Space milestone
The first astronaut in the world was Yuri of the former Soviet Union? Gagarin, he went into space on Dongfang 196 1 in April. The first female astronaut was valentina? Tresckow Eva,1In June, 963, she went into space on Dongfang 6. Allen 196 1 which went into space in May? Shepard became the first American astronaut. June 5438+1October 65438+May 2003, Yang Liwei became the first astronaut in China by Shenzhou 5, followed by Fei, Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. Other China people who have been to space include Lu Jie, Wang Ganjun, Jiao Lizhong and Zhang Fulin, all of whom are from the United States.
Gorman? Titov is the youngest astronaut to go into space. He was only 26 years old when he went into space on Dongfang II. The oldest is John? Glenn was 77 years old when he went into space on STS-95. The record of the longest stay in space is Wally Lee? 438 days in Yekov, Paulia. By 2003, the maximum number of times a person went into space was seven, and the record was set by Jerry? l？ Ross and Franklin? Zhang? Diaz wrote it. The farthest distance of an astronaut from the earth is 40 1 056 km (produced in the case of Apollo 13 emergency).
Is that Mike? Melville was the first astronaut in the world who made his own spaceship and flew into space. He took the spaceship-1. This is in contrast to all kinds of millionaire space tourists, who only serve as public passengers or a few people (usually the ionosphere (ISS) provided by flying to Russia). In the United States, astronaut candidates can get the silver wing of the US Air Force, and travelers who go into space will get the gold wing. People who fly more than 80 kilometers can also get astronaut wings awarded by the US Air Force.
The Secret of China's "Astronaut" Training
The training of astronauts is also very complicated and varied.
1. Selection criteria
In China, the experience of selected astronauts requires more than 1000 hours of flight time, and their physical and psychological qualities should be good. In addition, it is necessary to pass the "technical test" of some unique facilities in the space city. These include: a swivel chair with a speed of 24 revolutions per minute to check its tolerance to vibration and dizziness; Swing the electric swing with the amplitude of 15m back and forth to test the possible space motion sickness caused by the spacecraft entering orbit.
"swivel chair+swing" = extreme dizziness
There is a swivel chair in the space city, which specializes in training astronauts. This swivel chair can not only rotate clockwise and counterclockwise at 180 degrees, but also swing up and down and backward at the same time. The main function of swivel chair is to check the vestibular nerve function of aerospace candidates and understand their tolerance to vibration and dizziness.
There is also an electric swing room on the outskirts of Caicai. Under the escort of steel frames up to tens of meters, four steel arms hold up a van-like swing. When swinging the electric swing, you can throw 15 meters back and forth, which is mainly used to adapt to space motion and carry out space motion sickness research.
Experience bungee jumping
There is also an "impact tower room" in the Space City, which contains a green iron tower about four stories high. Its function is to simulate the impact environment of the spacecraft returning to earth, so as to strengthen people's anti-impact ability and study various protective measures.
Much worse than playing "UFO"
The centrifuge room is as high as three floors and equipped with the largest domestic manned centrifuge in Asia. The human centrifuge is a huge rotating device that can be stretched up and down and rotated left and right. At the top, there is a rotating arm with a length of 16 meters, and the oval stainless steel closed pod located in front of the arm is tightly supported by a solid steel frame. This pod can also rotate at a certain angle, so it can establish overweight conditions that act on astronauts in the same direction. When the whole centrifuge is turned on, some things, such as flying saucers in amusement parks, such as houses, arms and pods, are constantly intensifying their rotation and swing, but their rotation speed and swing angle are incomparable to flying saucers in any case.
4. Endure smallness and loneliness
The research on the safety and health of astronauts is a key point in the development of space technology. The astronaut training center has various simulation cabins to enable astronauts to adapt to space life.
The low-pressure cabin is a light green T-shaped cabin, which consists of three parts: working cabin, rest cabin and sanitary cabin. When the astronauts put on special spacesuits and walked into the low-pressure cabin, the air in the cabin was pumped out, and the astronauts began to enter "space". Learning to adapt to the extremely quiet and lonely environment is a psychological task that must be overcome before entering space. Because there is no sound in the small cabin of the spacecraft, it is not allowed to have any contact with the outside world except scientific information, and it is almost completely isolated from society.
5. Know the way home
Planetarium is the last stage for astronauts to carry out simulation training. Astronauts must be familiar with the sky map here and find out the route they will take before taking off to perform their tasks. Once the automatic navigation system of manned spacecraft fails, astronauts can control themselves and find a safe landing route.
Astronauts' space experience
spacesuit
Space is full of magic for people, and life in space is even more curious. In short, topics that people can't explain are endless.
The space environment is very different from the earth environment. There is no air, no gravity and dangerous space radiation. Of course, in a closed space station or space shuttle cabin, there is enough air for you to breathe, and high-quality space materials can also shield radiation from outer space. The only thing that can't be overcome in cabin life is gravity, which often brings a lot of trouble to astronauts' work and life.
Because of the special environment in the spaceship cabin, astronauts must work and live in a special way inside, otherwise many jokes will be made. For example, when eating, you carry a bowl of rice, and the rice will float all over your cockpit. You may not be able to eat anything with your mouth open. When you keep your mouth shut, rice grains may float into your nostrils and choke you to death. It is also difficult to lie down and have a comfortable sleep, because in the case of complete weightlessness, there is no boundary between bunk beds, which means there is no difference between lying down and standing.
Astronaut Yang Liwei
So how do astronauts eat and sleep in space?
1. live: sleep hanging, can take a shower.
Astronauts can take a bath on the spaceship, which many people may not think! In fact, although the space in the spacecraft is less than 6 cubic meters, it can still solve the problem of astronauts taking a bath-because there is a separate bathing bag in the spacecraft, you can also take a bath.
Because of weightlessness, sleeping in a spaceship is different from sleeping on the earth. There is gravity on the ground, but there is no gravity in space. As soon as astronauts lie down, they float. There is a special sleeping bag in the spaceship, just hang it on the wall, just get in when you sleep and hang it there when you sleep!
2. Eat: compressed bricks, toothpaste tubes
According to relevant sources. Astronauts have a rich diet, with at least 20 recipes to choose from, and they are not as hard to swallow as everyone thinks. However, space food is not ordinary fruits and vegetables, but specially processed "compressed bricks" or "toothpaste tubes". After adding a certain proportion of water, it can be restored to its original state, tastes good and contains all the nutrients needed by the human body. Because in weightlessness, food can't stay on the plate as honestly as it does on the ground, but floats on the table. So experts designed the astronauts' food as toothpaste, and they just squeezed it into their mouths while eating.
These foods also have high nutritional value, and are rich in vegetables, protein and fat. According to Professor Chen, Aerospace Group has a special institution to study aerospace food. Every meal of the astronauts in a day is reasonably matched and the design is very scientific.
3. Clothing: 120kg, worth tens of millions.
Donghua University, formerly China Textile University, is the base for manufacturing spacesuits. According to them, the spacesuit consists of clothes, helmets, gloves and space boots. The clothes with the most complicated structure are composed of 14 layers: the innermost layer is the lining of liquid-cooled ventilation clothes; Outside the lining is a liquid-cooled ventilation suit, which is made of nylon elastic fiber and many plastic tubes for conveying coolant. There are two pressurized airtight layers outside the liquid-cooled ventilation suit, and another limiting layer limits the outward expansion of the pressurized airtight layer; Outside the limiting layer is a heat-proof micrometeorite dust-proof suit, with 8 layers in total, which plays the role of heat-proof micrometeorite dust-proof; The outermost layer is coat. Although the structure of spacesuit is complicated, it is not very difficult to wear. Usually, it takes about 15 minutes to transmit a suit.
Because spacesuit is a special kind of clothing, it usually consists of breathable layer, airtight layer, thermal insulation layer and other layers. It is a small sealing system with two functions: protection and exit. The cost of this kind of in-cabin spacesuit is very expensive, the materials alone will cost tens of millions, plus the design cost, it will cost hundreds of millions of yuan to complete a set of spacesuit. The weight of the whole spacesuit is about 120kg. Except gloves and helmets, other parts of the spacesuit are made of a special high-strength polyester.
4. How do astronauts sleep
(1) Confused and strange sleeping position
In space, the sleep of astronauts is really "chaotic". One of the reasons is that there is no distinction between day and night in the space capsule, and the sleeping position is very strange compared with that on the earth. Black and white means that astronauts sail around the earth in the sky, and the sunrise and sunset in space depend on the time for the spacecraft to orbit the earth once. Sometimes sunrise and sunset alternate many times in 24 hours, so astronauts can't follow the life habit of "sunrise and sunset" on earth, so they have to arrange their work and sleep mechanically according to the hours.
Sleeping posture is strange because astronauts can't find the feeling of lying down in weightless space environment. In the gravity environment of the earth, people are used to setting the direction of gravity as "down" and the direction of "sky" as "up", that is, people often say that "the foot steps on the earth and the blue sky is overhead". But in the weightless environment, people lose the reference coordinates of "up" and "down", their feet can't reach the ground, and the sky is all around them. You can't tell up from down at all, so there is no such thing as lying flat when sleeping. In the space capsule, no matter standing, lying or lying down, astronauts can fall asleep. They can be hung on the wall, tied to the bed, or landed on the beam, which is incredible on earth.
But most astronauts are not used to drifting and sleeping. Once they wake up from a floating sleep, they will have a feeling of rolling in the deep. In order to gain a sense of security, astronauts usually sleep in fixed beds or sleeping bags fixed on the wall. When sleeping, the sleeping bag is tightly sealed, which will exert certain pressure on people, thus eliminating their fear of "flying high".
(2) Never put your hands and feet out of the quilt.
On the ground, it is common to put your hands or feet out when you sleep. There is no danger, but it is not so simple in the space capsule. In weightlessness, it is very dangerous to put your hands or feet out, because in weightlessness, people's limbs are no longer dominated by themselves. A former Soviet astronaut once put his arm out of his sleeping bag to sleep. When he woke up, he suddenly found two big hands floating on his face, which startled him. It turns out that these two fluttering big hands are his own. Shocked or trivial. If the astronauts fall asleep out of control-"free" hands and "free" feet-accidentally touch any switches or instruments, wouldn't the safety of the space capsule and the life of the astronauts become a big problem? Therefore, for the sake of safety, when sleeping in space, you should pay attention to putting all your limbs into your sleeping bag.
5. How do astronauts eat?
(1) 100 kinds of space food
At first, astronauts' food was only 10, but now it has increased to hundreds. Astronauts have to eat four meals a day, and the recipe will not be repeated for a week. Some people think it must be boring for astronauts to make toothpaste out of their food. In fact, this is the case of early astronauts, and now it is not what it used to be. Astronauts can eat sausage pies, spicy grilled fish, roast beef with potatoes, buttered bread, lobster sauce broth, tuna salad, biscuits, chocolate, yogurt, preserved fruit, juice and other delicacies in space. American astronauts can even drink their favorite Coca-Cola. However, astronauts can't eat whatever they want, and all diets must be strictly controlled by ground nutritionists. When the astronauts on the American space shuttle eat, they first take out the plastic bag marked "which day and which meal" from the food cabinet. There are seven kinds of food in each plastic bag for astronauts to eat. Space food is dehydrated food. Before eating, you can put the food in a bowl-shaped container, then inject a certain amount of water into the container with a syringe and heat it in the oven. It takes less than half an hour to cook a meal.
(2) unusual eating behavior
The space dining table for astronauts is also specially made. It is magnetic and can absorb iron knives, forks, plates and bowls. The table is also equipped with a water cooler and a heater. When eating, astronauts must first fix their feet on the floor and their bodies on the seats to avoid fluttering. Don't worry about the food on the table. You must pay attention to the coordination of a series of actions such as serving bowls, meals, opening your mouth and chewing. They should hold the bowl gently, otherwise the rice residue will be wasted from the bowl. When taking food, hold it correctly, and don't rummage in the bowl, lest the food float away. The best way is to eat with a fork. After the food is caught, open your mouth and shut up quickly, because even the food put in your mouth will fly away if you don't shut up; When chewing, the rhythm should be slowed down. Chewing slowly is beneficial to digestion, and it can also reduce the generation and excretion of waste gas in the body and avoid the pollution of astronauts' living environment.
Some people like to chat while eating, and eating in space is the most taboo. Otherwise, the food eaten in the mouth will fly out and float to the living area of astronauts. If they accidentally inhale, they will easily suffocate in their lungs.
(3) Special "Mrs. Wang Fried Mutton"
Even if the diet in space is nutritious and varied, astronauts will complain that the food has no taste. Why is this? Scientists have analyzed that the reason may not be the food itself, but the taste disorder caused by the space environment. For example, weightlessness makes the nasal cavity congested, which leads to the dullness of the taste nerve, and the change of saliva secretion affects the taste, or the taste is affected because the color of food cannot be seen or the smell of food cannot be smelled. Before Wang Ganjun, a Chinese-American astronaut, took the space shuttle, his wife specially cooked his favorite fried mutton for him to give him a good appetite. Later, this space food was named "Mrs. Wang fried mutton"
6. How do astronauts wash?
(1) Strange washing face and brushing teeth
Simple actions such as washing your face, brushing your teeth and shaving on the earth will be very troublesome to do in weightless space. It is strange for astronauts to wash their faces and brush their teeth. In order to prevent water from floating everywhere, you usually wipe your face with a wet towel after washing. When brushing your teeth, rub your fingers in toothpaste for a few times, then clean your teeth with a wet towel, and you will finish brushing your teeth. If you brush your teeth like you are on the ground, toothpaste foam will fly around in the cockpit. Astronauts usually use electric shavers when shaving, and they must be very careful when using them. In a small space capsule, environmental protection is very important, even if stubble flies into the air, it is difficult to clean it up.
It is not easy to get a haircut in space, so both male and female astronauts have to cut their hair shorter and shorter before going to heaven. But after a long flight, my hair will get longer. What should I do? Astronauts should carry forward the spirit of solidarity and mutual assistance, one with a haircut and the other with a vacuum cleaner.
(2) "sauna room" and "bath bag"
Although bathing in the space capsule is conditional, it is still very troublesome compared with the earth. Astronauts must put their feet on the fixed ring when taking a bath, otherwise people will keep rolling after being washed by water. Moreover, in weightlessness, water is a drop of water, which is easy to choke people, so you should also wear a breathing mask and an eye mask when taking a shower. After taking a shower, the sewage on your body will not automatically flow down, so you need to start the water pump and pump it away with the air. The water on the canvas cover must be drained. Take a bath, the real bath time is only 15 minutes, but it takes 45 minutes to clean up the sewage and other preparatory work.
Later, scientists made some improvements to the space bathroom. For example, the bathroom of Russian Mir space station is like a sauna. After the astronauts went in, they heated up for a while, making them all sweaty, and then scrubbed them with wet towels. Because it is inconvenient and uncomfortable, the "sauna room" has been changed into a device similar to a sleeping bag. When the astronauts take a bath, there is water and bath liquid in the bag. After washing, you can turn on the exhaust fan under the bag to pump away the dirty water. The bathroom on the American space shuttle is a shower hood with an exhaust fan under it. When astronauts take a bath, they turn on the shower faucet and exhaust fan, spray water on it and pump water down, which will form the same shower effect as the ground.
(3) Special shampoo for space
96% of the ingredients in the shampoo specially made by experts for astronauts are extracted from plants. At the same time, astronauts can't have a lot of water to wash their hair in space, so the shampoo they use doesn't need to be washed. In weightlessness, it will become very fine particles. When washing your hair, you can easily take away the dirt on your head. Wipe it with a napkin or towel after washing, and the shampoo will be completely removed. Hair washed with this space shampoo does not need hair gel, mousse and hair dryer at all, which can not only show the natural beauty of hair, but also be particularly easy to comb. When Russian and American experts prepared the latest toiletries for the astronauts of the two countries, they had differences on the cosmetics of female astronauts. Russian experts believe that there is no need to dress up in space, while American experts believe that perfume, lotion and lipstick are indispensable.
7. What is the psychology of astronauts in space?
Psychological adjustment is the best way for astronauts to eliminate loneliness in space. Everyone will inevitably have contradictions and troubles in one way or another in life. So how to overcome and eliminate the mental stress and loneliness in daily life and work? Know the truth of life. We are all the same people, and what happens to others may happen to you one day. The road of life will never be too smooth. Establishing friendship with people around you can increase external support and help, thus reducing mental stress. Expand your social influence, you can find more solutions in an emergency.
Good interpersonal relationships can help people succeed in their careers, reduce setbacks, and it is also important to maintain a good competitive state. We don't need to just teach people: "Listen to me, what should you do?" What people need in life is to encourage both sides to think creatively and to support their friends on the road to success. Taking the initiative to listen to other people's opinions and being good at arranging time is one of the important ways to improve interpersonal relationships. Vent and express. If people are in a state of mental tension for a long time, it will affect their health over time. Be good at telling your feelings, even if you say it, it won't change the facts. Who to tell, depending on what you want to say, you must choose the right person to tell. Remember, never keep unpleasant things in your heart.
Treat people kindly. You should always be ready to help others when they are in trouble. At this moment, they need you to listen to them and help them most.
Be flexible. There are many ways and means to finish a job, perhaps the best method is not necessarily the most suitable or the most unfeasible. If you always think that everything must be done according to your idea, then when things don't go according to your idea, you will be irritable and angry. In fact, the goal of people's work is to finish the task on time. As for the ways and means, there is no need to stick to one.