The Qing Dynasty was the last page of my country's long feudal society. In the long years of more than 200 years, the Qing Dynasty not only made significant contributions to the Chinese nation that surpassed its predecessors, but also left a lot of bitter records of failure and humiliation for the Chinese nation. For more than two hundred years, from Nurhachi to Puyi, twelve emperors successively ruled this huge country. Whether it was Emperor Kangxi or the short-lived Emperor Tongzhi, they all had an influence that cannot be ignored. There is a book "Emperor of the Qing Dynasty" published by China Overseas Chinese Publishing House. Nurhachi, the emperor of the Aixinjueluo clan (the emperor before entering the customs) Zodiac sign: Sheep Posthumous name: Emperor Wu at first, changed to Emperor Gao Temple name: Taizu Mausoleum: Fuling (Donngling, Shenyang) Nurhachi's father: Takshi Mother: Xitala's family, the queen is Queen Xuan. First marriage: Married at the age of 19, spouse Tongjia's wife and concubines: 16 Queen (Dafujin): Yehenala, for Yuanfei's family Children: 16 sons, 8 daughters Most proud of: Sa The most disappointing victory in the battle of Erhu: the defeat of Ningyuan The most unfortunate: the murder of his father and ancestors The most distressing: killing the eldest son Chu Ying The best: strategy Nurhaci, surnamed Aixinjueluo, nicknamed Shulebeile In 1559, he was born into a family of Manchu slave owners in Hetuala City, Sukesuhu Department, Jianzhou Zuowei (Xinbin County, Liaoning Province). In the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nurhaci rose up unyieldingly, raised an army with his father and ancestors' thirteenth deputy, and "proclaimed himself king". He led his disciples of the Eight Banners to fight in the white mountains and black waters. He was not afraid of the enemy or suffered heavy losses. He defended his authority with courage and was supported by his tribe. It took more than 30 years to unify the Jurchen tribes and promote the development of Jurchen society and the Manchu revolution. *The formation of the same body. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (1616), Jianyuan was proclaimed Khan in Hetuala, and his country was named Dajin (historically known as Later Jin). Nurhachi's army gradually strengthened and his power increased day by day. In the forty-sixth year of Wanli (1618), he rebelled against the Ming Dynasty with the "seven hatreds". In a battle with Ming general Yuan Chonghuan in Ningyuan, he was defeated and injured, and died in August of the eleventh year of Tianming (1626). He was 68 years old and was buried in the east of Shenyang City, called "Fuling". The temple name is "Taizu". Huang Taiji (the second emperor before entering the customs) Aixinjueluo Huang Taiji, his mother was Yehenala. He was the eighth son of Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing Dynasty. Huang Taiji was born in the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592) October 25th. After Nurhachi was defeated and died in Ningyuan, he became the Jin Khan. He reigned for 17 years and died in the eighth year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1643). The temple name is "Taizong". Less than ten years after taking the throne, he unified the entire Northeast, went south to Korea, and conquered Mongolia in the west, repeatedly defeating the officers and soldiers of the Ming Dynasty. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), he changed his title to emperor, established the Qing Empire unifying the Kanto region, and changed the family name to "Manchuria". He ambitiously marched westward, and the capital was shocked when his troops pointed out. After two decisive battles in Songjin, the elite Ming army was wiped out. Outside Shanhaiguan, only an isolated city of Ningyuan remained. The Ming Dynasty was in danger. Huang Taiji was well-read in history, magnanimous, brave and resourceful in military affairs, and extremely pioneering in politics. He not only had a strong sense of nationality, but also yearned for Han culture. The entrepreneurial king who started the founding of the country and initiated the grand plan of unification in the Qing Dynasty. He died on the eve of the Qing army's entry into the customs, failing to realize his long-cherished wish to seize national power. Shunzhi zodiac sign: Tiger Shunzhi posthumous name: Emperor Zhang Temple name: Shizu Mausoleum: Xiaoling (Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty) Father: Huang Taiji Mother: Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang First marriage: Married at the age of 14, spouse Borjigit's wives and concubines: 17 Queens: Borzigit is the queen's children: 8 sons and 6 daughters. The most proud: punishing Prince Rui after his death. Dorgon is the most frustrated: he wanted to become a monk but failed. The most unfortunate: his father died early. The saddest: his beloved concubine Dong E died early. The best. :Buddhist Emperor Shunzhi's original name is: Fulin, he was the first emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. He was the ninth son of Huang Taiji. He was born in the third year of Chongde (1638) and ascended the throne in Shenyang on August 26, the eighth year of Chongde. He was changed to Shunzhi in Yuan Dynasty and reigned for 18 years. He died in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661) at the age of 24. After Shunzhi ascended the throne, he was assisted by his uncle Dorgon. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, Dorgon went out to the fortress to hunt and died outside the fortress. Fulin, 14, took charge ahead of schedule. Emperor Shunzhi was talented and diligent in reading. He absorbed advanced Han culture, sized up the situation, and made changes to the ancestral system. He ignored the objections of his Manchu ministers and relied heavily on Han officials. In order to make the emerging ruling foundation long-term and stable, he used the rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty as a reference, guarded against the harm caused by eunuchs and cliques, paid attention to rectifying the administration of officials, and paid attention to working with the people and taking them in a controlled manner. However, he was young and energetic, headstrong, irritable and irritable. When his beloved Concubine Dong passed away, he turned passive and world-weary, and finally hurriedly completed his short life course and died young. He was the only emperor in the history of the Qing Dynasty who openly converted to Zen. Kangxi Zodiac Zodiac: Ma Kangxi Posthumous Name: Emperor Ren Temple Name: Holy Ancestor Mausoleum: Jingling (Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty) Father: Shunzhi Mother: Tong Jia, later honored as Xiao Kangzhang Empress First Marriage: 12 years old Concubine: 16 Queen: He Shili's children: 35 sons and 16 daughters. Most proud of: Capturing the assistant minister Obai at the age of 14. Most frustrated: losing three empresses. Most unfortunate: losing his father and mother when he was young. Most distressed: maintaining the reserve position and losing two things. Best at: learning from Kangxi. The emperor's original name was Xuanye. He was the third son of Shunzhi. He was born in the eleventh year of Shunzhi (May 4, 1654). He is the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history, reigning for 61 years.

Kangxi was diligent and studious since he was a child, and he was proficient in all kinds of literary, Taoist and military strategies. In a series of military actions such as eradicating the feudal lords, dismantling the San Francisco, unifying Taiwan, and quelling the Junggar rebellion, he either personally conquered the country or won a decisive victory thousands of miles away, which fully demonstrated his military prowess. Talent. Selecting talents carefully, commending upright officials, repairing rivers, and winning over Han intellectuals all reflect Kangxi as an outstanding politician and wise monarch. Compared with Xuanye's political life, his family life was not happy, and the struggle between the princes for the heir apparent made him mentally and physically exhausted. Although Xuan Ye was a good emperor who worked hard to govern and cared about people's livelihood. Of course, as a great figure who stands in front of the historical trend and guides the rapid progress of the country and the nation, he is much inferior. Yongzheng zodiac sign: Ma Posthumous name: Xian Emperor Yongzheng [1] Temple name: Shizong Original name: Yinzhen Mausoleum: Tailing (Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty) Father: Kangxi Mother: Wu Ya clan, later honored as Queen Xiaogongren First marriage: Married at the age of 19, Spouse Tong Jia's wives and concubines: 16 Queens: Ulanala is the concubine of Yuan Dynasty Children: 16 sons, 8 daughters Most proud: Winning the throne Most frustrated: Taking the elixir and suffering from it Most unfortunate: Being criticized by future generations The most painful : Imprisoned brothers are best at: Quan made a living in the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678) and was the fourth son of Kangxi. In the 61st year of Kangxi's reign, 45-year-old Yinzhen succeeded to the throne. He reigned for 13 years and died in the Old Summer Palace. The temple name is Sejong. Yinzhen came onto the stage of history in the early prosperous period of Kangxi and Qianlong - the last years of Kangxi, when society was stagnant. Complex social contradictions provide Yinzhen with opportunities to display his ambitions and talents. He carried out a number of major reforms in a step-by-step manner. He was far-sighted, diligent, and worked hard. He achieved fruitful results in thirteen years and laid a solid foundation for future generations of Qianlong. reached its peak. His historical status is not inferior to that of his father Kangxi and his son Qianlong. Although he is suspicious, unkind, and harsh in his rule, it is secondary to his achievements after all. Qianlong's zodiac sign: Rabbit Qianlong's posthumous title: Pure Emperor Temple name: Gaozong Emperor Qianlong's original name: Hongli Mausoleum: Yuling (East Tomb of the Qing Dynasty) Father: Yongzheng Mother: Niu Hulu, later honored as Xiaoshengxian Queen First marriage: 16 years old Married, Fucha family, 29 wives and concubines. Queen: Fucha family. Children: 16 sons, 8 daughters. Most proud of: "Ten Perfect Martial Arts". Most frustrated: the queen cut off her black hair in anger. Most unfortunate: there are different theories about the biological mother's life experience. Most distressing: two queens. Unfortunately, he died best at: poetry and calligraphy. He was born in the 50th year of Kangxi (1711) and died in the 4th year of Jiaqing (1799). He was the fourth son of Yongzheng. He reigned for 60 years. After abdicating, he served as the Supreme Emperor for three more years. He was 89 years old. At the beginning of Qianlong's accession to the throne, he implemented the policy of leniency and mutual aid, being pragmatic and serving the country, paying attention to agriculture and mulberry, stopping donations, and quelling rebellions, which fully reflected his civil and military skills. Emperor Qianlong admired Fengya and was good at riding. He was a famous collector of cultural relics. Most of the paintings and calligraphy of the Qing Dynasty were collected by him. The "Sikuquanshu" compiled during his reign included 3,503 kinds of books, 79,337 volumes, and 36,304 volumes. The number of volumes is three times that of "Yongle Dadian", which has become an important part of ancient Chinese thought and culture. A collection of heritage. However, Qianlong was extravagant. In his later years, the treasury was depleted and corrupt officials and gentry were favored. Peasant uprisings also occurred one after another in his later years, which was a sign that the Qing Dynasty moved from prosperity to decline. Jiaqing Zodiac Zodiac: Long Jiaqing Posthumous Name: Emperor Rui Temple Name: Renzong Emperor Jiaqing Original Name: Zaoyan Mausoleum: Changling (Western Tomb of the Qing Dynasty) Father: Qianlong Mother: Wei Jiashi, later honored as Queen Xiaoyi Chun First Marriage: Married at the age of 15, spouse Xita La's wives and concubines: 15 Queens: Xitara is the direct descendant of Fujin Children: 5 sons and 9 daughters Most proud of: Punishment Most frustrated: Ouchi's assassination Most unfortunate: Sudden sudden death Most distressing: Educators invaded the Forbidden City Best at: calligraphy The fifteenth son of Emperor Gaozong Hongli of the Qing Dynasty. Born in the 25th year of Qianlong's reign (1760), he was named Prince Jia in the 54th year of his reign. He ascended the throne in the 60th year of Qianlong's reign and was renamed Jiaqing, reigning for 25 years. He died in the 25th year of Jiaqing (1820) at the age of 61. The temple name is "Renzong". Emperor Jiaqing was a diligent and conservative monarch. The series of policies and measures he adopted after taking office played a certain role in changing the various bad policies in the late Qianlong period, but they were useless and could not fundamentally reverse the decline of the Qing Dynasty. Personally speaking, Emperor Jiaqing could not prescribe a cure for the increasingly serious corruption and laziness. He could only warn and intimidate a large number of bureaucrats who were "dead to protect their positions", and ultimately did nothing. He had a certain understanding of the aggression of Western colonialists, but for an ancient feudal country that was weakening day by day, it was impossible to truly effectively deal with foreign invaders, and it could only slide down the road of decline from then on. Daoguang's zodiac sign: Tiger Posthumous name: Emperor Cheng Temple name: Xuanzong Emperor Daoguang's original name: Minning Mausoleum: Muling (Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty) Daoguang's father: Jiaqing Mother: Xitala, Queen Xiao Shurui First marriage: Married at the age of 13, spouse Niu Hu Lu's wives and concubines: 20 Queens: Niu Hulu was the concubine of Yuan Dynasty Children: 9 sons, 10 daughters Most proud of: Shooting the enemy in the Lin Qing incident Most frustrated: The failure of the Opium War Most unfortunate: Mother's early death Most heartbreaking: Signing the "Nanjing" "Treaty" Best at: Jianjian was the sixth emperor after the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass. He was born in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (September 16, 1782) and died on the fourteenth day of the first month of the thirtieth year of Daoguang. Reigned for 30 years, aged 69. The temple name is Xuanzong and he is buried in Muling. The disciples of Emperor Daoguang, who were mediocre in intelligence, were known for their frugality.

He is at a critical moment of historical transition and "keeps to the status quo but does not know what is changing." The opium poisoning from the southeast sea and the British invasion made him restless. He wanted to strictly ban smoking and was determined to fight against the invaders, but he did not know where Britain came from or what colonialism was. They were ignorant of the wisdom of others, and had no strategies to deal with the crisis. As a result, they were at a loss in battle and had no strategy. They could only sigh in self-hate and shame. In the end, they accepted the British alliance with humiliation and signed the first unequal treaty in modern history - - "Sino-British Treaty of Jiangning". Emperor Daoguang was in power for 30 years. Chao Gang is arbitrary and must do everything personally, but internal affairs, such as official administration, river engineering, water transportation, and smoking ban, have not improved. Working diligently but achieving little was the tragedy of his life. Xianfeng zodiac sign: Rabbit Xianfeng Posthumous name: Emperor Xian Temple name: Wenzong Keda, the direct descendant of Fujin. Wives and concubines: 16 Queens: Sakda and other children: 2 sons, 1 daughter. Most proud of: ascending to the throne through ingenuity. Most frustrated: British and French forces invaded Beijing. Most unfortunate: signing of the "Beijing Treaty" The most distressing: the Old Summer Palace was burned and looted. The best: listening to the opera. He was born in the Old Summer Palace in Beijing in the eleventh year of Daoguang's reign (July 17, 1831). He died of illness in the eleventh year of Xianfeng (August 22, 1861). Reigned for 11 years. When Xianfeng came to the throne, the Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in Jintian Village in front of Zijing Mountain in Guangxi. Another battle between the British and French forces followed, forcing Xianfeng to flee to Rehe Chengde. During the 11 years of Xianfeng's reign, people's resentment boiled and he did not fight any war. "The overall situation was rotten and out of control." Sing as usual." The ambitious and talented Emperor Xianfeng was trapped in the framework of his ancestors, and was ultimately unable to cross this threshold. He went to a world without worries with endless worries. Tongzhi Zodiac sign: Long Posthumous title: Emperor Yi Emperor Tongzhi’s original name: Zaichun Temple name: Muzong Tongzhi [2] Mausoleum: Huiling (Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty) Father: Xianfeng Mother: Yehenala clan, later honored as Xiaoqinxian Queen’s first marriage : Married at the age of 16, Spouse Alut's wife and concubines: 5 Queens: Alut is the queen Children: None Most proud of: Establishing the reform Most frustrated: Father died early Most unfortunate: After his death, the queen committed suicide Most sad: No children most Good at: Playing Tongzhi is the only son of Xianfeng and Yehenala. Born in the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856). In the twelfth year of Tongzhi, he took charge of the government. He died the next year at the age of 19. The temple name is "Muzong". Emperor Tongzhi reigned for 14 years. During this period, the Qing government relied on a number of important ministers such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, and Zuo Zongtang to suppress a series of peasant uprisings such as the Taiping Rebellion. We also implemented some so-called "New Deal for Westernization". But these have little to do with Emperor Tongzhi. The ruler at that time was actually Cixi. Zaichun was a naughty boy when he was young. After taking office, as a young emperor, he really failed to live up to the high expectations of the government and the public. Two years after taking office, he died of smallpox. Zodiac sign of Guangxu: Sheep Posthumous name: Emperor Jing Temple name: Dezong Emperor Guangxu’s original name: Zaitian Mausoleum: Chongling (Ling of Western Qing Dynasty) Father: Yi (Prince Chun) Mother: Yehenala First marriage: Married at the age of 18, spouse Ye He Nala's wives and concubines: 3 Queens: Yehe Nala is the queen Children: No children Most proud of: Presiding over the Reform Movement of 1898 Most frustrated: The main battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1889 failed. Most unfortunate: Imprisoned after the 1898 Coup of 1899 Most distressing: Signing the Treaty of Shimonoseki "Best at: calligraphy, enduring humiliation, he was born in Prince Chun's Mansion by Taiping Lake in Xuanwumen, Beijing on August 14, 1871. His father Yihuan was the seventh son of Emperor Daoguang, and his mother was Cixi's sister. This kind of The special family environment made him designated as emperor after Tongzhi died of illness. He reigned for 34 years and died of illness in the 13th year of Guangxu. He was 38 years old. His temple name was Dezong and he was buried in Chongling, Yixian County, Hebei Province. Emperor Guangxu came into power at the age of 19. He was full of the enterprising spirit of young people and was willing to accept new ideas. He was "unwilling to be the king of subjugation" and actively supported the reform. He once became the "savior" in the hearts of the reformers. However, the reform endangered the interests of the conservative feudal forces and was blocked by the Qing aristocrats, led by Cixi. The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 killed the Qing Dynasty's chance to change its old rules. Emperor Guangxu did not have the courage to break through the shackles of feudal ethical thoughts. "The sky is sad and always looks unhappy", and his mood was sad. His whole life was a tragic fate of humiliation and sorrow. When the Eight-Power Allied Forces occupied Beijing, Cixi had no choice but to take Emperor Guangxu and flee to Xi'an in a hurry. After the Boxer Rebellion, armed uprisings against the Qing Dynasty occurred one after another in various places. Democratic revolutionary thoughts spread widely across the country, and the Qing Dynasty was on the verge of collapse. Xuantong zodiac sign: Ma Xuantong Posthumous name: None Temple number: None Original name: Puyi Mausoleum: First buried in Babaoshan Cemetery, then moved to Hualong Cemetery in Western Qing Dynasty Father: Zaifeng (Prince Chun) Mother: Su Wanguarjia First marriage: Married at the age of 18 , Spouse Guo Bulo Wanrong Wives and concubines: 5 Children: None Most proud: Riding a bicycle in the Forbidden City Most frustrated: Leaving the Forbidden City in a hurry Worst: 15 years in prison Most distressed: No children Best at: Taking photos Aixinjueluo Puyi Yu He was born in the 32nd year of Guangxu (February 7, 1906) in Prince Chun's Mansion on the Shicha Sea in Beijing. He died of illness in Beijing on October 17, 1967, at the age of 61. He is the author of the autobiography "The First Half of My Life". Three years after Emperor Xuantong came to the throne, the conditions for the bourgeois democratic revolution advocated by Sun Yat-sen became increasingly mature, and the defeat of the Qing Dynasty became an irreversible trend.

The Qing Dynasty had no choice but to issue an abdication edict in the name of Emperor Guangxu's widow, Empress Dowager Longyu, and the last emperor Xuantong. In 1931, Puyi was kidnapped and sent to the Northeast under the planning of the Japanese invaders. In March 1932, he took office as the Japanese puppet regime "Manchukuo". He was captured after the defeat of the Japanese army. After reformation, he served as a member of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In addition, after the death of Dorgon during the Shunzhi period, he was posthumously honored as the Emperor of Maode, who cultivated Taoism, established a wide range of industries, settled the people, established a political system, and was honest and respectful. His temple name was Cheng Zong. Before that, during the Shunzhi period, Nurhachi's ancestor was also honored as the emperor. Details As follows: The sixth generation ancestor of Qing Zhao, the original emperor, Meng Ge Timur, the third generation ancestor of Qing Xing, Zu Zhi Emperor, Fu Manma Father, Qing Jing Zu Yi Emperor, Juechang An Ama, Qing Xian Zu Xuan Emperor, Tucker Shi, the Qing Dynasty Emperor, does not have any right in the book These five people introduced it in detail. Empress Dowager Cixi listens to politics behind the curtain Cixi was born in the fifteenth year of Daoguang (November 28, 1835), her father Huizheng. In the 22nd year of Cixi's reign, she was born in Chun. Her mother valued her son, so she was granted the title of Concubine Yi. The following year, she was granted the title of Concubine Yi, and her status in the palace became increasingly prominent. After the death of Emperor Xianfeng, Cixi launched a coup and killed Sushun, finally realizing "listening to politics behind the curtain". In the nearly 50 years since then, she has been dictatorial. During this period, many countries on the earth have developed science and technology, economic prosperity, and political reform. However, China has been controlled by such a power-hungry woman, lifeless and slow in development. For her own selfish interests, she was able to plot, act against the will, and disregard the interests of the nation, which ultimately led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and its family three years after her death. Not only that, the harm caused by Cixi has left a heavy burden on our nation. Edit this paragraph Daily life According to the research on the Qing palace archives, the daily life of the Qing emperors in the palace was very regular. Except for the imperial ceremonies, the general situation was: 1. Get up around 5:00-7:00 in the morning. , greetings, morning reading; 2. Breakfast from 7:00 a.m. to 9:30 a.m.; 3. Going to court to manage government affairs and handle official business from 9:30 a.m. to 11:00 a.m.; 4. 11:00 a.m. to 2 p.m. 30 Lunch break and dinner; 5. 2:30-5:00 pm reading, studying, reciting poetry and painting, or accompanying concubines to watch theater, listening to music and other entertainment; 6. 5:00-9:00 pm dinner or dinner, Do Buddhist rituals and then go to bed. Specifically: First, let’s talk about the clothes of the Qing emperors. The emperor's clothes were not only for protection against heat and cold, but also a symbol of status and power, a reflection of holiness and majesty. During the Qianlong period, the crown dress system was perfected. It not only retained the customs of Manchu costumes such as collars and horse hoof sleeves, but also followed the tradition of Chinese emperors who "advocated yellow and wore clouds and dragons on their clothes". There are also twelve figures symbolizing imperial power on the yellow dragon robe, namely twelve chapters: sun, moon, stars, mountains, dragons, fire, etc. The most beautiful metaphors and praises in the world are used on the emperor's clothes to express the divine power of the emperor and the perfection of the emperor's virtue and wisdom. The patterns and colors of the emperor's clothes could not be used by anyone other than the emperor, otherwise he would be beheaded. Emperors of the Qing Dynasty had strict rules on how to wear clothes and hats, and this system was inseparable from the seasons. The emperor wore clothes according to the seasons. They were made of leather, cotton, jackets, singles, and yarns in various textures, styles, colors, and he had strict regulations on decorations. Wear formal attire during ceremonies and government affairs, namely court robes and official robes; wear auspicious robes, also known as dragon robes, on festive days; wear regular clothes, also known as casual clothes, and hunting attire; hats should match the clothes, namely court crowns, The crown for auspicious clothes, the crown for regular wear, and the crown for walking clothes. Each kind of clothing can be divided into winter and summer, such as leather, cotton, jacket, single, yarn, etc. The emperor's clothes not only had many types, but were also changed frequently. In the Qing Palace, there were not only four treasuries to store the emperor's clothes, but also a group of eunuchs to manage the emperor's clothes and wear every day. Not only that, a file called "Wearing File" was also created to record in detail the emperor's daily clothing. According to the concubine system of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor's grandmother was the empress dowager and his mother was the empress dowager. They lived together in Cining Palace, while the concubines and concubines lived in the adjacent Shoukang Palace and Shou'an Palace. After the emperor dressed up every morning, he would first "greet" them one by one to show his filial piety and respect for the elders. Except for Kangxi, all Qing emperors lived in Yangxin Hall. To "say hello" every morning, the emperor would go out of Jixiangmen, take a sedan carried by two people, pass through West Erchang Street, and go out of Qixiangmen. When Qianlong became the Supreme Emperor, Emperor Jiaqing had one more item in his greetings. When Cixi was the Queen Mother in the late Qing Dynasty, she listened to politics behind the curtain three times for forty-eight years. The palace where she lives, contrary to the regulations of her ancestors, still lives in Changchun Palace, Chuxiu Palace and other places in the West Sixth Palace. The emperor Guangxu's route of greeting him had to change accordingly. After the emperor paid his respects, he began to read in the morning. The morning reading content is the "Hadith" and "Records" of previous emperors. The so-called "Hadith" are the edicts and words of the previous emperors admonishing their ministers, and the "Records" are the chronicles of important events in the governance of the country during the reign of emperors of the past dynasties. Emperor Yongzheng once said: The 60-plus years of state governance strategy of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty will be learned by future generations for generations to come. Therefore, I asked people to use the Holy Ancestor's "Records" as the sutra and the "Hadith" as the latitude, and chronologically These statecraft strategies were codified in two formats: and classification. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty spent the most energetic time of the day studying the holy teachings of their ancestors, never stopping no matter the severe winter or scorching heat. After years of studying and understanding, they then adjusted and formulated their own ruling strategies. From seven to nine thirty in the morning is the time for the emperor to have breakfast. When the emperor eats, he calls it "passing the meal", "eating the meal" or "having the meal".

The royal family of the Qing Dynasty followed the eating habits of the Manchus in Northeast China and had two main meals a day, morning and evening. Breakfast is served at eight or nine in the morning, dinner is served between one and two in the afternoon, and one hour earlier in summer and autumn. After each of the two main meals, add a snack. If you need something to eat temporarily, you can send it over at any time. According to the dietary system of the Qing Palace, that is, the meal system, the emperor's diet can be divided into daily meals and various banquets. Daily meals are handled by the imperial dining room, and various banquets are handled by Guanglu Temple, the Fine Dining Department of the Ministry of Rites, the Qing Li Department, and the palace. The Royal Tea Dining Room is also hosted by ***. There were 370 officials, cooks and handymen in the emperor's imperial tea room, more than 120 people in the imperial tea room and tea room, and 150 to 60 eunuchs in the two places. The recipes for imperial meals are drawn up by the Minister of the Interior every day and compiled into a volume every month. Therefore, a large number of rich materials such as meal lists and "dining files" were left in the Qing palace archives. When preparing royal meals, the Minister of the Interior is also responsible for supervising. The ingredients of each dish are stipulated and cannot be added or subtracted arbitrarily. The meals are prioritized and the original taste of the main ingredients cannot be affected. Most of the places where emperors usually ate were in their palaces and offices. When the meal is being passed on, the eunuchs in the imperial dining room are responsible for putting the three dining tables together and laying out the table sheets. The eunuchs holding red lacquer boxes in their hands line up and quickly serve various dishes, meals, soups, etc. Dinner table. After the emperor sat down, the eunuch who passed on the meal first checked whether the poison test sign in each dish had changed color or not, and then tasted it himself, and then the emperor began to eat. The poison test sign is a small silver sign that is half an inch wide and three inches long. The ancients believed that if there was poison in the rice, the sign would change color. No one can eat with the emperor without a decree. The meals eaten by the emperor usually consisted of eight main dishes, four side dishes, plus hot pot, porridge, soup, etc. In addition to the usual royal meals, the emperor also held banquets during the New Year and holidays. The inner court banquet held in the Qianqing Palace was a family reunion banquet held by the emperor of the Qing Dynasty and his family members, princes, princes, etc. The banquets held by the emperor for leaders of other ethnic minorities or local officials are called foreign court banquets. They are mainly ceremonial and are mostly held in Baohe Hall. In addition, there are also banquets such as Qiansou Banquet. From 9:30 to 11 o'clock in the morning, it is the time for the emperor to go to court and conduct official business. The emperor's handling of government affairs is generally divided into two types: daily and special. The annual approval of death sentences, interviews with foreign envoys, etc. are routine government affairs; important ceremonies such as the enthronement ceremony, the imperial meeting, the emperor's birthday, the emperor's wedding, etc. are all special government affairs. Literary Inquisition The rise of Literary Inquisition in the Qing Dynasty was aimed at deterring anti-Qing forces and maintaining the feudal rule of the Qing government. Its characteristics were that the crimes were based on the distorted interpretation of words by powerful figures, and the evidence was also based on the distorted interpretation of words by powerful figures. Once a single word or sentence is considered to defame the head of state or satirize the government, it will constitute criminal liability. In the history of the Qing Dynasty, the "literary prison" during the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods was only an isolated phenomenon, but it became a common "system" by the Yongzheng period. The craziest figure in the wave of literary prisons was Emperor Qianlong, who was responsible for more than 130 crimes. Although the Qing Dynasty relied on force to open up and expand its territory, its humanistic spirit did indeed regress greatly compared to the later periods of the previous dynasty. In the early and middle Qing Dynasty, ethnic prison-style rule was implemented. Economically, they brought backward slavery outside the customs into the Central Plains, vigorously promoted bad policies such as land enclosures and confiscation, and forcibly captured people as slaves to provide free wages for the Eight Banners. Their parasitic life all year round caused the decline of the Qing Dynasty's military force. (Qianlong inspected the Eight Banners Army and found that their horses fell to the ground and their arrows were missed.) This also made the Qing Dynasty rely more and more on Han soldiers. Due to continuous conquests in the early period, despite the introduction of high-quality rice seeds from Vietnam, it was not until the Qianlong period that the Qing Dynasty returned to the level of the Ming Dynasty's Wanli period. Politically, the monarchy in the late Ming Dynasty was somewhat lax, while the Qing Dynasty pushed feudal autocracy to its highest peak. In order to consolidate his rule, many literary prisons were created. The most typical example is that the late Ming ideological trend, which can be compared with the Spring and Autumn Period, ended in the Qing Dynasty. Intellectuals did not dare to express independent opinions but dug into old papers to study ancient books. This is the so-called Qianjia School. The Qing Dynasty banned the sea out of political considerations to prevent the Han and control the barbarians. At the same time, in order to destroy the anti-Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty implemented an unprecedented policy of isolation and even carried out cruel coastal relocation (Kangxi period). For a time, due to the sea ban, the migration caused Hundreds of thousands of deaths and countless massacres! The consequence of the Qing Dynasty's maritime ban was that, with the implementation of a series of supporting strategies such as sea bans and literary inquisition, it completely destroyed the development path of Chinese culture, abandoned the traditional concept of active coastal defense formed since the late Ming Dynasty, and strangled China's maritime trade, domestic industry and commerce development. The established policies of the Manchu Qing government were primarily responsible for China's historical burden of backwardness and humiliation throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the first year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1662), in order to defend against Zheng Chenggong's attack, he ordered the implementation of a sea ban in Chaozhou and moved coastal residents 50 miles inland. In the third year of Kangxi's reign (1664), they moved another 50 miles (including today's Anbu and Caizhou in Chao'an County). (Tiepu, Guantang and Guantang areas), fishing and trade at sea are prohibited. In the fifth year of Kangxi (1666), Chenghai County was abolished and merged into Haiyang County (it was not restored until the eighth year). In the 10th year of Kangxi (1671), the maritime ban was reiterated and ships from Fujian and Guangdong provinces were not allowed to cross the ocean. The maritime ban lasted until the Qing government recovered Taiwan in 1684, the 23rd year of Kangxi's reign. Residents of Chenghai, Nan'ao and other places were allowed to return to their original places to farm, and foreign trade was allowed. The maritime ban brought major disasters to the people of Chaozhou, and production and trade were seriously damaged.

During the Kangxi period, although the Qing government closed off trade with foreign countries, it paid great attention to the activities of foreign merchant ships and took strict precautions against Chinese people staying abroad. Kangxi ordered local officials to build more forts along the coast, and pointed out that "overseas such as the Western Ocean, etc. "Thousands of years later, China will suffer from it. The country will enjoy long-lasting peace and must not forget the danger." It can be seen that Kangxi was always wary of Western colonialists. With the development of maritime commerce at that time, the Qing government Restrictions on foreign trade have also become increasingly strict, and the Qing Dynasty's seclusion was most prominent during the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods. In the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757), due to various illegal activities carried out by British and other colonists along the coast of China, the Qing government passed down Foreign merchants were told that starting from this year, they were only allowed to trade in Guangzhou, and were not allowed to go to Xiamen, Ningbo and other places. In addition, the Qing government also formulated many prohibitions to restrict foreign merchants. For example, foreign merchants were not allowed to spend the winter in the capital of Guangdong Province. Foreign merchants should listen to Under the control of Chinese merchants, foreign merchants are not allowed to enslave Chinese people at will, and foreign merchants are not allowed to enter and leave freely in Guangzhou, etc. At the same time, restrictions on mainland merchants have been strengthened and a guarantee system has been established. The guarantee merchants are appointed by the government and have the privilege of foreign trade. All foreign people, ships, goods, and tax payments are guaranteed by insurance companies. Increasing taxes is also one of the methods to restrict trade with Western countries.