Before discussing the battle between Huang and Emperor Yan, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between Emperor Yan and Shennong. Are Emperor Yan and Shennong the same person or two people? Let's start with one person. Wu of the Three Kingdoms quoted Jia Shi as saying, "Yan Di, Shennong also." Liu Songpei? "Historical Records" quoted Huangfu Mi as saying: "The Book of Changes says that there is no such thing as sacrifice, and Shennong was written by Emperor Yan." Ban Gu and Zhou's Textual Research on Ancient History and the dutiful Justice of Historical Records all hold this view. Yan Bozan's Outline of China History also said: "Yan Di is also called Shennong." On the contrary, there are many people who advocate what two people say. Guan Zi first pointed out that Emperor Yan and Shennong were not the same person. Later, Cui Shu's ancient prose supplement also said: "Shennong is not Emperor Yan." We think that when we say yes. Because the records of Shennong and Yan Di in the literature and classics before the Eastern Han Dynasty are clearly divided-one is "wood as a coffin, wood as a thunder" and "Book of Changes under the copula". One of the agricultural gods is "the benefit of repairing fire, shun wealth" and "the history of the road, the post-Ji III". Vulcan. For another example, the records about Shennong are all related to farming. Please look at the following quotations: "Shennong, ... is the head of a cow, which is longer than Jiang Shui." The gathering of art and literature 1 1 quoted the century of the emperor.
"People in ancient times ate animals and animals. As for Shennong, there are many people and insufficient livestock, so Shennong was built according to the weather and the land. The reason why it is called Shennong is because it teaches people to practice and is transformed by God to make people fit. " Yi Tong the White Tiger. "When Shennong was in Shennong, he sowed millet and cultivated." Lei Ju (volume 1 1) quoted Zhou Shu.
"There is a nine-eared Danque, which was picked by the emperor (Shennong) and planted in the field." Pick up. "What is Shennong rubbings? Teach the people to plow the fields, and the people will start to eat the grain, and the grain will start to sow, plow the fields for the soil, and dig the ground for the wells. " On balance and sensory loss.
Looking at the literature and classics, there are many such records, so I won't list them one by one. It can be asserted that the records of Shennong in ancient books are all related to farming. As for the scalper mentioned above, it is even more obvious. Because when agriculture develops to a certain extent, cattle will become an important animal power. "The tiller has his cow, the grain grower has his grain, and the life of the people is also" "Huai Nan Zi Shuo Shan Xun" is very attractive. "Farming cattle is the foundation of strangers", Volume III of Xuanshizhi. Not only the ancient ancestors of China paid more attention to cattle, but also other nationalities in the world. For example, India worships cows as "sacred cows", while Nepal regards cows as "sacred cows" and defines them as "national animals". Therefore, in China, Shennong, as the god of agriculture, was endowed with the style of cattle, which vividly represented his prominent position in agricultural production. Let's review the literature about Yan Di: "Yan Di is a fire master." Zuo Zhuan mourned for nine years. "Yan emperor made it, drilled the fire, cooked it, and the people ate it. There was no stomach trouble, but the world turned it into. " Pipes, light and heavy.
"Emperor Yan made a fire and died as a stove." Zw () On Balance and Sacrifice. "(Emperor Yan) then repaired the fire, and Jin Fan arranged materials for national interests, which changed with time? , suppress illness, with a gun? I thought it was cheese. "ZW ()" History of Road, Later San Ji ").
In contrast, we think that Emperor Yan and Shennong are not the same person, but two different leaders before and after the same clan, with Shennong in the front and Emperor Yan in the back. The reasons are as follows: First, according to documents such as Guoyu, Shuowen and Emperor Century, Shennong and Yandu both lived in Jiang Shui (Qi Shui in Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). Secondly, Li Qi's annotation in Hanshu Jiaosi Ji said: "Yan Di, Shennong Queen." In ancient times, a clan was often named after its leader, so Shennong's clan was called Shennong. Later, a famous clan leader, Emperor Yan, appeared. At this time, someone called the clan by his name. However, due to Shennong's important contribution to agriculture and his lofty position in the eyes of clan members, people will not easily forget this famous and capable leader. In this way, some people call Shennong the Yan Di family, others still follow the old Shennong family, and others simply call it the Yan Di Shennong family. For example, Zhu Juan 18 quoted Wei Shui of the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the century: "Shennong is surnamed Jiang." Later, people confused Shennong with Yan Di.
Some people think that Yandi was Chiyou in the battle between Huangdi and Yandi, and Jiang Guanyun's Ethnological Examination of China, Yuan Ke's Ancient Myth of China and the book Yan Di and Yandiling published in recent years all hold this view. The main basis is as follows: According to "Four Biographies of Daoshi Chiyou", "Sakamoto Chiyou, surnamed Jiang, is also a descendant of Emperor Yan. He likes war and chaos, and he lives in Zhuolu by the emperor." According to "Yi Zhou Shu Taste Wheat Solution", "Chiyou pursues (Red) Emperor and competes for the position of Zhuolu, which has nine horns." In other words, as a descendant of Emperor Yan, Chiyou tried to replace him, so he launched an attack. Emperor Yan evaded Zhuolu (now Zhuolu County, Hebei Province), and Chiyou finally gained the leadership of the clan. Because he is a Miao descendant of Yandi, he was also named "Yandi" and "Daoshi", followed by Keith and Biography of Chiyou. So they assert that the battle between Huangdi and Yandi is the battle between Huangdi and Chiyou. In fact, this statement is difficult to establish. Because, first of all, according to Lv Xing Shangshu, "The King of Jiuli is Chiyou of posthumous title." Since Chiyou lives in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, how can the leader of the Jiuli nationality in northern Shandong and Jiangsu become a descendant of the Yan Di clan living in Qinshui, northwest China? Secondly, no matter from Chiyou's appearance or his living habits, we can't draw the conclusion that Chiyou is a descendant of Emperor Yan. According to the "Dragon Fish River Map" quoted in Volume 74 of Taiping Yu Lan, "Chiyou ... bronze head and iron forehead, eating sand and stones." According to the Book of Beginners, Volume 9 quotes "Open the Door in Tibet": "Chiyou ... eight elbows and eight toes, sparse head." How can a multi-headed, multi-eyed, multi-handed and multi-footed human-god who eats sand and stones with a strong copper head and iron forehead be a "pointed head" [ZW (] Taiping Magnolia Volume 363 quotes Ji Le Tu]. What about the descendants of Emperor Yan? Thirdly, the only evidence that Chiyou is a descendant of Emperor Yan is the sentence "Sakamoto Chiyou, surnamed Jiang, descended from Emperor Yan" in Lu's Biography of Chiyou. As we know, The History of Taoism was written by Robbie in the Southern Song Dynasty, one of which was very late, and the other was based on Taoist words such as Taiping Jing, Dong Nerve and Ji, which was both complicated and attached. Therefore, it is doubtful that Chiyou is a descendant of Emperor Yan. Based on the above three aspects, we think Chiyou is not a descendant of Yan Di, so Chiyou will not call himself Yan Di in the name of Yan Di. In other words, Yan Di, who fought between the Yellow Emperor and Yan Di, was not Chiyou, but Yan Di, who was revered as Vulcan.
Having understood the above problems, let's discuss the war between Huang and Yan again. Peaceful coexistence and friendly exchanges are the basic relations between ancient ethnic groups. However, there is another relationship between ethnic groups, that is, mutual crusade between ethnic groups. Because although there is often a middle zone between the settlements of each tribe or clan, they generally live in peace and do not commit crimes. However, because each tribe or clan has its own interests, the interests between tribes and clans sometimes have to be solved by force, so conflicts or wars between tribes and clans are inevitable. In this way, each tribe or clan is often harassed by neighboring tribes or clans, and they often harass other tribes or clans. The battle between Huang and Yan began under this historical condition. The Huangdi clan is adjacent to the Yan Di clan. The former lives in Jishui, while the latter lives in Jiang Shui. When the Huangdi clan flourished, it was the autumn when the Yan Di clan declined. "At the time of Xuanyuan, Shennong (Yan Di) died." ZW () Biography of Historical Records and Five Emperors. [ZW] It was also at this time that the princes invaded each other and oppressed the people, but Emperor Yan could do nothing, so the followers of the Yellow Emperor used war to conquer those who abused the people. As a result, all the governors came to worship and surrendered to the Yellow Emperor.
Soon, Emperor Yan did nothing, saying, "At the same time, there is no family, no place to stand, and the sages are chilling. Move to Zhuolu, next to the princes. " Yi Zhou Shushi Ji Jie. The Yellow Emperor once again "dispatched troops in Xiu De" and attacked Emperor Yan on the Yuan Ye of Zhuolu. At that time, the battle [〖ZW〗] was fierce and both sides suffered heavy casualties. Emperor Yan could not resist the sudden onslaught of the Yellow Emperor and retreated to Hanquan (an ancient place name) one mile east of Zhuolu. For today's Yuncheng County, Shanxi Province, see Meng Qian Bitan's dialectical one. One said that in Zhuolu County, Hebei Province today, I saw Jin Taikang's geography. It will be said later here. Local wisdom says: "There is Han Spring in the east of Zhuolu and Huangdi Temple on the ground." ), when the Yellow Emperor led many clans and tribes named after him at that time, waving sculptures and? Flags made of eagles, kites and other feathers bravely kill the enemy (according to Liezi Huangdi: "Huangdi and the war are in the spring field of Ban (Osaka), with handsome bears, scorpions, wolves, leopards and tigers as the forerunner, carving, Hawks and kites are flags. " We know that in ancient times, each clan and tribe had its own totem, which was taken from the names of animals or inanimate objects, such as snake totem, dragon totem, phoenix totem, cloud totem and so on. Here, the so-called "handsome bear ... as the forerunner" is the symbol of many clans and tribes that used to take bears as totems at that time and still take bears as their names. They are also part of the Yellow Emperor clan. The so-called "carving ... as a flag" essentially means that these clans and tribes are waving bird-shaped flags carved from bird feathers. In ancient China, people often used bird feathers to make decorative flags, such as "Building a Jade Phoenix Flag" in Li Si's Book of Advice, which means to set up a flag decorated with jade feathers in the shape of a phoenix bird. After many bloody battles, Fang was "punished". The battle of Huang Yan was a fierce conflict between Ji and Jiang tribes with different surnames in ancient China. When discussing the paradise in mythology and religion, Lough once said, "The sky reflects the events on the earth, just like the moon reflects the sunlight." Religion and Capital, 53 pages, Sanlian Bookstore, 1963 edition. The ancient legend of the battle between Huang and Yan Huang is a reflection of the living conditions when the matriarchal clan society in ancient China was transformed into the paternal clan society. As we all know, the matriarchal clan commune in the early Neolithic period developed to the paternal clan commune in the middle and late Neolithic period, and then entered the slave society after hundreds of years. In other words, the legendary Yellow Emperor era and later Yao Shunyu until the early summer were the transitional periods of China from primitive society to slave society. During this period, the original public ownership gradually transformed into private ownership, and there were more and more disputes between tribes about land and livestock. Conflicts and wars, twists and turns and repetitions are constantly emerging, so some close relatives gradually formed a permanent tribal alliance, and tribal chiefs jointly formed the alliance parliament on an equal footing, and elected the highest military chief at the same time. This shows that the highest possible organizational form of clan society at that time was of a defensive and offensive military nature. As far as the result of the battle between Huang and Yan Emperor is concerned, the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Emperor and became the central emperor of China, which is a tortuous reflection of the social reality that the clan commune evolved into a slave country. After the war, the Huangdi tribe still lived in the north of China, and the Yan Di tribe migrated to the south and east, intertwined with the Miao and Man groups in the Yangtze River valley, and gradually merged.
The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di and became the central emperor. Later other emperors were either sent by the Yellow Emperor or held by the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. For example, Shao Hao, the Western Emperor, is the nephew of the Yellow Emperor, while Zhuan Xu, the Northern Emperor, is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor changed from the leader of one tribe to the leader of all tribes, that is, from the perspective of myths and legends, from the emperor of one side to the supreme ruler of the kingdom of God. At this point, the Yellow Emperor is similar to Zeus, the "king of gods" who lives on Mount Olympus in Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Zeus was originally only an equal member of other gods in the kingdom of God. Later, he seized the power of Olympus by violence and became the supreme ruler and master of mankind. Not only can he bring blessings to heaven and earth at will, but Apollo, Athena, the goddess of wisdom, and Dionysus, the god of wine, are also his children. In contrast, it is not difficult to find that two different myths and legends in the East and the West reflect a common social reality at the same time-the clan commune began to evolve into a slave country.