First of all, infantry rifles are standard. The two main rifles here are domestic rifles, namely Hanyang 1888 rifles (mainly for local warlords with poor economic conditions such as Sichuan Army and Guizhou Army) and Chinese official rifles (mainly for the Central Army, Jinsui Army, Gui Jun Army, Guangdong Army and other troops). In addition, some warlords are equipped with other rifles. For example, some German Mao Se 1924 rifles were officially installed in the elite troops of the Central Army, Belgian FN 1935 rifles were used in Yunnan, Japanese March 8th rifles and Liao 13 rifles produced by Northeast Arsenal were used in Northeast China, and some warlords used Italian carcano rifles (Guangdong Army) and. So the influence is limited. In the middle of the Anti-Japanese War, due to the assistance of the Soviet Union, China obtained a batch of Soviet Mosinnagan rifles, which were mainly distributed to the Central Army, the Hunan Army, the Guangdong Army and other troops in the front line, which were "taken care of" by the Chongqing government. In the later period of the war, the Indian troops stationed in India (the new 1 Army and the new 6 Army) and the Yunnan Expeditionary Force (not the first time! Mainly 7 1 Army, 8 th Army, 54 th Army and 5 th Army) are equipped with American M 1 Garland automatic rifles (I don't know if Springfield rifles are installed) and British Lee-Enfield rifles. Here, China's army is mainly the most classic Chinese official rifle (although it is not as popular as Hanyang's). Chinese official rifle is the result of copying German Mao Se 1924 in the Republic of China, with a caliber of 7.92mm, compared with the Japanese standard rifle 38 rifle with a caliber of 6.5mm, so the Chinese official rifle is more powerful than the 38 rifle, and its technology is simple, suitable for mass production in China, and its reliability is still good. There are still some shortcomings, such as range. Not as good as the 38 rifle, followed by the accuracy, and then the recoil. The Mao Se rifle officially copied is a western rifle, which is designed by the physique of western soldiers. Western soldiers are generally more burly and tall than Asian soldiers, which makes China soldiers exhausted due to malnutrition. Finally, the length is not as good as the length of the 38 bayonet, which will make China soldiers suffer in hand-to-hand combat. In short, the Chinese official and the March 8 style have their own advantages and disadvantages. As long as the March 8 style does not hit the key, it will not die. As long as the Chinese official hits it, it will be either dead or injured. Later, with the introduction of Garland automatic rifles, China's light weapons crushed Japan, mainly due to the superiority of China's army in having more automatic firearms.
Second, pistols. In terms of pistols, the officers and men of China's armory division are equipped with Mauser military pistols (commonly known as box guns), while the officers are equipped with Belgian Browning pistols (senior generals) and American M191(yes, this is the king of military pistols, which is generally given to the generals stationed in India). In contrast, Japan's southern 14-type pistol (Japanese soldiers don't need pistols, only generals have them) has extremely weak penetration, and even wooden boards may not be able to penetrate. China is also superior to Japan in pistol.
With regard to submachine guns, China used submachine guns for the first time in the Second Direct Voyage War. The model was German MP 18 "Bergman" submachine gun (commonly known as Flower Organ), which was the standard weapon of German "Storm Commando" at the end of World War I. Later, it was installed by various warlords, among which the Central Army and the Northeast Army were the most. During the Battle of Songhu, a large number of MP 18 submachine guns (mainly senior generals' guards and experienced veterans) were installed in the national army's armory, and these soldiers were often gathered to form a flower organ commando. In the later period, China introduced M3 submachine guns (that is, the grease gun) and Thomson submachine guns from the United States and the Stern submachine guns from the United Kingdom, which gradually covered Japan. However, Japan did not consider installing submachine guns because of its superstition of hand-to-hand combat and the concept that "shooting with rifles is better than shooting with submachine guns". It was not until the end of the war that a hundred submachine guns were beaten with submachine guns by the US military and the China army in the Pacific Ocean.
Machine guns are divided into light and heavy machine guns and light machine guns. The most light machine guns in China are Czech ZB26 light machine guns. In addition, before the Anti-Japanese War, China's army was also equipped with Swiss Kailali light machine guns (mainly appeared in the 19th Route Army in the "128 War of Resistance Against Shanghai"), Danish Madsen light machine guns and German MG 13 light machine guns (mainly tanks imported from Germany and carried on armored vehicles). French Hatchikas M 1922 (Yunnan Army, equipped by the Central Army, known as "logistics nightmare"), Finnish Laty M26 light machine gun, Belgian FN 1930 light machine gun (Yunnan Army). In the middle of the Anti-Japanese War, the Soviet Union aided a part of China's Djeggalev light machine gun (DP machine gun), and in the later period, China's army obtained the British Brenner light machine gun through the loan bill (in fact, the Brenner light machine gun was on the Carden Lloyd ultra-light tank that China bought from Britain before the war), the Canadian Rage light machine gun and the American M 19 18 light machine gun. In contrast, the most famous Japanese light machine gun is the Taisho Eleven light machine gun (crooked stick). Because of the unified organization, the logistics is much easier than that of China, but there are many shortcomings, such as poor reliability, frequent jamming failure, and the unique funnel-shaped ammunition supply method requires the shooter to be well trained, so once the shooter dies, other soldiers will not reload, which is likely to cause fire interruption. Therefore, in addition to logistics, China's light machine guns (mainly Czech-style) are superior to the crooked ones.
In terms of heavy machine guns, China has the most domestic 24-type heavy machine guns that imitate German MG08 heavy machine guns. Of course, there are still a considerable number of MG08 heavy machine guns in China. In addition, the "French Mechanic" Yunnan Army in Yunnan has the French Hutchison M 19 14 heavy machine guns (this equipment is coveted by the Central Army). In the late period of the Anti-Japanese War, the sharp weapon-American M2 heavy machine gun (commonly known as Laoganma) was obtained through the loan bill. The performance of Japanese Type 92 heavy machine guns is not bad, at least in terms of reliability, but the applicable environment is not as good as that of Type 24 heavy machine guns, and the firing rate is not as good as that of Type 24 heavy machine guns. In short, in terms of heavy machine guns, the two sides are even. If China has more Hutchison and Laoganma, it will be absolutely crushed.
Then there are auxiliary support weapons, such as anti-aircraft machine guns, cannons, mortars and grenade launchers. The first is anti-aircraft gun and cannon. The definition of cannon is generally a small rapid-fire gun of 20mm or more. At the same time, some cannons are high-altitude and dual-purpose, and the aircraft is leveled and armored. Anti-aircraft machine guns generally refer to large machine guns larger than heavy machine guns and smaller than 20mm caliber. At that time, China's army had very few anti-aircraft machine guns, and what I knew seemed to be only one model-French Hatcherkas M 1930 anti-aircraft machine gun (installed in Yunnan Army), and the quantity was small and ammunition supply was difficult. It seems to have appeared in the Battle of Yuwang Mountain, where the 60th Army bombed several Japanese armored vehicles and used it for air defense when repairing the Burma Road. I don't know about the Japanese anti-aircraft machine guns. However, in terms of cannon, there are still many guns in China. It is estimated that there were three or four hundred guns before the Anti-Japanese War. There are also various models, the most of which should be the Swiss Suluotong 20mm cannon and the Erikon 20mm cannon, followed by the Danish Madsen 20mm cannon, the Italian Brayda 20mm cannon, and the least one is the French Hatchkas 25mm cannon (the Yunnan Army has 4 guns). Among them, the Swiss Ericon cannon is the best and most popular. In contrast, the Japanese Type 97 cannon is inferior to the Ericon cannon in terms of ammunition supply, but the Japanese army has more equipment, and Ericon has no more than 100 guns in China, so its influence is limited.
In terms of mortar grenade launchers, to put it bluntly, grenade launchers are "ultra-light mortars". The advantage is that they are easy to carry and can be fired at any time. The disadvantage is that there is no aiming device and the accuracy is not as good as that of mortars. In terms of grenade launchers, China mainly seized the Japanese grenade launchers and copied them (foreigners don't need this equipment). In terms of mortars, there are four sources of mortars for China's army, one is captured on the battlefield (Japanese 89 mortars), the other is purchased abroad, the third is copied after being purchased abroad, and the fourth is produced by itself (it seems that only the Northeast Arsenal has made it). The mortars purchased abroad are mainly the 8 1mm mortars from Blond (Yunnan Army) in France and the GRW50mm mortars from Germany (Central Army), which were later obtained through the concession bill. Domestic imitation mortars are mainly three-in-one 60mm mortars (retired only in the 1980s), which are superior in performance to Japanese Taisho Ten Grenade launchers and 89 mortars. Domestic self-produced mortars are mainly 120mm heavy mortars produced by Northeast Arsenal. Finally, the Japanese army was not equipped with flamethrowers, rocket launchers and anti-tank rifles, while China obtained American flamethrowers and bazooka rocket launchers through the lease bill. The Japanese army has Type 92 infantry guns with excellent performance, and the China army has also seized more equipment.
In terms of artillery, artillery here is divided into anti-tank guns, mountain guns, howitzers and anti-aircraft guns. In terms of anti-tank guns, Germany tried to recommend their PAK37mm anti-tank guns to China before the Anti-Japanese War (that is, the guns that were later called "stepping stones" by the Germans), and China always bought more than 500 guns, mainly including the elite armorers of the Central Army. Although the firepower of 37mm artillery is weak in Europe, it can easily penetrate its armor in the face of Japanese thin-skinned tanks. In the medium-term Soviet aid, the Soviet 45mm anti-tank gun was obtained, and in the later period, the American M3 37mm anti-tank gun was obtained through the concession bill, which was installed as an American mechanic. Japanese anti-tank guns and (94 type 37mm anti-tank guns) China have the same strength, both of which are 37mm. However, there is a kind of anti-tank gun in China, which is the Austrian Bailu 37mm anti-tank gun (which can also be an infantry gun). It is lighter in weight and more powerful than PAK37 anti-tank gun, but unfortunately the number is not as much as PAK37. At that time, China's army only had 100 guns.
In terms of mountain artillery, China's army was equipped with the most guns at that time, which were Bofors M 1930 75mm mountain artillery (Central Army) in Sweden, followed by Jinzao 17 75mm mountain artillery (Jinsui Army, imitating Japanese 4 1 mountain artillery, increasing the range to 7km), and Liao Fourteen 75mm mountain artillery (. France's M 1897 75mm mountain gun (the famous Italian gun), France's Schneider 1928 light mountain gun (about 52 guns), France's Schneider M 19 19 75mm mountain gun (40 guns) and a small number of Schneider M of Yunnan Army. In contrast, the performance of Japanese 94-style mountain guns is far inferior to that of Bofors and Schneider, and they are integrated in the firing rate. The limit firing rate of Bofors M 1930 and French M 1897-style mountain guns has reached a terrible 30 rounds per minute (the firing rate of one shot every two seconds), which is far from that of 94-style (10 rounds per minute). The 94 mountain gun has a range of 8.3km, while Schneider's M 1897 is 8.7km, and Beaufort's M 1930 is 9. 1km. Therefore, China Mountain Gun is superior to Japan in quality, but a small quantity is also a serious injury. Later, Soviet 76mm mountain artillery and American M 1 75mm mountain artillery were obtained through Soviet aid and lease bill.
As for howitzers, before the Anti-Japanese War, China bought 48 heavy howitzers of sFH 18 150mm from Germany, which caused great trouble to the Japanese army during the Battle of Songhu. Although the German goods were good, there were still some problems. The key was that they were too heavy, and the roads and bridges in China could not bear it, making it inconvenient to move. Secondly, the range of Japanese Type 89 150mm heavy howitzers exceeds that of sFH 18, but fortunately, the number of Japanese Type 89 howitzers is less than that of sFH 18. In the later period, the American M 1 type 105mm howitzer was obtained through the Concession Act, which became the main heavy firepower of China's army in the later period. In addition, the Yunnan army had two French Schneider M 19 17 105mm howitzers, and later the United States provided China with their own imitation French Schneider M 19 18 155mm heavy howitzers. In addition, before the Anti-Japanese War, the Northeast Arsenal produced 240mm heavy artillery, but the monthly output was only 2 guns, which were all captured by the Japanese in the September 18th Incident.
In terms of anti-aircraft guns, China imported German 88mm anti-aircraft guns (it seems to be a fixed fortress anti-aircraft gun with limited functions) and Swedish Bofors 40mm anti-aircraft guns, and the quantity is not too much, but Bofors 40mm anti-aircraft guns have good performance and good record.
Then there are tanks and armored vehicles. The earliest tanks in China should be Renault FT- 17 tanks (the world's first rotating turret tank) purchased from France by Zhang Zuolin, Italian Fiat 3000 tanks, British NC27 light tanks and American M 19 17 light tanks. These tanks were also captured by the Japanese in the September 18th Incident. The Central Army also bought a batch of Fiat 3000 before the war, but the quantity is unknown. In addition, China's army was beaten too hard by Japanese armored vehicles in the Great Wall War of Resistance, so officers represented by Xu Tingyao (the father of China's armored forces, the old boss of the famous national soldiers Du Yuming and Guan Linzheng, and the commander of the 17 army in the Great Wall War of Resistance) advocated the development of China's armored forces, and the Nanjing government immediately began to buy tanks and armored vehicles from western countries, with the specific model of British Carden Lloyd ultralight tanks (53 vehicles). British Vexcor MKE/F light tanks (20 vehicles), Vexcor M 193 1 amphibious tanks (29 vehicles), Italian CV33 ultra-light tanks (94 vehicles), German 1 light tanks (17 vehicles) and 222 armored vehicles. German Hauser (22 1) armored vehicles (about 13), German 223 armored vehicles (4), French AMR35 tanks (Central Army 12, Yunnan Army 4). After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, these armored vehicles were also lost. After the Battle of Kunlun Pass, China bought 45 imitation Renault tanks from Poland to join the Fifth Army. The Soviet Union also helped China with 88 T-26 light tanks and 4 BT-5 fast tanks, as well as some armored vehicles (more than 30 vehicles). These equipment and those 45 Renault, 16 AMR35 tanks, more than 20 German armored vehicles and 94 CV33 supercars. At the end of the war, China obtained M3A 1 "Stuart" light tanks from the United States, M2A4 Stuart medium tanks, M3 armored personnel carriers and M4 Sherman medium tanks, and British "Global Vehicle" armored personnel carriers. In contrast, Japan's "Nine-Five" and "Eight-Nine" tanks are nominally "medium tanks". In fact, they are not even light tanks, and they cannot penetrate these American or Soviet-made tank armor at a distance of 500m, while the 37,45,76 76mm guns on these foreign aid tanks can easily penetrate the Japanese tank armor (the Japanese tank armor is as thin as China's heavy machine guns). So when American aid arrived in the later period, China surpassed the Japanese in armored force.
The end of the army, the air force, we are divided into fighter and bomber. First of all, we must make clear the ownership of air superiority in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. First, at the beginning of the all-round anti-Japanese war, that is, when the Battle of Songhu just broke out, the air superiority was in China's hands because the Japanese army's land navigation (Japan did not have an independent air force at that time) was not well prepared, and China Air Force fighters and airports were mostly concentrated in East China. At this time, China Air Force bombers bombed Japanese positions and ships continuously, causing great damage to the Japanese army. As the Japanese army landed, The air superiority began to enter a state of contention, and both sides won and lost. China was at a disadvantage because of its lack of planes and dependence on imports, but the air superiority did not completely fall into the hands of the Japanese army. With the assistance of the Soviet Union, the China Air Force recovered its vitality and began to gradually gain the upper hand until the Japanese Zero Fighter appeared, and the air battle in Bishan caused heavy losses to the China Air Force, and the Japanese army completely gained the air superiority. This phenomenon continued until 1944 when the Flying Tigers came to China. From this process, it can be seen that the quality, quantity and quality of pilots determine the ownership of air superiority. Before the start of the war, China Air Force claimed to have 600 planes, but only 373 of them could actually take off and fight, and the number was small, but the quality was not bad. The main fighter of China Air Force at that time was American Hawk -3 fighter (74), followed by American P-26 Toy Gun fighter (10) and Hawk -2 fighter (3 The V65C "Kerosene" reconnaissance plane (4 1 frame), the British "Fighter" fighter (40), the Italian Fiat CR32 fighter (6, the best biplane fighter), the Brayda Ba27 fighter (1 1 frame), and the French Vattin 5/kloc. The bombers are mainly American A 12 Shelley attack aircraft (20), Northrop 2EC light bomber (45), B- 18 Douglas medium bomber (58) and B- 10 Martin heavy bomber (6, bombing). During the same period, the performance of the Japanese 92 fighters and 96 fighters was not as good as that of these foreign aid goods, but they were superior to a large number. Before the war, the Japanese army had more than 2,700 planes, which was nearly eight times that of China. In the middle period, the Soviet Union aided Iraq-15(347 aircraft) and Iraq-16( 13 aircraft), and the Spur-3 bomber entered China, which successfully offset the threat of the Japanese 97 fighter, which was equal to the Japanese. With the termination of the Soviet Union's aid, it joined the Japanese Zero fighter (with good maneuverability but poor protection). It was not until the late United States aided P-38 Flying Snake, P-40 Tomahawk (standard for Flying Tigers), P-5 1 Mustang (one of the best fighters in World War II) and B-25 medium bomber that China regained its air superiority.
As for the navy, the total tonnage of China's navy before the Anti-Japanese War was 76,000 tons, while that of the Japanese army was more than 30 times that of China. The largest tonnage warship of China's navy was the "Huajia" seaplane carrier (8600 tons, with a full load of 10000 tons or more, which can carry seven planes), and the largest artillery warship was the "Haiqi" light cruiser (430). The most advanced warships are the "Ninghai" light cruiser purchased from Japan and the "Pinghai" light cruiser (2958 tons) copied from the "Ninghai". In addition, other powerful warships of the China Navy are: Zhenhai seaplane carrier (2908 tons, the earliest quasi-carrier in China) and two "Desheng" seaplane carriers (932 tons). Yixian (1500t), 2 Zhaohe class light cruisers (2,600t, Zhaohe and Yingrui), 3 Hairong class light cruisers (2,900t, Hairong, Haichou and Haichen), and the famous Zhongshan. Other warships are mostly gunboats, with small tonnage and unknown names (such as Xianning, Yongsui, Xingshi and Chutong). In addition, the Navy also has 15 torpedo boats purchased from Britain, Germany and Italy, which are woven into Yue Fei, Wen Tianxiang, Shi Kefa and Chu Tong. The navy was completely annihilated in the naval battles in Jiangyin and Humen, and it didn't recover until the end of the Anti-Japanese War. It wasn't until the Japanese compensated warships and the United States and Britain donated warships after the war that China's navy began to recover.