Open source and reduce expenditure, technical water use
The successful experience of Israel's agriculture lies in their increasing income and reducing expenditure, and using water technically.
1, South-to-North Water Transfer Project
Lake tiberias is an important water source for Israel, which is located on the Syrian-Israeli border in the upper Jordan River. Lake area 1.66 square kilometers, with a storage capacity of 4.24 billion cubic meters. In order to give full play to its effectiveness, Israel has invested hundreds of millions of dollars since the 1950s and built a water diversion pipeline project with a length of more than 440 kilometers. They pumped the lake tiberias to a height of 360 meters, and then sent the water to the central and southern parts through reinforced concrete pipes with a diameter of 2.74 meters. Relying on the topography of high in the north and low in the south, an underground network of "National Aqueduct" covering 60% of the country was formed.
The total annual water diversion of this project is 990 million cubic meters. Due to the use of pipeline water diversion, leakage and evaporation are reduced, and the line loss is very small. Its completion has made Sharon Plain, the core area of Israel, a grain and fruit base for drought and flood protection, and created an oasis of 57,000 hectares in the Negev desert, which has also alleviated the water shortage in Jerusalem.
2. Seawater desalination and sewage treatment
As we all know, seawater is so salty that it can't be drunk directly. How to turn lake water into domestic water has been studied in Israel for a long time. In 200 1 year, the Israeli government implemented a seawater desalination plan and built seawater desalination plants all over the country. At present, there are five desalination plants in Israel, which provide about 600 million cubic meters of desalinated water every year, equivalent to 30% of the country's total daily water consumption for industry, agriculture and residents.
Israel's seawater desalination plant adopts reverse osmosis technology, using semi-permeable membrane, allowing only water molecules to pass through and filtering salt. After seawater desalination, it needs disinfection, pH adjustment and other follow-up treatments to become drinkable clean water. Reverse osmosis technology is the first choice because of its high recovery rate of fresh water and low energy consumption.
There are 350 innovative enterprises related to water treatment in Israel, covering water management, seawater desalination, irrigation, urban water use and other aspects. Seawater desalination technology has been transformed here for decades, and the two largest desalination plants in the world are located in Israel. After decades of efforts, with the help of science and technology, the Israelis have overcome the difficulties of water shortage, high temperature, little land and saline-alkali land, and developed into a modern, water-saving and efficient eco-agricultural country, and the "barren land" has become a "land of grain and fruit".
Drip irrigation technology
1962 A farmer in the village of Hartzerim, Israel, happened to find that the crops at the leaking water pipes were growing exceptionally well. After repeated experiments, it is proved that drip irrigation is the most effective method to reduce evaporation, efficiently irrigate and control water, fertilizer and medicine.
In Israel, wherever there are green plants, there are many finger-thick pipes with many round holes on them. It is such a small round hole that makes Israel's drip irrigation technology go global. The principle of drip irrigation is simple, but the technology of making water drip evenly into each plant is not simple. The Israelis have devoted themselves to research and development, and put the plastic pipe in the plastic pipe, which can not only prevent the blockage, but also make the drip water at the near end and the far end equally uniform, and make the drip irrigation technology more perfect.
Because of the application of drip irrigation technology, people prefer desert planting in Israel, because the scorching sun and drought make photosynthesis and transpiration stronger, the land is not hardened, and drip irrigation of water and fertilizer can be controlled by computer at will, making Israeli fruits and vegetables delicious. 40% of fruits and vegetables in the European market come from Israel, and Israel also obtains them? European kitchen? The reputation of.
Water and fertilizer integration
Water and fertilizer integration technology is a high-tech integrating irrigation and fertilization. With the help of pressure irrigation system, the fertilizer solution mixed with soluble solid fertilizer or liquid fertilizer is evenly and accurately transported to the roots of crops. Compared with common water and fertilizer application methods, the water use efficiency is improved by 40%? 60%, fertilizer utilization rate increased by 30%? 50%, the quality is better, and at the same time, it saves labor and time, which is beneficial to large-scale planting.
The characteristics of water and fertilizer integration are: water and nutrients are directly sent to the roots of crops, which is beneficial to absorption; Low evaporation rate, preventing soil erosion and deep penetration; Can provide water and nutrients more effectively and accurately, and plants can obtain the same amount of water and nutrients; Providing water and nutrition according to the growth and harvest plan of crops and improving the yield and quality are important means to realize the standardization of agricultural products; Simple operation, water saving, fertilizer saving, energy saving, saving a lot of labor and reducing production cost; Prevent soil erosion and salinization.
Cultivate high-quality farmers
Whether farmers can master modern agricultural science and technology is the premise and the basic guarantee to realize high efficiency of agricultural production. In order to cultivate high-quality farmers, Israel has established specialized agricultural education and training institutions.
The main institutions engaged in agricultural professional education are the Agricultural College of Hebrew University in Jerusalem and important educational and scientific research institutions in Israel? Israel Institute of Technology. In the early days of the founding of Israel, the people with the highest education level were not people engaged in other occupations, but farmers. Most of them have received education above high school, even universities or colleges, especially agronomists and engineers who have returned from foreign immigrants, and most of them have entered the agricultural sector. At the same time, Israel attaches great importance to the cultivation of agricultural talents. For example, the Israel International Agricultural Training Center, located in the suburb of Tel Aviv, holds free agricultural training and education every year, with experts teaching, including water conservancy, agrometeorology, storage and processing of agricultural products and other knowledge. High-quality agricultural labor force provides a reliable guarantee for learning and applying advanced production technology and management technology. At the same time, it also makes farmers more willing to accept new things and adopt new varieties and technologies, which has inserted wings for the development of modern agriculture.
An Israeli farmer with high technology content and good quality can feed 400 people, accounting for 5% of Israel's national labor force, provide 95% of the country's food demand, and export more than 90% of agricultural products every year. In Europe, 40% of vegetables and fruits in the market come from Israel, and agricultural production also brings high income to farmers. An Israeli farmer can earn 70,000 dollars a year.
China is also a big agricultural country, but farmers depend on the weather for food, and the land output rate, resource utilization rate and labor productivity are extremely low; The progress of intensive and sustainable development is slow, and Israel's efficient and high-tech agriculture is worth learning.