Extended data
gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is usually caused by microbial infection, but it is also caused by chemical poisons or drugs. Typical clinical manifestations are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. For healthy adults, gastroenteritis usually only causes discomfort and inconvenience in life, but it will lead to life-threatening dehydration and electrolyte disorder in seriously ill, weak, young or old patients.
The cause of disease
Infectious gastroenteritis can be caused by viruses, bacteria and parasites. Poisons and drugs can cause chemical gastroenteritis. Viral infection is the most common cause of gastroenteritis, and many viruses can cause gastroenteritis. Rotavirus is the most common, followed by Norwalk virus, astrovirus and intestinal adenovirus.
Common ways of infection are: food (especially seafood), polluted water source, contact with infected people, unclean tableware, and not washing hands before eating.
clinical picture
The type and severity of gastroenteritis symptoms depend on the type and quantity of microorganisms or poisons. The most common symptom is diarrhea. Other symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, loss of appetite, weight loss (which may be a sign of dehydration), excessive sweating, cold skin, muscle pain or joint stiffness, and fecal incontinence.
Severe vomiting and diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration, manifested as weakness, extreme thirst, oliguria or dark urine, dry skin, dry mouth, sunken eye sockets, and baby crying can also show less tears.
Severe vomiting or diarrhea can lead to hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypotension. Patients who drink a lot of water with little or no salt to replenish fluids are particularly prone to hyponatremia. Water and electrolyte disorders have potential risks, especially for seriously ill, frail, young or old patients, which can lead to shock and renal failure in severe cases.
cheque
Gastroenteritis can usually be diagnosed according to symptoms, but the cause is often not obvious. If the symptoms are severe or persistent, fecal culture can be used to detect bacteria, viruses or parasites. Patients suspected of severe dehydration should pay attention to monitoring electrolytes and renal function.
diagnose
1. The contact history of pathogens is an important diagnostic feature: possibly contaminated food, unclean, untreated or contaminated drinking water, contact with patients with the same symptoms and travel in epidemic areas are the primary suspicious features of diagnosis.
2. Further diagnosis should be judged by blood, vomit, stool culture, and white blood cell and eosinophil count.
3. The possibility of other diseases should be carefully ruled out.
treat cordially
To treat gastroenteritis, we should fast and correct the disorder of water and electrolyte. Usually, patients only need to stay in bed and drink enough water (such as oral rehydration salt solution). Even people who vomit should drink as much water as possible.
Breastfed babies should continue breastfeeding. If vomiting or diarrhea lasts for a long time or there is severe dehydration, intravenous rehydration is necessary. Antiemetic drugs can be added when vomiting is serious.
If diarrhea lasts for more than 24 ~ 48 hours and there are no signs of more serious bacterial infection, antidiarrheal drugs can be added. Antiemetic and antidiarrheal drugs are generally not recommended for children.
Because antibiotics may cause diarrhea or promote the growth of drug-resistant bacteria, even if the pathogenic bacteria of gastroenteritis have been identified, antibiotics are usually not recommended. However, some pathogenic bacteria (such as Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, etc. ) If the patient is infected or has traveler's diarrhea, antibiotics can be used.
Antibiotics have no effect on gastroenteritis caused by viral infection. Gastroenteritis caused by parasitic infection requires the use of antiparasitic drugs.
prevent
1. Don't eat unclean fruits and vegetables.
During the growing period, melons and fruits should be watered, fertilized and sprayed with pesticides. In the process of collection, processing and sales, they are easily infected by bacteria, so that many melons and fruits have bacteria, eggs and chemical pesticides on their skins. Therefore, melons and fruits must be washed with clear water several times before eating.
All melons and fruits that can be peeled should be peeled before eating, otherwise pesticide accumulation poisoning will easily occur.
2. Avoid eating irritating food.
Irritating foods such as cold food and spicy food should be selected according to personal circumstances, original eating habits and seasons to avoid overeating, especially alcohol addiction.
3. Pay attention to food hygiene
Wash hands frequently, pay attention to tableware hygiene, and separate raw food from cooked food.
Baidu Encyclopedia: Gastroenteritis