The most famous species of tropical freshwater ornamental fish include three categories. The first is the lamp varieties, such as traffic lights, head and tail lights, blue triangles, red lotus lanterns, black lotus lanterns, etc. They are small, exquisite, beautiful, looming and very popular; the second is the angel fish series, such as red colorful, blue colorful, striped Blue and green colorful, black fairy, sesame fairy, mandarin duck fairy, red-eyed diamond fairy, etc., they are elegant, gentle and very beautiful; the third is the arowana series, such as silver dragon, red dragon, gold dragon, black arowana, etc., they are known as " It is known as "living fossil" and is extremely valuable.

Tropical seawater ornamental fish are composed of more than 30 families. Common species include Damselfishidae, Butterfish family, Acanthidae family, Brachydermiidae, etc. The famous species include Queen Fairy, Queen Fairy, Emperor Fairy, moonlight butterfly, crescent butterfly, herringbone butterfly, seahorse, red clown, blue devil, etc. Tropical seawater ornamental fish are particularly brightly colored and richly patterned. Many species have the nature of self-protection. Some have false eyes on their bodies, some have sharp edges on their tails, some have hard and poisonous spines, some secrete venom in their bodies, some have body colors that can change at will, and some have body shapes. Good at imitating. There are all kinds of strange things, fully demonstrating the magical charm of nature.

(1) Golden fish

Golden fish, also known as Baiyun golden fish, red tail fish and Tang fish, belongs to the family Cyprinidae and its origin is Baiyun, a suburb of Guangzhou, China. Mountain. The body of the fish is long spindle-shaped, 3 to 4 centimeters long, and its main color is dark brown. A golden line runs from the eyes to the tail fin. The dorsal fin, pelvic fin, anal fin, and tail fin are all shy red with gold edges. Goldfish likes to swim in the middle and upper water. When swimming, the body remains straight and swims evenly and quickly. Especially in low light, goldfish can sparkle in the water and are very eye-catching. Goldfish have a relatively mild temperament and can be kept in mixed cages with other small fish. Goldfish does not have high requirements for water quality and can live well in clean water at 15°C.

(2) Zebrafish

Zebrafish, also known as striped fish, belongs to the family Cyprinidae and is native to India and Bangladesh. The body of zebrafish is spindle-shaped, with a flat tail and a bifurcated tail fin. The body length can reach 6 cm or even longer. The basic color of the entire body is yellow, but the back is olive. There are many blue and white stripes on the body. The body is parallel to the tail, resembling a zebra, so it is called zebrafish. There are more than a dozen species of zebrafish, and their main differences lie in the number and width of the stripes on the fish's body, as well as changes in body color and fin shape. Zebrafish are gentle, lively and gregarious. This fish has no special requirements for water quality and lives well in weakly acidic, weakly alkaline and neutral water. The suitable water temperature is 25℃.

(3) Tiger fish

Tiger fish, also known as four-room fish, is a type of fish in the family Cyprinidae. Origin is Malaysia. The fish body is spindle-shaped, 5 to 6 cm long, and light yellow in color. The edges of the pelvic fin, dorsal fin, and tail fin of the adult fish are bright red, and there are four vertical dark black stripes on the head, chest, and tail. It looks colorful like tiger skin, so it is called tiger fish. Tiger fish have a docile temperament and can be mixed with most other tropical fish, except for angelfish, because tiger fish are born with a quirk and like to chase and bite the pectoral spines of angelfish. Tiger fish does not have high requirements for water quality and can grow well in weakly acidic, weakly alkaline and neutral water environments. The suitable water temperature is 22-26℃.

(4) Red-tailed black soft-shelled turtle

The red-tailed black soft-shelled turtle belongs to the family Cyprinidae and is native to Thailand. The body shape of the red-tailed black turtle is very similar to that of herring and grass carp among freshwater fishes in my country. Its body length can reach 10 centimeters. Its body color is completely black except for the golden-red tail fin. The color contrast is very obvious. The fish has a curved back and a flat belly, giving it a very graceful body shape. The water body required for home breeding must be large and the light is not strong. It is best to grow in an environment with broad-leaved aquatic plants, gravel and other shelters. The optimal water temperature for the red-tailed black turtle is 24°C. The red-tailed black turtle has a violent temper and usually harasses small fish, but it does not cause excessive harm and can be mixed with most tropical fish.

(5) Black skirt fish

Black skirt fish is also known as black peony and half body fish. Its origin is Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia in Latin America. The body is oval, with flat sides, and can reach 8 cm in length. The dorsal fin, anal fin, and ventral fin are all black. The front half of the body is silver-gray with three black horizontal stripes, one through the eyes, one through the gill cover, and one from the dorsal fin to Base of pectoral fin. The body color of the black skirt fish gradually changes from black to gray with age. The anal fin is wide and resembles a fluttering skirt when swimming, hence the name black skirt fish.

Because the front half of the fish's body is relatively wide, the back half suddenly becomes smaller, as if half of its body is missing, so it is also called a half-length fish. Blackskirt fish grabs food quickly, so when mixed with other species, care should be taken not to make the proportion of blackskirt fish too large.

(6) Traffic light fish

Traffic light fish, also known as neon light fish and red lotus light fish, belongs to the family Cyprinidae and is native to Peru, Brazil, and Colombia. The traffic light fish is petite in size, with a body length of 3 to 4 centimeters. Its dorsal fin is located in the center of its back, its anal fin extends to the back of the caudal peduncle, and its caudal fin is forked. There is a small adipose fin on its caudal peduncle; its back is chestnut red, its abdomen is silvery white, and each fin is transparent. The most important feature of the traffic light fish is that there is a neon vertical strip above the lateral lines on both sides of the body, from the eyes to the tail peduncle, which is both green and blue under the refraction of light. The tail peduncle is bright red, and flashes red and green when swimming. Traffic light fish should be kept in groups. If kept sparingly, they will be difficult to find and lose their ornamental value. Schools of fish are playing among the aquatic plants and gravel, and the fish's bodies are flashing red and green, which is very beautiful. The juveniles of traffic light fish should not be mixed with large fish to avoid being accidentally eaten by large fish. Adults of traffic light fish can be mixed with large and gentle fish. Traffic light fish prefer slightly acidic soft water. The suitable water temperature is 22~24℃.

(7) Pencil fish

Pencil fish, also known as red-tailed pencil fish, belongs to the family Cyprinidae and is native to Brazil and Colombia. The body of the fish is spindle-shaped, up to 7 cm long, with a brown back and silvery white belly. There is a black stripe below the lateral line from the head to the tail stalk. There is an irregular red spot on the lower lobe of the tail. The other fins are Light yellow and opaque. When the pencil fish is motionless in the water, it looks like a pencil lying horizontally, hence the name pencil fish. When the pencil fish swims, its body often tilts upward at a 45° angle. Pencil fish like to fight, so it is best to be kept with medium-sized and gentle fish, but not with small fish. Pencil fish like weakly acidic soft water, and the optimal water temperature is 24-28°C.

(8) Guppy

Guppy, also known as rainbow fish, million fish, and kuppy fish, belongs to the family Killidae. Guppies are named after their slender body and beautiful flowery tail. The body length of male fish can reach 3 cm, and the tail length accounts for about 2/3 of the body length; the body length of female fish can reach 5 cm, and the tail length accounts for more than 1/2 of the body length. The male fish has bright body colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple and other colors. The tail fin has 1 to 3 rows of black round spots of the same size and neatly arranged, or there is a large colorful round spot, just like the tail feathers of a peacock. round spots. There are more than 10 kinds of tail fin shapes, including round tail, triangle tail, flag tail, torch tail, piano tail, tooth tail, swallow tail, upper sword tail, lower sword tail, skirt tail, etc. The body color of the female fish is relatively monotonous. Except for the tail fin, which is bright blue, yellow, green, and light blue with black spots of varying sizes, the other fin rays are average. After several generations of cross-breeding selection, the body color patterns of guppies have become ever-changing. Some are covered in silver, some are like snakeskin markings, some have fiery red tail fins, some are lavender all over, and some are all red. Half of the body is completely black, and some segments are green, red, and black. Although guppies are small but colorful, they can be kept in groups or mixed with other gentle species.

(9) Pearl ray fish

The origin of pearl ray fish is Mexico. The body length of the pearl mackerel can reach 12 centimeters, and its body color is olive green, gradually turning into light blue on the abdomen. There are 10 neatly arranged maroon stripes from the back to the abdomen, and the irises of its eyes are blue. The dorsal fin of the Pearl Marlion is different from other fish. It is tall and wide, standing like a sail, and is covered with pearl-like spots and patterns. The edge of the dorsal fin is inlaid with a neat red lace. Since the other fins are transparent and colorless, it is even more Highlighting the beauty of its sail fins. The Pearl Mackerel likes weakly alkaline hard water, requiring a pH value range of 7.4 to 7.6, a hardness of 2 degrees, and a suitable water temperature of 24 to 27°C.

(10) Black Horse Punishment

Black Horsetail belongs to the family Aromaceae and is native to the United States and Mexico. The body of the black horse is spindle-shaped, and its whole body, including its eyes and fins, is shiny black and 5 to 6 centimeters long. After a long period of crossbreeding and selection based on the black horse deer, many precious varieties have been developed, such as the sail-wing black horse deer, the piano-tail black horse deer, the sail-wing piano tail black horse peel, etc. Black Mali is suitable for living in weakly alkaline hard water, requiring a pH range of 7.4 to 7.6, a hardness of 12 degrees, and a suitable water temperature of 22 to 24°C. The black horse has a gentle temperament and can be kept with some tropical fish, such as swordtail fish.

(11) Red swordfish

Red swordfish, also known as red swordtail fish, belongs to the family Medidae and is also native to Mexico and Guatemala. Red swordfish is a species artificially bred from a cross between swordtail fish and moonfish. The red swordfish is similar in body shape to the swordtail fish, but is thicker than the swordtail fish and has a different fin shape.

The red swordfish is 5 to 8 centimeters long, with red or orange-red body color, purple-red below the lateral line, and black eyes. Red swordfish can be divided into many different species based on the color of the fish's body, the shape of its dorsal fin, whether the tail fin is bifurcated, and whether the tail fin's extended tail sword is edged with black. Some red swordfish have red bodies including their eyes and fins, making them as beautiful as red velvet. This red swordfish can be viewed in low light or backlight. Bright red colors can be seen. When it swims in an aquarium with aquatic plants, it is very dazzling and can be called a treasure among red swordfish. Red swordfish has a gentle temperament and is easy to keep with other tropical fish. If you intend to cross-breed new varieties, you can mix them with moonlight fish, otherwise many degenerate varieties will appear. Red swordfish likes to jump, so the box opening should be covered when raising to prevent the red swordfish from jumping out of the box and causing casualties.

(12) Pearl fish

Pearl fish, also known as pearl vest, belongs to the Perchidae family and is native to Malaysia. The fish body is spindle-shaped and 10 cm long. Its base color is silver gray and red, with a deep back and a shallow belly. Its anal fin is extremely developed and has 2 tentacles. The whole body, including the dorsal fin, anal fin, and tail fin, is covered with silver beads, like pearls, hence the name Pearl Fish. Pearl fish do not have high requirements for water quality and can live well in weak acid, weak alkali and neutral water environments. Pearl fish have a gentle temperament and can be mixed with other species of tropical fish.

(13) Kissing fish

Kissing fish belongs to the family Perchidae, also known as gourami and gourami. Its origin is Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. The body shape is round, with flat sides, and the body length can reach 20 cm; the mouth is large and the lips are thick and protruding, with serrations; each fin is transparent; the body color is light red or milky white, the mouth and eyes are red, the head has black vertical stripes, and the tail There are also black stripes on the handle, but they are not obvious. Sometimes people will find a pair of kissing fish kissing together or kissing while swimming. In fact, this is not a kiss between opposite sexes, but a fight to defend their respective territories. Kissing fish have the habit of nibbling moss or algae on the walls of the tank, and are known as the "fish tank cleaners". When the kissing fish eats the moss on the wall of the tank, it is in an inverted posture with its head down and its tail up, which is very cute. Kissing fish like weakly acidic and soft water, and the suitable water temperature is 21 to 28°C. Kissing fish are docile and active, so they can be kept with other species, but they should not be kept with species that are easily frightened, so as not to affect the eating and resting of quiet fishes due to the frequent and fast swimming of kissing fish.

(14) Thai fighting fish

Thai fighting fish, also known as fighting fish, fighting fish, and fighting fish, belongs to the Perchidae family and is native to Thailand. The body shape of Thai fighting fish is spindle-shaped, slightly flattened on the sides, and the body length can reach 8 cm. The male fish is smaller. Its dorsal fin, anal fin, and tail fin are all particularly wide, especially in the male fish. The tail fin is torch-shaped, all fins are blue, and the eyes are black. The female fish is lighter in color. Thai fighting fish are obtained through crossbreeding and artificial breeding. Their body colors are relatively bright, including bright red, purple, grass green, bright blue, jet black, variegated, etc. Thai fighting fish are famous for their aggressiveness, but fights only occur between mature males. Male fish do not fight with females or other types of tropical fish, nor do females fight with each other. When two males meet, they will fight, which will result in scars all over the body, incomplete fins, or even being bitten to death. Therefore, the males cannot be combined. Young male fish are kept together and should be mixed with other tropical fish. Thai Betta has auxiliary respiratory organs - gills. When there is lack of oxygen in the water, it can swim to the surface to swallow oxygen in the air, so it generally does not suffocate due to lack of oxygen. Thai Betta has no special requirements for water quality. It can live well in weakly acidic, weakly alkaline and neutral water. It has no strict requirements on water hardness. The suitable water temperature is 22~26℃.

(15) Angelfish

Angelfish, also known as angel fish and swallow fish, is native to the Amazon River in South America. The angelfish has a flat side, a body length of 12 cm, and a body height of 15 cm. The base color of the whole body is silvery white with yellow, with a lighter color on the abdomen and a darker color on the back. There are several fins on the dorsal fin and anal fin that are very long, while the fins on both sides are shorter. The pelvic fin is long and filamentous. The distance between the upper and lower ends of the caudal fin is long and the middle is straight. When the angel fish swims in the water, it looks like a swallow flying in the air, so it is also called the swallow fish. The fish has four vertical stripes on each side of its body and its eyes are black. The iris is bright red. Angelfish like to live in large water bodies with broad-leaf aquatic plants. They require clean water, a pH value of 6.5 to 7.4, and a suitable water temperature of 26°C. They are not suitable for polyculture with other fish.

There are many varieties of angelfish, which can be divided into short tail, medium long tail and long tail in terms of shape. In terms of color, they can be divided into red-eyed swallow, silver swallow, black and white swallow, zebra swallow, diamond swallow, There are gray swallows, gold-headed swallows, etc. Among them, red-eyed swallows and diamond swallows are the most precious, and black swallows are the most difficult to raise.

(16) Colorful Immortal

Colorful Immortal, also known as breast fish, belongs to the cichlid family and is native to the Amazon River. This fish has a flat, disc-shaped body with a body length of up to 15 cm. The bases of its dorsal and anal fins are both very long. The dorsal fin reaches from the back of the head to the base of the tail fin. The anal fin extends from the back of the pelvic fin to the base of the caudal fin. The whole body of the fish is dark brown, with blue-black vertical stripes on both sides, and red-blue twisted stripes on its head, trunk, dorsal fin, anal fin, and ventral fin. These stripes change with the change of light intensity, which can be said to be colorful, and the fish swims gracefully, which makes people even more fond of it. Colorful fairy likes clean soft water with a pH value of 6.2 to 6.8 and a suitable water temperature of 25 to 28°C. It is best to plant broad-leaf aquatic plants in the water body and is not suitable for group feeding.

(17) Colorful Immortal

Discus, also known as Discus and Colorful Swallow, belongs to the Cichlididae family and is native to the Amazon River. The colorful fairy is a variant of the colorful fairy. Its body shape is very similar to the colorful fairy. From a distance, it looks like a discus, so it is also called a discus. Its body length can reach 20 centimeters, and its basic colors include bright blue, dark green, tan, etc. There are 8 equally spaced brown-red horizontal stripes on the body of the fish. There are irregular wavy vertical stripes on the head, trunk, dorsal fin, and anal fin of the fish. Its color changes with the light, and its swimming style is elegant and body shape. Perfect, deeply loved by tropical fish lovers, so he is dubbed the emperor of tropical fish. There are also many variations of the colorful fairy. The body color can be divided into red colorful, green colorful, blue colorful, blue and green colorful; the body shape can be divided into wide fin, tall body, tall body and wide fin; the pattern can be divided into turquoise and turquoise. Not divided into turquoise and stone. The colorful fairy likes to live in soft water with high temperature and high oxygen. It requires a pH value of about 6 and a suitable water temperature of 26 to 30°C. Discus loves to be quiet but is afraid of being frightened. It is best to keep it in a large aquarium with broad-leaf aquatic plants and gravel for hiding. Discus can be mixed with small, quiet pelagic fish.

(1) Hegel's discus: This fish was discovered by Johann Jacob Hegel of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna during his expedition to South America in 1840. It is the oldest discus. Its most striking feature is that there are five black and thick dark longitudinal bands in the center of the body side. The varieties are distinguished based on Hegel's dark bands. Most of the eyes are dark brown and dark orange-red. Among them, the fifth dark and thick dark vertical band is the world-famous "Hegel stripes".

(2) Green Colorful: It is difficult to distinguish it from Blue Colorful, but it is not difficult for experienced professionals to distinguish. Its water ripples will not exceed the ridge of the anal fin, and the lines of the anal fin will It appears as fragmented, its eyes are characterized by a strong red hue, and its body color is a yellowish-brown with slender water ripples inlaid with green hues.

(3) Blue Colorful: It has a body color with red tones and brown background, the eyes are orange-red and orange-yellow, there are some beautiful blue stripes from the head to the base of the water ripples on the dorsal fin, including complete The striped one is the royal blue colorful.

(4) Brown Colorful: This is the most common and common variety, and it is also the easiest to raise and breed. The physical sign is that there are very few stripes, mainly concentrated on the head and fins, and the base colors include light yellow, earthy brown, reddish brown, red and other different colors.

(18) Map fish

Map fish, also known as piglet fish, belongs to the family Cichlididae and is native to the upper reaches of the Amazon River in South America and the Paraguay River. The map fish is a large fish that can reach 35 centimeters or more in length. This fish has a burly body, a large head and a wide mouth. The base of its dorsal fin is very long, extending from the back above the pectoral fin to the caudal peduncle. The tail of the fin ray is a serrated hard fin spine, the pelvic fin is located ventrally, and the trailing edge of the caudal fin is rounded. The whole body of the fish is jet black or dark brown, and its trunk is mixed with irregular orange-yellow patches with red stripes in between, just like a swimming map, so it is called map fish. Although the map fish has a bulky body, it swims very quickly, responds quickly, and hunts accurately. After eating, it often lies lazily on the bottom of the pool to rest, just like a pig when resting, so it is also called piglet fish. The huge map fish is edible and has delicious meat. It is one of the most valuable medicines. Map fish has no special requirements for water quality. It can live well in alkaline, acidic and neutral water. The suitable water temperature is 21~26℃.

Map fish are relatively sensitive to light. Through continuous selection and breeding, many varieties such as white map fish, red map fish, yellow map fish, and red map fish have been cultivated. Map fish are ferocious eaters and cannot be mixed with other small fish.

(19) Three-room rat

The three-room rat, also known as the crown loach, belongs to the Loach family and is native to Indonesia. The body of the three-room rat is oblate, 10 to 30 cm long, apricot in color, with three black horizontal stripes on its head and trunk, and its pectoral fins and tail fins are red. The head and snout are small and pointed, the tentacles are thick and short, and there are thorns under the eyes, which can be ejected when frightened and can be used as self-defense organs. The three-room rat likes water with weak acidity and high dissolved oxygen, and the suitable water temperature is 23 to 28°C. The three-room rat has a gentle temperament, is timid and quiet, and should not be kept with ferocious or restless fish.

(20) Blood-Red Parrot

The Blood-Red Parrot is native to Taiwan, China. It is a metamorphosis of the red devil hatchling. The blood-red parrot has a round, plump body, a funny appearance, a parrot-like beak, and a rose-red body. Its chicks are gray, but over time, their body color gradually changes from gray to white, from white to pink, and finally to blood red. Blood-red parrots like weakly acidic new water, sunshine, and have a docile temperament. They can be mixed with most tropical fish except large and ferocious fish.

(Twenty-one) Black Devil

The Black Devil is also called the Devil's Knife. The origin is in central Brazil and the Guyana River Basin. The black devil has a strange shape. The body length is 45-50 cm, and the whole body is black but dull. Its pelvic fins are more developed, there is no dorsal fin, and there is a yellow line on the back. The head is streamlined, the chest is wide and becomes thinner toward the back, and the tail is shaped like a black and white stick. The fish's eyes have degenerated, and it is almost completely unable to see. It relies entirely on the microwaves emitted from its body to hunt for food and avoid obstacles. The swimming style of the Black Devil is beautiful and varied. Sometimes it swims forward, sometimes it swims backwards, sometimes it swims on its back, and sometimes it swims vertically. Black devils like weakly acidic soft water and require aquatic plants, deadwood, gravel and other objects in the water to make them invisible. Black devils usually lie flat on the bottom of the water during the day and like to come out at night.

(Twenty-two) Elephant Nose Fish

The Elephant Nose Fish belongs to the family Elephant Nose Fish and is native to Congo and Cameroon. The Elephant Nose Fish has a strange shape, about 20 centimeters long, and is completely black except for a few white lines on the edges of the dorsal fin, anal fin, caudal fin and the trunk between the dorsal fin and anal fin. The mandible of the elephant-nosed fish extends forward and becomes tube-shaped. Its mandible can move and be used to search for food, hence the name elephant-nosed fish. The back and abdomen of the elephant trunk fish are straight, the pectoral fins are long, and the pelvic fins are short. The dorsal fin and anal fin are symmetrical and similar in shape, and the tail fin is forked. The tail muscles can emit a weak electric current for self-defense. Elephant trunk fish likes weakly acidic or neutral soft water, and the suitable water temperature is 22 to 28°C. The adult fish is aggressive, so it is necessary to plant aquatic plants, place driftwood and gravel in the aquarium for concealment, and add a cover to prevent the elephant trunk fish from jumping out of the tank at night.

(23) Anti-migratory catfish

Anti-migratory catfish, also known as the sky rat, belongs to the Loach family and is native to the Congo River. The body is spindle-shaped, 6 to 7 cm long, brown-blue in color, and has a lighter abdomen. The dorsal fin is larger and pointed, with an adipose fin, and the caudal fin is forked. There are 3 pairs of tentacles, which are tactile organs that can help the eyes find food or detect the movement around them. Its vision is relatively sharp and it can distinguish objects in a dark environment. There are many brown or purple spots on its trunk. The swimming style of the anti-swimming catfish is very peculiar. It usually swims slowly with its belly facing up and its back downwards. When escaping from enemies or predators, it quickly turns over and swims quickly with its back facing up and its belly facing down. This is a type of anti-swimming catfish. Unique habits.

(Twenty-four) Seven-star swordfish

Seven-star swordfish is also known as Oriental sword and bowback fish. It belongs to the humpback fish family and is native to Thailand, Myanmar and India. This fish has a flat side, arched back shape, a body length of up to 90 cm, and a silver-gray or gray-black body color. Its front body is taller, gradually getting shorter from the dorsal fin to the caudal fin, which is sharp and knife-shaped. The dorsal fin and pelvic fin are longer and connected to the caudal fin, and the edge of the fin is as thin as a knife blade. There are multiple black round spots with white edges on both sides of the fish's body. Seven-star swordfish does not have high requirements for water quality and can live well in weakly acidic, weakly alkaline and neutral water. The suitable water temperature is above 24°C. Seven-star saury is a carnivorous fish. It cannot be mixed with small fish, but can be mixed with large fish.

(Twenty-five) Silver Dragon

Silver dragon is also known as dragon spitting beads, silver belt, etc. It belongs to the family Osteoglossidae and is native to the Amazon River. The body of the silver dragon is flattened in the shape of a long belt, up to 1 meter in length, and silvery white in color. It turns pale pink under the light. Its dorsal fin and anal fin are band-shaped, extending along the back and abdomen to the base of the caudal fin, and the caudal fin is round and fan-shaped. The mouth is located above the mouth, with a large and downward slit, and a pair of short whiskers. There are 5 rows of large round scales on each side of the body.

Silver Dragon requires a large water body (a large water tank no less than 1.5 meters long) and clean water quality. The suitable water temperature is 24~28℃. The aquarium should be covered with a mesh cover to prevent the silver dragon from jumping out of the tank. The silver dragon is the representative of the dragon fish, and there are also golden dragons, red dragons, green dragons, black dragons, etc.