunken garden in a constantly changing way, making it an interesting transportation route that allows the public to experience more of the art of the museum. The museum successfully introduces the city street into the building, integrating it into the city in a completely open pattern and becoming an organic part of the cityscape. The successful design of the building won the architects the 1981 Pulitzer Prize.

The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, is located in a newly planned financial and administrative center, and will soon be surrounded by high-rise buildings. In the midst of the "concrete canyon" surrounded by skyscrapers, the museum should utilize the affinity of cultural architecture to create an atmosphere that is very different from the surrounding cold environment. Moreover, the museum should be a sculpture in a square surrounded by buildings. This is Japanese architect Shin Isozaki's understanding and positioning of the museum. He breaks the building down into a number of segments and organizes it into a closed pattern around a sunken inner courtyard. The entrance to the museum is reached from here. The three floors of the above-ground section house administrative offices and a library, while the subterranean level houses exhibition spaces and an underground supply floor, as well as a three-level underground parking lot. The museum has won a pleasant resting space with cultural atmosphere in the large-scale and large-scale urban space.

China's new Shanghai Museum is located in the center of the city in the People's Square, opposite the municipal government office building, the location is more important. Architect Xing Tonghe according to the building's spatial environment, architectural momentum and internal and external relations, and actively use the underground space with the scale of the city center square. The above ground part of the building is mainly exhibition space, while the underground is for administrative offices, warehouses, machine rooms and other auxiliary rooms. The area above ground and underground is basically equal. The use of underground space to successfully shape the image of the museum building, its practice is a better example.

1 The need for urban renovation, renewal and development

2 The need to preserve the original historical environment of the ground

3 The need to preserve the natural features of the ground

4 The need to display and protect the site

The famous Japanese architect Tadao Ando designed the Osaka Museum of Birds of Prey in Osaka, Japan (Historical Museum, Osaka, Japan, 1994). Osaka, Japan, 1994) is located in the middle of a mountainous forest in Osaka where there are many ancient burial mounds. In order to minimize disturbance to the existing environment, most of the museum's forms are buried underground and allow visitors to experience the customs and ritual concepts of the ancient period. Ando's abstract and simple Grand Staircase and Landscape Tower provide visitors with a panoramic view of the surrounding environment. The contrast between the two as the high point of the outdoor space has a strong monumental effect. The interior of the museum is in the style of a typical ancient royal tomb, with a "lock-hole" display space suggesting the existence of the site.

Hans? The VolcanosMuseum, France, designed by Hollain, has a strong ceremonial and symbolic character. The museum is located in a natural area that has historically been characterized by volcanic activity. Much of the building is buried underground to preserve the datalogically verifiable geography and geomorphology of the surrounding area and to provide a clear view of the grandeur of the natural volcanic phenomena that remain in history. In addition, through the creation of underground caves, people can truly feel the close connection between the volcanic phenomenon and the earth itself. The core of the museum is a cone with a total height of nearly 22m rising from a thousand underground, with the top of the cone truncated into a flat roof. This tall, single, centralized celling serves both as the entrance hall of the museum and as an organizational hub for the freely dispersed group of caves under the ground. The exterior of the cone is decorated with local black volcanic rock; the interior is embedded with gold-colored foil. This space gives a strong spatial image of a fiery caldera, from the use of form to the transformation of materials and colors inside and out. This theme of the museum emphasizes the powerful natural forces and the relationship with human beings, and through natural phenomena enables human beings to be enlightened and thus understand the laws of nature.

1, rich and diversified environmental awareness

The environmental awareness of contemporary society is being strengthened, so to achieve the full integration of architecture and the environment is the goal pursued by architects. Museums in city centers, historical and cultural areas, natural scenic spots as well as heritage museums have their own order and characteristics of their external environment. Some of these museums seek their own way of existence in the environment through the utilization of underground space. This decent and approachable method of expression has been widely accepted and welcomed, and has contributed to the development of the regional environment in a benign direction.

2, the architectural design approach of pioneering innovation

Since the underground space and outdoor ground special relationship, the museum building in the functional layout, flow organization, spatial composition and articulation with the ground part of the aspects to be considered. In order to break the closed character of the underground space formed in the soil surroundings, the architect introduces the natural factors such as sunlight, trees and driftwood with the help of sunlight to make the space more vivid and present a free, open atmosphere. Moreover, the architect also utilizes the inner meaning and characteristics of the underground space to render the atmosphere of the indoor space with the theme of the museum exhibition.

3. Complementary utilization of underground space

According to the functional characteristics of the museum, the good thermal stability, safety and disaster prevention function of the underground space makes the museum building have a good adaptability in the underground space, so as to be consistent with the trend of the modern building focusing on ecology and energy saving.

4, the completeness and application of technical means

In terms of technical equipment, the construction of underground space, the use of space above ground with different concerns. Moreover, the museum has higher requirements for indoor environment, in a good underground environment, can not be separated from the advanced technical means and sophisticated equipment support. Therefore, the level of construction, technical facilities and other aspects need to continue to develop and innovate.

In our country, due to economic and technical level constraints as well as people's understanding of the museum in the understanding of the bias that exists, resulting in the slow development of the use of underground space in museum buildings. The usual understanding is that the underground space construction costs are high, the construction process is strong, once poorly handled will bring great trouble to the museum's future use. People's image of the museum blindly pursuing tall, iconic, without considering the characteristics of the surrounding environment, also makes the use of underground space of the museum building has not been paid enough attention. It is believed that with the development of economy and society, people will have a correct understanding of the use of underground space, so as to promote the design of museum buildings in both ground and underground space will have greater flexibility, adaptability and freedom.

At present, the use of underground space of museum buildings can be described as colorful. Under the guidance of modern architectural design concepts, with modern technology as a guarantee, there will be more good works.

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