At the end of 19, Richthofen, a German geologist, named the "Silk Road" as "the traffic road in the western regions between China and Central Asia, Europe and India from BC14 to AD 127" in his book China, which was quickly accepted by the academic circles and the public.

The Silk Road is the official passage for Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty to open the western regions. The Northwest Silk Road runs from Chang 'an to the Mediterranean Sea through Central Asian countries, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria, and ends in Rome, with a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers. This road is considered to be the intersection of ancient eastern and western civilizations, connecting Asia and Europe;

There is the "Prairie Silk Road" (starting from Chang 'an, China, passing through Dunhuang, Urumqi and Central Asia, reaching Rome, with a total length of more than 5,000 kilometers) that goes north to the Mongolian Plateau and then west to the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain. );

There is a rugged "Southwest Silk Road" from An to Chengdu and then to India: the ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, Kang and Tibet-the ancient road leading to South Asia, Central Asia and European countries.

There is also a maritime trade "Maritime Silk Road" from coastal cities such as Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Hangzhou and Yangzhou, from Nanyang to the Arabian Sea, and even as far as the east coast of Africa.

The "Southwest Silk Road" consists of three trunk lines in China, with a total length of more than 6,000 kilometers. One is the rugged "Southwest Silk Road" from Xi 'an to Chengdu, and then to India: the Shaanxi Kangzang Tea Horse Road leading to South Asia, Central Asia and European countries. This is the main line of the Southwest Silk Road, starting from the south of Chengdu and passing through Yibin, Qujing, Kunming and Chuxiong. 3. The above two routes meet in Dali and go west, passing through Yangbi, Yongping, Baoshan and Tengchong. The section from Baoshan to Myanmar is called "Yongchang Road". Chang 'an and Chengdu are the starting points of the two Southwest Silk Roads respectively, and Tengchong is the last stop of the Southwest Silk Road in China. After the Yuan Dynasty unified Yunnan, 78 post stations were set up in various provinces, among them, from Zhongqing (now Kunming) to Dali, passing through Lufeng, Ludian, Wei Chu, Shaque, Peng Pu and Baishanshi. With the changes of the times, they are called ponds, shops, sentries, customs and post offices.

The Silk Road refers to the land passage opened by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty (202 -8 BC), starting from Chang 'an (Jin 'an), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia and West Asia, connecting Mediterranean countries (this road is also called the "Northwest Silk Road" to distinguish it from the other two traffic routes named "Silk Road" in the future). Because silk products have the greatest influence on the goods transported to the west, it is named.

Its basic trend was set in the Han Dynasty, including three routes: South Road, Middle Road and North Road. The Silk Road in a broad sense refers to the long-distance commercial, trade and cultural exchange routes that have been formed since ancient times and spread all over Eurasia, even including North Africa and East Africa. In addition to the above routes, it also includes the Grassland Silk Road, which was formed in the 5th century BC, the Maritime Silk Road, which played a great role in the late Ming Dynasty, and the Southern Silk Road, which appeared at the same time as the Northwest Silk Road and replaced the Northwest Silk Road as a communication channel on the road at the end of Yuan Dynasty. ?

The word "die Seidenstrasse" originated from China published by German geographer ferdinand von richthofen in 1877, sometimes referred to as the Silk Road for short. Although the Silk Road is the product of the economic and trade development promoted by countries along the route, many people think that Zhang Qian in China has opened a new era of Sino-foreign exchanges twice. And successfully opened the last bead curtain between East and West. Since then, this route has been stepped out of the "national highway", and ambassadors and businessmen from all countries have poured in along the road opened by Zhang Qian. From princes and nobles to beggars and prisoners, they all left footprints on this road. This east-west passage closely links the Central Plains and the Western Regions with Arabia and the Persian Gulf. After centuries of continuous efforts, the Silk Road extended westward to the Mediterranean Sea. Broadly speaking, the eastern section of the Silk Road reached South Korea and Japan, and the western section reached France and the Netherlands. Italy and Egypt can also be reached by sea, becoming the road of friendship for economic and cultural exchanges between Asia, Europe and Africa. Route The Silk Road can generally be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three routes: North, South and China. Eastern section: from Chang 'an to Yumenguan and Yangguan. The middle section (opened in Han Dynasty): from Yumenguan and Yangguan to Congling. Western section (opened in Han Dynasty): From Congling to the west via Central Asia, West Asia and Europe. The following are the names of important cities in various sections of the Silk Road (ancient place names in brackets). ?

In the route selection of the eastern section, we should consider the safety and convenience of crossing Liupan Mountain and the Yellow River. The third line starts from Chang 'an, joins Wuwei and Zhangye, and then goes along Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang. Northern Line: Jingchuan, Guyuan and Jingyuan have the shortest routes to Wuwei, but it is not easy to pass water along the way. South Line: From Fengxiang, Tianshui, Longxi, Linxia, Ledu, Xining to Zhangye, but the road is long. Midline: Jingchuan to Pingliang, Huining, Lanzhou to Wuwei, with moderate distance and supply. The route of the central region is mainly the western region, which changes with the change of oasis and desert. There are many forks and branches in the middle of the third line, especially the fourth town Anxi (established in 640). South Road (also called Yutian Road): It starts from Yangguan in the east, along the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Ruoqiang (Shanshan), Hotan (Yutian), shache and other places. Jing Congling. Yang Guan Ruoqiang (Shanshan) and Qi Munnia (Jingjue) are one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. Hotan (Yutian) Middle Road: It starts from Yumenguan, along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Lop Nur (Loulan), Turpan (Auto Market, Gaochang), Yanqi (Yuli), Kuqa (Kuqa), Aksu (Gu Mo) and Kashi (Shule) to Fergana Valley (Dawan). Yumenguan Loulan (merged from Shanshan and now belongs to Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang) Turpan (Gaochang): Gaochang Old Town, Yarhar Ancient Town, Baizixi Thousand-Buddha Cave Yanqi (Yuli) Kuche (Qiuci): Qizil Thousand-Buddha Cave, Kumutula Thousand-Buddha Cave Aksu (Gu Mo) Kashi (Shule) North Hami, and the waterway is rich in Hami melon Urumqi. From the jungle west to Europe, it is the western section of the Silk Road, and its north, south and middle lines are connected with the middle line respectively. The route from Caspian Sea to Constantinople was opened in the middle of Tang Dynasty. Northern line: along the Aral Sea, the Caspian Sea and the northern shore of the Black Sea, Itil passes through broken leaves, Virote, astrakhan and other places to Istanbul (Constantinople). Urumqi Almaty (Kazakhstan) dzhambul (Virote, now Kazakhstan) tokmak (Broken Leaf, now Kyrgyzstan) Salai (Russia) Istanbul, Sark (Constantinople, now Turkey) Central Line: Starting from Kashgar, it joins the southern line via Fergana Valley, Samarkand, Bukhara and Mashhad (Iran). Kashgar or Peshawar, Kashgar: Khala Horin Avenue Kabul Bamiyan: The famous Bamiyan Buddha was destroyed by the Taliban in 200 1 year. South Line: Starting from Pamirs, you can enter Pakistan and India from Kashmir, and you can also travel to Europe from Peshawar, Kabul, Mashhad, Baghdad and Damascus. Mashhad (Iran) Sabze Valh Hecatompylos (Fandou and Xie) may be located between Iranda Mugan and Shahrud today. ) Tehran Hamadan Kerman sahan Bakubai (Iraq) Baghdad Abu Hareb Fallujah: Follow the Euphrates River to Aleppo. Ramadi Alipo (Syrian Arab Republic), adana (Republic of Turkey), konya Antioch bursa, Constantinople (Istanbul), and the grassland Silk Road, which mainly connects the South Silk Road in South Asia and the Maritime Silk Road along the coastal roads.

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