Red wine culture articles 1 on the differences between Chinese and western wines
Open the picture of history, wine is like the shadow of human beings, and there will be wine wherever there are people. Therefore, in the endless years, the wine culture gradually took shape and became a heavy textbook full of historical charm, which was left for later generations to comment on.
No matter in China or in the west, there is a long and splendid wine culture. "If you don't love wine, wine star is absent. If you do not love wine, you should not have the place name Jiuquan. Heaven and earth love wine, and love wine is worthy of heaven. "Li Bai, a poet in the East, loves wine so enthusiastically; And inspired by wine, he created a large number of well-known poems, so later generations said: Li Bai has hundreds of poems about fighting wine, which shows Li Bai's love for wine. Similarly, there are celebrities in the west who have a soft spot for wine. For example, Pasteur, the father of western red wine, compared wine to the sunshine that gave life to all things, saying, "A day without wine is equivalent to no sunshine." He regarded wine as his lifelong passion and loved it until the end of his life. Li Bai and Pasteur, two people who also love wine, sprinkled the fire of their love for wine in the East and the West respectively, and thrived, giving birth to completely different and different wine cultures in the East and the West.
The birth of wine is a masterpiece of nature, and the history of wine is far longer than the history of human civilization. Around the 3rd century BC, the sea pioneers brought it to the Greek islands, and then passed it on to Gaul (modern France). At the same time, the Romans also learned the techniques of grape cultivation and wine brewing from Greece, and the Roman Empire's colonial expansion spread this technology to France, Spain, North Africa and the Rhine River basin in Germany. From15th century to16th century, this technology was introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and North Korea. /kloc-It was introduced to the United States in the middle of 0/9th century. Now, there are grape cultivation and wine brewing all over the world.
With the wine entering and merging with human civilization, a unique wine culture has been formed and widely spread. The emergence and development of this wine culture is closely related to human exploration of the outside world, the rise and development of religion, colonial expansion at home and abroad, political, economic and trade exchanges, and the spread of culture and art. When we try to understand wine culture, we must first understand the development of human civilization in religion, politics, economy and culture.
"Glowing Cup of Grape Wine" The poem written by the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Han, which is almost familiar to China people, is the crystallization of the integration of grape or wine, an exotic product, with China traditional culture. In China, the introduction of grape cultivation and wine brewing technology should be attributed to Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, Historical Records &; middot; Biography of Dawan records: "Putao is used as wine around Wan, and the rich hide wine to more than 10,000 stones, and those who stay for a long time are unbeaten for decades. Common people are addicted to alcohol, while horses are addicted to alfalfa. The Han envoy took it as a matter of fact, so the son of heaven began to plant alfalfa and pu Tao. " After the development of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, this technology developed well, and the wine culture gradually developed and reached a peak. However, at that time, only a few areas, such as Liangzhou, could cultivate grapes, and the traffic was not as developed as it is now. Wine could only be used as a precious drink among princes and grandchildren and some literati, but it was not widely promoted and did not become a public drink.
Therefore, the popularity of wine culture in ancient China has great limitations. The wine industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties didn't get more development until 1892, when Zhang Bishi established Changyu Winery and China wine industry began to be industrialized. However, most wineries were severely hit by the long-term internal and external wars, and gradually declined and closed down. After the founding of New China, the wine industry received the attention of the government, and then it slowly developed again and gradually became a popular drink. Therefore, the development of wine industry in China is full of twists and turns, and there is a cultural fault before it can form a strong local wine culture that is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
In a broad sense, wine culture includes grape cultivation management technology, wine brewing technology, legal system, wine customs and rituals, drinking utensils and wine-related paintings, poems and phrases created by literati, etc. In a narrow sense, wine culture only refers to the etiquette, customs and anecdotes of wine drinking. China's local wine culture has not been fully developed, and most of them stay in simple discussions and literati's drinking anecdotes, without developing wine customs and rituals similar to liquor, and without a code of conduct for China people to follow.
Compared with this, the wine culture in western countries is much more complete. In the continuous exploration of western countries, wine culture has been fully developed, which has greatly promoted the growth of wine culture in the East. For example, China people will be guided by western wine culture in drinking wine etiquette. Specific analysis: In China, wine is only promoted as a new kind of wine, and people buy wine out of curiosity and follow the trend. Lack of appreciation and discrimination of wine, lack of cultural support. In contrast, westerners drink more for the sake of drinking, pay more attention to the process of drinking, and pay attention to the taste and appreciation of the wine itself.
In western banquets, toasts are usually made between the end of the main course and the arrival of beets. When toasting, you should hold your glass high and stare at each other, and at least take a sip of wine as a sign of respect. How much wine you drink depends on your personal preferences and is relaxed. In addition, they have almost strict requirements in pouring wine, tasting wine and matching dishes. I think this difference between Chinese and western wine cultures can not be separated from the influence of diet structure. People in China pay attention to the combination of plant food and animal food, while most western countries, such as France, the United States and Britain, prefer animal food. Meat, eggs and milk account for a large proportion, which is high in fat and protein, while drinking wine is helpful for digestion, and proper quotation can prevent and reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. The unique diet structure in the west makes western countries more inclined to drink wine.
Then, let me introduce the differences between Chinese and western wines in detail.
1 Different kinds of wine
China's wine culture has a long history. Although the longest history is yellow rice wine, the most representative of Chinese wine is white wine. From a certain point of view, it can be said that China's wine culture is white wine culture. Because among many kinds of liquor in China, it has a long history and mature technology, and it is still the largest distilled liquor in the world. China is a big agricultural country, so food brewing is the most common.
Greece, known as the cradle of western civilization, is located in the Balkans, surrounded by the sea on three sides, with mountains and islands all over the territory, and the soil is relatively barren, belonging to a typical Mediterranean climate. It is not conducive to the growth of grain crops, and the yield of cereal crops is low, which can only be eaten, so it is difficult to have surplus for wine making. Grapes, which prefer sandy soil, are widely planted in Greece because of their drought tolerance and adaptability to Mediterranean climate, and wine meets the demand of westerners for alcohol. Therefore, from a certain point of view, it can be said that western wine culture is red wine culture.
2 Different drinking manners
There are great differences between Chinese and western wine cultures, so drinking etiquette is also different. After careful consideration, we can find such a rule that China people pay attention to people, who to drink with, and the atmosphere of drinking; The wine that westerners pay attention to depends on what kind of wine they drink, and what is important is to fully enjoy the delicious wine.
China's drinking etiquette shows respect for drinkers. Who is the host and who is the guest has a fixed seat and a fixed toast order. When toasting, you should start to respect the host. If the host is disrespectful, others are not qualified to respect it. If the order is out of order, you will be punished. The toast must start from the most distinguished guests, and the glass should be full when toasting, which also shows respect for the toasted person. The younger generation should take the initiative to toast their elders and subordinates to their superiors, and pay attention to doing it first. And drinking etiquette, such as drinking order and boxing, also came into being in order to make drinkers drink more heartily. Obviously, Chinese wine culture is deeply influenced by China's traditional ethical culture, and the respect for drinkers is placed in the most important position in the process of drinking.
The etiquette of drinking wine in the west reflects the respect for wine. When tasting wine, we should observe its color, smell its fragrance and taste it, and mobilize all kinds of senses to enjoy the wine. In the order of drinking, we should pay attention to drinking white wine first, then red wine, first light wine and then rich wine, and first young wine. According to the change of taste law, we can gradually and deeply enjoy the change of wine flavor. The choice of wine apparatus is also based on how to make the drinkers fully enjoy the wine. The tulip-shaped goblet that makes the aroma converge at the mouth of the cup, the decanter that makes the wine fully spread, and even the thermometer specially designed for drinking wine to master the temperature of the wine all reflect the respect of the westerners for wine. Their drinking etiquette and drinking culture are all formulated for better appreciation of delicious food.
3 different drinking purposes
In China, wine is often used as a tool. The meaning of the so-called drunkard is not wine, but also between mountains and rivers. The joy of mountains and rivers, the heart of the heart and the wine. People rely more on drinking to pursue things other than wine. Plum cooking wine is to demonstrate who is a hero, and the cup will not stop to drink, in order to and we'll drown away the woes of ten thousand generations!; The seven sages who sang wildly in the bamboo forest sought refuge by drinking. In the eyes of China people, wine is more regarded as a tool of communication, so there is a lack of scientific and systematic theoretical analysis and evaluation of wine itself in China's wine culture, and more attention is paid to the wonderful effect brought by drinking it.
In the west, the purpose of drinking is often very simple, drinking to appreciate wine and drinking to enjoy fine wine. Of course, in the west, wine also has a communicative function, but people are more interested in how to enjoy the taste of wine.
Comparing Chinese and western wine cultures, we can find that the difference between wine cultures is actually the difference of Chinese and western ways of thinking. China people's divergent thinking of freehand brushwork; Westerners, on the other hand, think in a straight line with meticulous sketches.
At present, the wine culture in China is still immature. This is mainly because the consumption of wine in China is restricted by many factors, such as China wine's lack of attention to the collocation with diet and low price and quality, which all affect the development of wine in China to some extent.
Fortunately, with the improvement of living standards in China, the proportion of enjoying information consumption is increasing, and China people's interest in wine is becoming more and more profound. Cultural concerns about western wines are also increasing. It is believed that with the popularity of wine in China, Chinese people's psychology and way of wine consumption will become more and more mature, and the dream of creating a wine culture with China characteristics will soon come true, not far away.
On wine culture (2)
I. History and Culture of Red Wine
Wine has a long history, which can be traced back to ancient times. Most historians believe that Persia may be the first country to brew wine in the world.
It is said that the method of wine brewing spread from Persia and Egypt to Greece, Rome and Gaul (that is, France). Then, the brewing technology and consumption habits of wine spread from Greece, Italy and France to European countries. Because Europeans believe in _ _ _ _ _ _ and Christ's bread and wine are called the flesh and blood of God, and wine is regarded as an indispensable drink and wine in life, so wine has developed in European countries. France, Italy and Spain have become the "lakes" of wine in the world today. European countries also consume the most wine per capita in the world today. The wine production in European countries accounts for more than 80% of the total wine production in the world. The origin of red wine culture is accompanied by different legends in different producing areas. This may be one of the roots of romantic culture in red wine. Different world civilizations are all in the wine culture, and fermentation breeds the world's largest popular wine culture. In the land of China, the earliest record can be found in the Han Dynasty, when Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, he brought back grapes and wine-making techniques. At that time, China began grape cultivation and wine-making.
However, due to historical reasons such as wars and dynasty changes, although grape cultivation and wine brewing had made great progress in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, the history of wine brewing in China was almost blank in the past two thousand years, until 1892, Zhang Bishi, a patriotic overseas Chinese, founded Changyu in Yantai. However, due to the war, the wine industry in China has not been developed. It was not until the founding of New China that China began to have a better environment for the development of grape cultivation and wine brewing, and the wine industry in China began to develop in a real sense.
In the past, almost all the wines in China were mainly made of grain, and the grain consumed in making wine was hard to count. Studies by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the World have found that one third of the food produced for human consumption in the world is lost or wasted. After analyzing the report, the Swedish Institute of Food and Biotechnology said that about1300 million metric tons of food in the world was wasted because of the inefficiency of the food supply chain.
The researchers said that under the general trend of rising global prices, reducing food losses in developing countries will have an immediate effect on people's lives, and in some poor countries, it can also maintain a sufficient level of food. According to the report, the research shows that the amount of food lost in industrialized countries and developing countries in a year is about the same, 6.7 million tons and 6.3 million tons respectively. The loss of food also means the decrease of farmers' income, and the price of food affects some poor farmers in developing countries. And too high. It can be said that the problem of food security, the food produced with alcohol, has attracted the attention of the country. As the saying goes, a catty of wine, three catties of grain. It has become the national policy of many countries to vigorously develop fruit wine products and reduce food pressure.
As early as 2008, when food prices fluctuated, the national grain department clearly issued: "Strictly control industrial grain and grain exports to ensure the supply of food rations and feed for residents". In the long run, China's food security situation is not optimistic, and the pace of building comprehensive grain production capacity is slow. However, the acceleration of urbanization, the decline of rural labor force, the reduction of cultivated land, the restriction of fresh water resources, the occurrence of natural disasters and the increase of food consumption demand make the food security situation more severe.
In China, it is always a major proposition to solve the problem of feeding more than one billion people, and national food security cannot rest easy. Only by changing the connotation of Chinese wine culture and advocating the concept of healthy drinking and drinking healthy wine can we fundamentally reverse the evil consequences of drinking too much and harming ourselves and others. Vigorously promoting the fruit wine industry is also a national policy to change the current grain situation in China and implement food security. The promotion of red wine culture is also of positive significance.
Second, the promotion of red wine culture
When it comes to drinking, women have the most say. Because women are the biggest victims of men's drinking. The promotion of red wine culture can make women guide more men to drink correctly and healthily from a healthy perspective. Red wine culture is called gentleman culture in the west. Because in the west, wine originated from the use and admiration of the nobility, from the need and spread of religious ceremonies. In red wine culture, the etiquette requirements are also very strict. If you drink red wine, you will make a joke if you don't know the etiquette in red wine culture. It is this connotation of etiquette that makes red wine a ceremonial wine for large-scale banquets and celebrations. In today's large-scale celebrations, red wine has become very popular as a ceremonial wine. The real wine culture, accepted by all classes, will completely reverse the traditional drinking concept in Chinese wine culture. China is a country of etiquette. It is precisely in China's drinking culture that there is a lack of inheritance and spread of etiquette. This has a lot to do with the popularity of drinking culture, but the etiquette only stays in occasions such as sacrifices and national ceremonies.
Drinking wine in western countries has a series of strict rules and complicated stress, which is not as simple as drinking Erguotou. The joy of wine is embodied in these "red tape", and a person's cultivation, interest, manners and communication skills are often unconsciously exposed in this process. Because, the details of each wine culture will affect the process and result of drinkers tasting the color and fragrance of red wine. The gap between China's red wine culture and the world's red wine culture has been hundreds of years, and this gap in many places comes from the details of etiquette, appreciation and taste in the red wine culture. We often see that people in China drink red wine, which is a mess, blushing loudly and making loud noises, which undoubtedly spoil the fun.
American researchers analyzed the data of more than 70,000 middle-aged men. In four years, 2 10 people were diagnosed with lung cancer. It is found that drinking beer, white wine or alcoholic beverages has nothing to do with the incidence of lung cancer, but with the increase of red wine consumed by these people, the risk of lung cancer gradually decreases, and the risk of lung cancer decreases by about 2% for each additional glass of wine. This should be good news for male smokers. Drinking a glass of red wine every day may reduce the risk of lung cancer by 60% (compared with those male smokers who don't drink red wine). High-quality red wine is rich in iron, which is very beneficial to women, and can play a role in enriching blood and make the face rosy.
At the same time, women's body fat content will increase greatly during pregnancy, and drinking some wine after delivery, in which antioxidants can prevent the oxidation and accumulation of fat, which is very helpful for the recovery of body. "Red wine can beautify and lose weight because tannins contained in red wine can inhibit bacterial reproduction and effectively help digestion. Vitamins C, E and carotene contained in red wine also have antioxidant function, which can prevent aging and maintain normal metabolism of the body, so that the body shape will not gradually become bloated and out of shape with the passage of time. To exert the slimming effect of red wine, it is best to drink it before going to bed. Red wine containing a small amount of alcohol can assist sleep, and can slowly raise the body temperature, so that the night with slow metabolism can also participate in fat burning and metabolism. Grape polyphenols in red wine can also relieve body pressure and effectively inhibit stress overeating.
The value brought by wine has two aspects. On the one hand, it is a unique aristocratic culture of wine, elegant and noble. The psychological implication in this respect is not lower than the simple nutritional value. Nutritional value, prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, antioxidation, beauty, prevention of cancer, etc. Generally speaking, wine is divided into red wine, white wine and pink wine according to color. From the nutritional point of view, red wine has many functions, white wine is sweet and tastes good, and pink wine is in the middle. Any wine should pay attention to the right amount, not too much, once, too much is harmful to health. In this sense, the promotion of red wine culture is the promotion of health concept.
III. "The Second Life of Mankind"
Wine, commonly known as semi-juice wine or blended wine in China, has not been strictly standardized before. With the standardization of wine standards, only when 100% grape juice is brewed can the produced wine be called wine. When we choose red wine, we must carefully read the various content labels on the labels. With the development of economy, ordinary people have the opportunity to taste real wine, but to drink real high-end wine, we also need to carefully identify the manufacturers and producing areas. At present, the wine market is mixed and the quality is uneven. Bulk wines imported from coastal areas are sold after being repackaged in China. In foreign countries, many inferior wines and low-end wines have entered China in large quantities.
The quality of wine will change during transportation, and it is difficult to ensure the pure quality requirements. Because wine has strict requirements on temperature, humidity, transportation and preservation environment. If there is a problem in one link, the quality of wine will be difficult to guarantee. The wines of Shanxi Europe and America International Wine Industry Co., Ltd. are all bottled wines from Chile, Australia, France, Portugal, South Africa and other countries of origin. In terms of quality, it can guarantee the quality of pure wine of origin. Strictly designed wine cellar ensures the storage technical requirements of constant temperature and humidity. There are 200,000 bottles of imported wine in original packaging in the cellar, and there are 1/3 high-end wines. Various imported brands range from 50 yuan/bottle to 1000 yuan/bottle, which can meet the needs of consumers from all walks of life. . China is a country with a population of1300 million, but the average consumption of red wine is very low. When all the red wine products are added up, the average annual consumption in China is less than one bottle. In foreign countries, the per capita consumption of red wine is 8 bottles per person per year.
Increasing the consumption of red wine can resist the danger of various diseases. In this sense, the popularization of red wine and the popularization of red wine culture have an irreplaceable positive effect on the great article on national health. The popularity of red wine culture can improve people's quality, especially the requirements of red wine etiquette culture and gentleman culture, and make consumers physically and mentally healthy. The history of human understanding of wine is as long as human history. Some ethnic groups with ancient culture once believed that grape cultivation and wine were given by God, so they compared "drinking proper amount of wine" to "the second life of mankind".
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