Strains for cultivating mushrooms ⅰ. Growth and development conditions
1, Nutrition: Mushrooms are saprophytic fungi, and their growth and development depend entirely on the nutrients in the culture medium. The carbon sources that mushrooms can use are glucose, sucrose, maltose, starch, vitamins, hemicellulose and lignin. They must be decomposed into simple carbohydrates by other microorganisms and enzymes secreted by mushroom mycelium before they can be absorbed and utilized. The nitrogen sources that mushrooms can use are urea, ammonium salt, peptone, amino acids and so on. Mushroom growth also needs some mineral elements, such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and trace elements, such as iron and molybdenum. Therefore, when preparing culture medium, besides manure, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate and other main raw materials, a certain proportion of gypsum and lime should be added to meet the needs of mushroom growth and development.
2. Temperature: The temperature of mycelium growth is 5? Between 33℃, the optimum temperature is 23? At 25℃, the mycelium grows slowly below 5℃ and fast above 25℃, but it is slender and weak and easy to age. Above 32℃, the mycelium is easy to age or turn yellow and upside down, so that it stops growing.
The fruiting body is at 7? It can be formed at 22℃. 15? The optimum temperature is 65438 08℃. In this temperature range, the fruiting period only lasts about 3 months. At 13? In the range of 65438 08℃, the fruiting period can reach 6 months. The fruiting body formed at lower temperature is white, thick, round and mushroom-shaped, with thick meat and high yield. In the process of fruiting body formation, especially during the period from young buds to young mushrooms, the temperature can only be maintained at the original temperature and cannot be increased, otherwise a large number of Pleurotus ostreatus or a large number of mushroom buds will shrink and die. Because hyphae are intrinsically interconnected? Tube? At low temperature, hyphae intertwine to form mushroom buds, and nutrients are transported to the mushroom buds through the flow of protoplasm in mycelium cells for growth and development. If the temperature rises, especially at a high temperature for a long time, the mycelium will transport the nutrients in the mushroom buds to the surrounding mycelium for the mycelium to spread and grow, resulting in the death of a large number of young mushroom buds. The spore temperature is 18? The best temperature is 20℃. If it exceeds 27℃, the fruiting body will be quite mature and will not produce spores. The temperature of spore germination is 24? 26℃ is the best, too high or too low will prolong the germination time or not germinate.
3. Moisture and humidity: The water needed in the growth of mushrooms comes from the covering of culture materials and the relative humidity of the air in the cultivation place. In the growth stage of mushroom mycelium, the water content of culture medium is required to be 60? 65%。 Less than 50% of hyphae grow slowly, and many villous hyphae are slender, which makes it difficult to form fruiting bodies; When the oxygen content in the culture medium is higher than 70%, the growth of mushroom mycelium will also be affected. The humidity of the covering layer should be kept at 18? About 20%, excessive drying will affect the development of mycelium and young mushrooms and reduce the quality of mushrooms. During the fruiting period, the relative humidity of the air should be controlled at 85? Between 90%. If it exceeds 95%, water droplets will remain on the bacterial cover for a long time, which is easy to produce various plaques; If it is less than 70%, the surface of the bottle cap will harden or even crack, which is easy to sag; If it is less than 50%, the small mushroom buds will wither and die, and the mushrooms will stop growing.
4. Air: Mushrooms are aerobic fungi, which need a lot of fresh air in both the mycelium growth stage and the fruiting body generation stage. The CO2 concentration during spawning period should be controlled at 0.034. Within 0. 1%. If it exceeds 0. 1% in the fruiting period, the cap is small, the handle is slender, and the umbrella is easy to open; If the concentration of CO2 is higher than 0.5%, it will inhibit the differentiation of fruiting bodies, stop fruiting, and at the same time, the villous hyphae in the culture medium will grow vigorously on the surface covered with soil. Therefore, it is necessary to ventilate in time and provide sufficient fresh air.
5, lighting: mushroom growth does not need light, the whole process can be carried out in a completely dark environment. The fruiting bodies grown in dark environment are white in color, round in shape and good in quality. However, when the fruiting body is generated, it is best to stimulate it with scattered light. The light in the mushroom room should not be too bright at this time. If the light is too strong, the surface of the mushroom body is easy to dry and turn yellow, and the quality decreases.
6. pH: Mushroom mycelium with pH 5.8? 8.0, and the optimum PH value is about 7. Because the mycelium will produce carbonic acid and oxalic acid in the growth process, the accumulation of these organic acids in the culture medium and covering soil layer will gradually make the living environment of mycelium sour and the PH value decrease. So when sowing, the PH value of the medium should be adjusted to 7.8? Between 8.0; Adjusting the PH value of soil particles to about 8.0 is beneficial to the growth of mycelium and can inhibit the occurrence of mold.
Second, the main points
Process: material preparation? Prewetting? Build a pile? Turn over the pile? Make a bed in the shed. Sowing? Fungal management? Cover the soil? Mushroom management? choose
(1) Formula of culture medium and requirements for various materials (calculated by 240m2)
1. Formula: 2900kg of straw, 2900kg of dry cow dung, 40kg of urea, 25kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 75kg of calcium superphosphate, 0/00kg of lime and 0/00kg of cake fertilizer. A total of 6050kg, 233.6kg per meter.
2. Preparation of culture medium: (1) Straw should be fresh and yellow without mildew, and dry. All moldy and rain-soaked straws can't be used.
(2) The purity of cow dung should be above 80%. If there is more soil, the amount of cow dung should be increased appropriately. Collect, dry in the sun and crush for later use to prevent mildew and rain. After the cow dung is crushed, the diameter of the dung ball shall not exceed 1cm, and the cow dung shall not be less than 500kg.
(3) The ratio of dung to grass is generally 4:6 or 5:5. When dung is less than grass, cake fertilizer should be added.
In the preparation of culture materials, there are more manure and less grass, and the permeability of culture materials is poor; However, there is more grass and less manure, and the culture medium has good air permeability, but poor nutrients. So when composting, in addition to manure, cake fertilizer and chemical fertilizer should be added to supplement nutrients and increase porosity.
(2) Treatment methods before composting.
1. Fermentation time: 20? 25 days.
2. Prewetting the culture material: first cut the straw into 15? 30cm long, soak in water for about 30 minutes, take it out and pile it up 1? Spray water on the surface twice a day for 2 days.
3. Pre-stacking: straw pre-wetting 1? Two days later. Spread the pre-wetted straw into a pile with a width of 2.2m, a height of 30 cm and a length of 18m, then sprinkle some lime on the surface of the straw, spray water once to make lime powder penetrate into the straw, sprinkle a small amount of ammonium bicarbonate, and spread a layer of straw, and so on until the pile is finished. Generally, 4kg ammonium bicarbonate and 8kg lime are used each time.
4. Pre-wetting of other materials: Wet cow dung and cake fertilizer with 1% limewater the day before straw pre-stacking, with a water content of 2? Three drops is enough.
(3) Stacking and overturning
1. Preparation before pile construction: Before pile construction, calcium superphosphate, urea, gypsum and calcium carbonate are crushed and mixed evenly, and then fully mixed with pre-wetted cow dung and cake fertilizer to make a mixture.
2. Stacking: 2 days after pre-stacking. When building piles, the water content should be 4? 5 drops of water is appropriate. Spread the pre-wetted straw on the ground, with a thickness of 30cm, a width of 2.2m and a length of 18m, and then spray the mixture with an amount of 1/6 of the total amount. The straw thickness of each layer from the second layer to the sixth layer is 30cm. The dosage of the mixture is 1/6 of the total, and the operation is the same as that of the first layer. The pile height is 1.8m, and the top of the pile is turtle-backed. When stacking materials, the bottom layer is not watered, the middle layer is watered less, and the upper layer is watered more until the water overflows around the pile. Generally, on the fourth day or so, the material temperature will rise to about 70℃. Cover with straw curtain after composting and plastic film before it rains.
3. The first pile turning: 5? 7 days, when the material temperature reaches the highest temperature of 65? When 70℃ begins to drop, the pile is turned over. When turning the pile, the material should be shaken loose, so that ammonia gas in the material can be emitted, and the middle material should be turned over and the bottom material should be turned over, and the middle material should be turned over to both sides. Each shed material should be sprayed with dichlorvos and water evenly in layers. In case of rainy day, cover it with film in time, and uncover the film immediately after the rain stops to prevent the ammonia gas from being too heavy.
4. The second turn: 5 after the first turn? Six days, the second time, the same as before. The width of the pile should be reduced to 2 m, and the height and length should remain the same. A thick 12× wooden stick should be inserted every 1.5m, and a 15cm wooden stick should be set aside after the reconstruction of the pile to be used as a vent to discharge polluted gases such as ammonia.
5. Third pile turning: 5 days after the second pile turning. The method is as above. Adjust the PH value to 7.8 when turning over the pile? 8. Add lime water when it is low and water when it is high. When the material temperature exceeds 60℃, an exhaust port shall be set every1.0m.
6. Fourth pile turning: 4 days after the third pile turning. Water content 65? 70%, each shed with formaldehyde 1.5 kg mixed water evenly sprayed. Simple outdoor secondary fermentation (time 2? 3 days).
7. According to the fermentation temperature and fermentation degree, if the temperature of the material begins to drop after several days of fermentation, it is necessary to turn over the pile, or for 2 consecutive days? If it reaches 80℃ in 3 days, it will be turned over, and the situation of turning over must be mastered flexibly.
(four) the quality standard of compost fermentation before entering the shed
1, and the medium is brown.
2. Straw is soft and elastic, and raw materials such as straw and cow dung are evenly mixed.
3. The water content of the material is 65%, and there is a watermark between the finger of the material and 1-2 drops of water.
4, PH7.5 or so.
5, no pests and bacteria, no abnormal smell such as fecal odor, sour taste, ammonia smell, etc. , with the unique fragrance of mushrooms.
(5) into the shed
1, disinfection and disinfestation: before entering the shed, use 0.5kg phoxim to disinfest the whole mushroom shed at night.
2. Sprinkle some lime before making the bed, and mix the fine straw evenly. Don't compact when paving, but level off, with a middle of 2? Thicker than the edge. Three centimeters.
3. The thickness of the culture medium is about 20 cm.
4. After the materials are laid, clean the aisle in the shed, put all the tools into the shed and close the doors and windows.
5, each shed (240m2) with 2.5kg formaldehyde, fumigation disinfection method for 24 hours.
After 6.24 hours, open the doors and windows in the shed and ventilate until there is no odor such as formaldehyde, ammonia and odor.
7. After measuring the temperature of the culture medium below 28℃ and the PH value around 7.5, start inoculation.
(6) sowing
1. If it's sunny, it's better to arrange it after 3 pm.
2. Sowing amount per square meter 1? 1.5 bottles of strains.
3. Tools for sowing 3? Clean with potassium permanganate solution, and then dry with clean gauze.
4. First take half of the total strain and spread it on the surface of the material, then insert your finger into the material and move it a few times to make the wheat grain fall below the surface of the material. 3cm, and then spread the remaining half of the seeds on the surface of the material.
5. Gently tap the surface of the material with a wooden board or basin bottom.
6. Cover the surface of the material with toilet paper or newspaper.
(7) Management of bacteria
1. Always observe the temperature in the shed and the material temperature. The highest temperature in the material does not exceed 29℃, and the optimum temperature is 22? 27℃。
If the temperature in the shed is not high within three days, there is no need for ventilation, and the newspaper will be withdrawn after three days.
3. After three days, the bacteria germinate normally and can be slightly ventilated. After seven days, the ventilation rate can be increased to promote the growth of hyphae into the material until three quarters of the hyphae are ready to be covered with soil.
(8) Covering soil
1. Preparation: River soil and clay are better. Dig out the surface about 20cm before covering the soil, then break the soil and put it in the sun for a few days to sieve.
2. Three days before covering the soil, fully mix 40kgCaCO3 and 50kg superphosphate in each shed, and wet the covering material with limewater. It is required that the PH value of the covering material should be around 7.5, and the moisture should be rubbed by hand, so that it will disperse when it falls. The high cables piled to 1m will be covered with plastic sheets, and the soil will not be covered until 12 hours.
3. Before covering the soil? For 4 days, the material surface of mushroom shed should be slightly trimmed, and the material surface should not be uneven. If the material surface is dry, it should be repaired in the second? For 3 consecutive days, lime water with PH value of 7.2 was sprayed frequently and slightly to adjust it to a wet state.
4. Before covering the soil, mix 0.5kg phoxim and a small amount of water in each shed. Spray it on the surface of the material by light spray and fine spray.
5. Covering: Take out the covering material from a clean small basin and sprinkle it gently on the surface of the material with a thickness of 2.5? Three centimeters.
6, the top 5 after covering the soil? After 7 days, close the vent to promote hyphae to grow into the soil layer. After the hyphae climb into the soil, increase the ventilation, and sprinkle a layer of fine soil without nutrition on the surface of the covering soil, the thickness of which is to the extent that the hyphae cannot be seen.
(9) About the best sowing date
The best sowing date of Agaricus bisporus is September 5? 15, no later than September 25th. The sowing date is too late, and the cooling affects the yield of autumn mushrooms. Sowing for 7 days every night affects the harvest of Pleurotus ostreatus. Therefore, it is required to complete the straw pre-wetting work before August 10, and strive to start fruiting around June 10.
(10) mushroom shed (winter greenhouse) requirements
1, the shed body should be firm, the drainage should be smooth, and there is no water in the aisle.
2. The canopy is thicker, with the highest temperature of 22℃ and the lowest temperature of 5℃.
3. There are two rows of vents under the north wall and mushroom house; The south wall has ventilation openings, and the east and west walls have ventilation passages relatively; The standard shed is 8 meters wide and 30 meters long, and it runs from east to west. The shed is built in a higher place with excavation depth of 1m and no water. There are four bacterial beds in the shed, the middle three aisles are 66cm wide, the bacterial beds on both sides of the wall are 1m wide, and the middle two beds are 1.2m wide. The excavated soil in the corridor is used as the front and rear walls, the front wall is 30cm high and the rear wall is 1.2m high.
(1 1) Harvest
After sowing, mushrooms begin to grow in about 35 days. The first crop produces a large amount of mushrooms, so it is necessary to arrange picking in time. The standard for picking is umbrella diameter 3? Within 3.5cm, the stalk length is 0.5cm, and the interval is 7? 10 day, the second tide mushroom appeared.
Integrated Cultivation Techniques of Mushrooms Ⅰ. Biological Characteristics
Length nutrition
Agaricus bisporus is saprophytic and cannot carry out photosynthesis. When making ingredients, it is necessary to add a proper amount of manure (such as manure from cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, chickens and people) to crop straws (wheat straw and rice straw), and add a proper amount of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sulfur. Reasonable formula is an important factor to obtain high yield.
2. Temperature
The growth temperature range of Agaricus bisporus mycelium is 4 ~ 32℃, and the optimum temperature is 22 ~ 25℃. The growth temperature range of fruiting body is 5 ~ 25℃, and the optimum temperature is 14 ~ 16℃.
3. Humidity
The water content of culture medium is about 60%, and the water content of covering soil is 16% ~ 20%. The relative humidity of air in mycelium growth stage is 60% ~ 70%, and it is suitable for fruiting body growth stage to be 85% ~ 90%. Excessive drying is not conducive to mycelium growth.
4.ph value
Agaricus bisporus is slightly alkaline, which is not conducive to the growth of mycelium and fruiting body and is easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria. The pH value of mycelium growth is 5 ~ 8, and the optimum is 7.0 ~ 8.0. Before entering the shed, the pH value of culture materials should be adjusted to 7.5 ~ 8.0, and the pH value of soil particles should be 8 ~ 8.5. Put some lime when spraying water at the end of each mushroom harvest to maintain a high pH value and inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.
5. Air
Agaricus bisporus is an aerobic bacterium, which needs good ventilation.
lamplight
The mycelium and fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus do not need light, and can still grow under the condition of general scattered light, but cannot be irradiated by strong light. The fruiting body grows white and fat in the dark. If the light is too strong, the surface of the fruiting body will harden, and many deformed mushrooms will appear, which will have poor commodity value. Reasonable arrangement of production season is an important prerequisite for high yield, and the cultivation time is determined according to natural temperature. In Shandong province, fermentation of culture materials usually begins in the middle of August-September. The temperature is too high too early and too low after the end of September.
Second, the formula
1. Wheat straw (straw)1500kg, dried cow (horse) manure1500kg, urea 20kg, bean cake 50kg, calcium superphosphate 30kg, gypsum powder 40kg, calcium carbonate 30kg, ammonium sulfate15kg.
2. 2250 kg of wheat straw, 750 kg of dried chicken manure, 75 kg of urea 17.5 kg of cake fertilizer, 25 kg of calcium superphosphate, 40 kg of calcium carbonate and 0/5 kg of ammonium sulfate/kloc-0. The above ingredients are 100 m2, and the pH value of the material is adjusted to 8.
Thirdly, compost fermentation.
Culture materials generally adopt secondary fermentation, also known as pre-fermentation and post-fermentation. Pre-fermentation is carried out outside the shed, and post-fermentation is carried out in the sterilization shed. The first fermentation is about 20 days, and the second fermentation is about 5 days. The whole process takes about 22 ~ 28 days.
1. Prewetting of culture materials (wheat straw and rice straw)
You can soak for 1 ~ 2 days if conditions permit. After it is taken out, excess water can be controlled and piles can be built directly as required. When soaking, put an appropriate amount of lime powder into the water, with lime powder per cubic meter of water 15 kg. Generally, when soaking wheat straw, mushroom farmers first dig a pit, and the size of the pit depends on the planting amount. Spread a plastic film (1 1290,-105.00, -0.92%) in the pit, pump in water and add lime powder. Make a pile when fishing. After the pile is built, water the top of the pile every day. Based on the overflow of water at the bottom of the pile, the wheat straw basically absorbs enough water in 3 ~ 4 days.
stack in a pile
The required pile width is 2m, the height is 1.5m, and the length can be determined according to the planting amount. When piling, erect a wooden stick with a diameter of about 10cm and a length exceeding 1.5cm every one meter. After stacking, it is pulled out to naturally form vent holes, which increases the oxygen in the material and is beneficial to the uniform reproduction and fermentation of microorganisms. When stacking materials, first spread a layer of wheat straw (about 25 cm thick) and then spread a layer of manure. When laying, manure should be evenly spread. According to this method, straw and manure should be piled one layer at a time, with a height of 1.5 m, and the top should be covered with manure. Spread 1/2 urea evenly in the middle of the reactor. When stacking, each layer should be watered, so that the bottom layer should be watered less and the upper layer should be watered more. It is advisable to overflow water around the pile the next day. When building a pile, we should pay attention to the steep edge of the pile as much as possible, and the width of the bottom and top of the pile is not much different, so that the temperature in the pile can be well maintained. Chimneys should not be triangular or trapezoidal, because it is not conducive to heat preservation.
3. Turn over the pile (fermentation)
When turning the pile, turn the innermost layer and outermost layer of the pile to the middle, and turn the middle material to the inner and outer layers. Every time you turn over the pile, you should add fertilizers and other auxiliary materials in the required order. If the material is too dry, water it properly. After each pile, if it is sunny, use straw curtain or corn (2345, 12.00, 0.5 1%) straw to shade the sun. Cover it with plastic film in rainy days to prevent it from getting wet. Remove the plastic film after a sunny day. In general, the temperature rises on the second day after pile construction, rises above 70℃ on the third day, and starts to drop in about two days. At this time, it is necessary to turn over the pile for the first time. At the same time, sprinkle the remaining urea, calcium carbonate, gypsum powder and phosphate fertilizer evenly. After stacking, when the material temperature rises above 70℃, keep it for 2 days, and turn over the pile for the second time in the same way. When turning the pile for the second time, ammonium sulfate is added, and the pile is generally turned for three times. Check the pH value of the material every time you turn over the pile. If it is acidic, it can be combined with watering and sprinkled with appropriate amount of lime powder to keep the pH value at around 8. The fermented product is light brown, tasteless and ammonia-free, soft in texture, not tough, but elastic.
4. Post-fermentation (also called secondary fermentation)
The fermented materials are moved into the shed while they are hot, and piled into small piles, and the number of each pile is exactly one bed surface. When the material is heated to 60℃, it is kept for 6 hours to further kill miscellaneous bacteria and pests. Then let the feed temperature drop to 52℃ for 4 days to promote the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, and ventilate twice a day, each time 15 minutes. If the material is dry, lime water can be sprayed according to the pH value of the material. After that, start paving, the thickness of paving is 25 ~ 30 cm, and pat gently when paving. The fermented material should be brownish red, with a large number of white powdery actinomycetes, sweet bread flavor, water content of about 60% ~ 62%, and waterline between fingers, which can be held together or scattered when shaking, and the pH value is about 7.5.
Fourthly, cultivation management.
1. Planting
When the temperature drops below 27℃, start sowing. Sowing is generally used to reduce the number of strains.
3/4 evenly spread on the surface of the material, use a small fork to reach half the thickness of the material, gently shake to evenly distribute the strain in the material, and then evenly spread the remaining 1/4 strain on the surface of the material. Cover with a newspaper after sowing; If the temperature in the shed is high and the thermal insulation performance is good, the newspaper can be omitted.
2. Hair fungi
During the period from sowing to covering soil, the fungus sprouting period should be controlled at 20 ~ 25℃, and the relative humidity of air should be kept at about 70%. 65, 438+0 ~ 2 days after sowing, generally closed ventilation, mainly heat preservation and moisture preservation, mycelium began to germinate in about 3 days. At this time, ventilation should be strengthened to make hyphae grow into the material. When the mushroom shed is dry, it can spray water on the air, walls and walkways to increase the air humidity.
3. Treatment of covering materials
The ideal covering materials are generally paddy soil, pond sugar soil, wheat soil, bean soil, yellow soil, river soil and so on. , and generally do not use Laiyuan soil. Because of the high nitrogen content, it is easy to cause hyphae to grow white and mushrooms to be few, and it is easy to hide a large number of germs and eggs. The soil with the surface below 1.5cm should be exposed in the scorching sun, preferably granular, with small particles of 0.5-0.8cm and clods of1.5-2.0cm, then mixed with 1% lime powder, sprayed with formaldehyde and 0.05% dichlorvos, and stacked with plastic film.
Covering soil
15 days or so, the mycelium basically grows 2/3 of the whole material. At this time, the soil should be covered in time. It takes 3 days to spray water after covering the soil, so that the soil can fully absorb water, but water cannot penetrate into the material. When spraying water, be diligent, light and less. The thickness of the covering layer is 25 ~ 30 cm.
5. Mushroom management
Mushrooms began to grow about 20 days after being covered with soil, and the temperature was kept at 20 ~ 24℃ and the relative humidity of the air was 80% ~ 85%. During this period, it is generally impossible to spray water on the surface of the material, which makes it difficult for hyphae to penetrate into the soil layer. When the mycelium is dry, the mycelium is sparse, and the proper temperature and humidity are maintained. When the mycelium is full of material surface, heavy water should be sprayed to make the mycelium lodging. Is it also called spraying water at this time? Mushroom water? In order to stimulate the formation of fruiting bodies, stop water for 2 ~ 3 days and increase ventilation at the same time. When the hyphae are twisted into small white spots, water spraying is started to increase humidity. The air relative humidity should be kept at about 90%, and the temperature should be controlled at 12 ~ 18℃. With the increase of mushroom quantity and the development of mushroom body, the amount of water spraying should be increased, and ventilation should be strengthened when spraying water. It is forbidden to spray water at high temperature and before picking mushrooms.
When the mushrooms grow to the size of soybeans (4458, -23.00, -0.5 1%), the heavier mushrooms must be sprayed 1 ~ 2 times. Mushroom water? Once a day to promote the growth of young mushrooms. After that, the water was stopped for 2 days, and then the water spraying amount was gradually reduced with the growth of mushrooms until the mushroom tide peak was about to enter, and then the water spraying amount was gradually reduced with the harvest of mushrooms. It should be noted that when spraying water, you should be diligent, less but precise, spray less on cloudy days and don't spray in rainy days. In the fruiting stage, mushrooms should be picked every day, depending on the market demand, but umbrellas cannot be opened. When picking mushrooms, twist them gently and try not to bring out the culture material. Cut off the mud root at the base of mushroom stalk with harvest, so as not to affect the commodity value. Handle with care, bruises can easily change color. After each mushroom harvest, the material surface should be cleaned up, and the potholes after mushroom harvest should be filled with soil to keep the material surface flat and clean. After treatment, the second batch of mushrooms appeared in about 7 ~ 10 days after spraying 1% lime water again. Generally, 6 ~ 9 batches of mushrooms are harvested. After harvesting three batches of mushrooms, loosen the soil layer, make holes in the material to improve the air permeability, and spray fertilizer after harvesting until the new buds grow to the size of beans.
Five, plastic shed processing
Before the post-fermented materials enter the greenhouse, the greenhouse should be thoroughly disinfected and insecticidal. Water once to ventilate and disperse the dampness. When the ground is not sticky, spread the quicklime powder evenly on the ground, 0.25 kg per square meter, hoe it flat, and spray 1605 pesticide or dichlorvos. Three days before feeding, disinfect with formaldehyde per cubic meter 10 ml, and ventilate before feeding to ensure fresh air in the shed and facilitate operation.
Problems and countermeasures in the cultivation of intransitive verbs
1. post-sowing management
After sowing, if the mycelium grows poorly, the strain does not germinate, does not eat the material, and only grows on the material surface and shrinks, the reason should be found in time and remedial measures should be taken. When the material smells of ammonia, holes should be punched in the material to enhance ventilation. If the material is dry, you can spray water on the covered newspaper twice a day. If the material is too wet, ventilation should be strengthened. In case of high temperature, cooling measures should be taken. If it is because of the strain, it is necessary to change the strain in time and replay it.
2. The mycelium growth is not good after covering the soil.
After covering the soil for 3 ~ 5 days, the hyphae are gray, thin and weak. In severe cases, hyphae can not be seen on the surface of the material, or even black, which is caused by hyphae atrophy. The main reason is hypoxia, suffocation and contraction of mycelium after covering soil. Water spraying should be stopped immediately, ventilation should be strengthened, and the humidity of the culture medium should be reduced to facilitate the mycelium to resume crawling.
When the mulch is dry, the pH value is lower than 5 and the salt content is high, it is easy to cause abnormal growth of hyphae in the mulch and soil stagnation. When the hyphae grow on the soil surface for 2-3 days, they will grow in vain in the high temperature and high humidity environment, forming a dense, impermeable and airtight envelope. The measures to prevent hyphae from growing white are as follows: when hyphae just grow out of the covering layer, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation in time to dry the soil surface, promote the growth of hyphae from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and spray mushroom water in time to facilitate the formation of primordia. If the hyphae can't lodging due to enhanced ventilation, 0.5% lime water should be sprayed. If the soil surface is covered with bacteria, you can pick out the bacteria with a knife or bamboo pieces and discard them.
3. Rust spots
After the fruiting body is unearthed, if it is not ventilated in time after spraying water, the water on the mushroom surface will evaporate slowly because of the high air humidity, and rust spots will appear on the part where water droplets accumulate on the mushroom cover. Although spots will not grow into mushroom meat, the quality of mushrooms will be reduced.
4. Hollow mushrooms
At the fruiting stage, if the temperature is high, the fruiting body grows rapidly and the water supply is insufficient, white loose pulp will be produced on the stipe, and even the stipe will be hollow. Sometimes, because of the low temperature, the fruiting body grows slowly and stays too long, hollow mushrooms are formed on the bed surface. The water content of covering soil should be adjusted in time, and intermittent water spraying should be carried out appropriately. At the same time, pay attention to the adjustment of temperature.
Open the umbrella hard.
When the temperature changes greatly, the temperature difference between day and night is above 65438 00℃, the air humidity is low and there is too much ventilation, it is easy to open or crack the growing immature fruiting body. If the covering soil layer is too thin, it can also form a hard umbrella.
6.mushrooms
Many dense mass mushrooms have uneven fruiting bodies, which not only can not improve the yield, but also waste nutrition and make it inconvenient to pick mushrooms. The production of Pleurotus ostreatus is related to the characteristics of strains and sowing methods. General aging strains and hole sowing methods are easy to produce Pleurotus ostreatus. Mixed sowing method can be used, or the old seed blocks sown in holes can be dug out first, then covered with soil and filled with culture materials.
7. Control red-rooted mushrooms
In the high temperature stage before fruiting, red-rooted mushrooms are prone to problems such as too much water, too much acid or glucose in the culture medium, poor ventilation and so on. Keeping the moisture content of the covering soil between 22% and 25%, avoiding spraying water at high temperature, proper topdressing and spraying some lime water can prevent red-rooted mushrooms.