Mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern et Coss.] belongs to the Cruciferae (Cruciferae) Brassica species of mustard, which is a double diploid composite species formed after natural hybridization between the A genome (black mustard Brassica nigra L.) and the B genome (Brassica rapa L., and also some people think that Brassica campestris) natural hybridization of the double diploid complex species, containing A, B two sets of chromosome groups, chromosome base x = 10 (A chromosome group of base) + 8 (B chromosome group of base) = 18. 2n = 2x = 36.
There have been a number of studies on the classification of mustard reported that, due to the limitations of the local conditions at the time, the views of the different conclusions reached The conclusions reached are varied. The most recent classification study was reported by Yang Yigeng and Chen Zailin (1989), which was the result of their comprehensive collection and observation of the existing mustard germplasm resources in China on the basis of systematic summarization of the previous studies, and it is also one of the most comprehensive classifications that includes the most comprehensive types of variation of mustard, and it has been recognized and accepted by the Chinese counterparts. The previous classification has been described in detail in Chinese Mustard Vegetables (1996) edited by Liu Peiying, so I will not repeat it here, but the classification results of Yang Yigong and Chen Zailin are introduced as follows.
In this classification system, mustard is divided into 16 varieties.
(I) Big Head Mustard
The plant height is 30～70 cm. the leaves are light green, green, dark green or sauce red; long elliptic or big head pinnately lobed or y lobed, the leaf length is 30～45 cm, the width is 15～20 cm, the petiole length is 6～15 cm, the width is about 0.8～1.0 cm, and the thickness is about 0.9 cm; the leaf surface is smooth, without prickly hairs, with little wax powder, and the margin of the leaf is finely serrated. Fleshy root round ball, cylindrical, conical; length about 15cm, transverse diameter about 5~10cm, into the soil 1/2~1/3, epidermis below ground white, above ground light green, surface smooth, flesh white, single root fresh weight 0.45~0.60kg (Figure 9-8).
Figure 9-8 Large head mustard
(II) Stem tumor mustard
The plant height is 40-70cm, the degree of development is 50-70cm. the leaf color is light green, green, dark green, or soy sauce red; the leaf is elliptic or long elliptic or obovate, the length is about 50-70cm, the width is about 25-30cm, the edge of the leaf is shallowly lobed, finely serrated, or the big head is pinnatipartite, the segments are 2-4 pairs, the surface of the leaf is slightly wrinkled, the hairs are sparse or without stinging hairs, the surface of the leaf is smooth, and the surface of the root is smooth. The prickly hairs are sparse or without prickly hairs, little or no wax powder. The tuberous stems are fusiform or subglobose or compressed globose or ramshorn, 10-16 cm long, 10-15 cm in transverse diameter, light green or green in skin color, and the individual fresh weight of the fleshy stems is 0.5-0.7 kg (Figure 9-9).
Figure 9-9 Stem tumor mustard
(C) Shoot mustard
The plant height is 50～70cm, the degree of development is 60～70cm. the leaves are green or light green, elliptic or long elliptic or obovate, the leaf length is 50～60cm, the width is 25～30cm; the margin of the leaf is shallowly lobed or jagged, the leaf surface is slightly wrinkled or medium wrinkled, the back of the leaf has prickly hairs, no wax powder; the petiole length is 4.0～4.5cm, the width is 5.5cm, the petiole length is 4.0～4.5cm, the width is 5.0kg, the width is 5.0kg. 4.5cm long, 5.6-6.0cm wide, 0.8-1.1cm thick, arcuate in cross-section; no prickly hairs or sparse prickly hairs on the leaves, rarely covered with wax powder. The stems are plump and fleshy, with no obvious projections on the stems, light green skin color, no prickly hairs or few prickly hairs, no wax powder or less wax powdered, with a stem length of 25-40cm, diameter of 6-10cm, resembling lettuce, and a single stem fresh weight of 0.5-1.5kg (Figs. 9-10).
Figure 9-10 Shoot Mustard
(D) Embracing Mustard
The plant height is 50-70cm, and the development degree is 60-80cm. the leaves are light green or green, elliptic or ovate-orbicular, 30-50cm in length, 30cm in width, the leaf surface is slightly wrinkled or smooth, with many prickly hairs or without prickly hairs, without wax powder, and the edge of the leaf is finely serrated or wavy; the petiole is 0.5-5.0cm in length, 6-7cm in width, and 1.3cm in thickness, with a thickness of 1.3cm, and a width of 1.3cm. ～The fleshy side shoots are flattened angular, oblong or conical, 20-30 per plant, with fresh weight of 1.0-2.0kg, the largest side shoots are 15-18cm long, 4-7cm wide, and 3-4.5cm thick, and the fleshy stems are conical or clavate, with a longitudinal length of 20-25cm, a transverse diameter of 9.0-15cm, and a fresh weight of 0.6-1.0kg, and the whole plant has a fresh weight of 2-2.0kg, and the whole plant has a fresh weight of 2-2.0kg, and the whole plant has a fresh weight of 2-2.0kg. The fresh weight of the whole plant is 2～2.5kg (Figure 9-11).
Figure 9-11 Mustard
(E) Mustard
The plant height is 55-80cm, the development degree is 60-70cm, the leaf blade is elliptic, long elliptic, or obovate, 55-80cm long, 22-30cm wide; green or dark green, the leaf surface is smooth, without prickly hairs, no wax powder, the edge of the leaf is finely serrated. Petiole length 2～6cm, width 3.3～4.9cm, thickness about 1.0cm, transverse section is curved. Leaf blade length-to-width ratio is about 2.5:1, petiole length is less than 1/10 of the leaf length, and the width of the midrib is less than or equal to the width of the petiole. The single plant weighs 1.2 to 1.4 kg (Figs. 9-12).
Figure 9-12 Large-leaf mustard
(F) Small-leaf mustard
The plant height is 60～75cm, the degree of development is 55～60cm. the leaf blade is elliptic, long elliptic, or obovate-orbicular, the length is 50～74cm, the width is 20～27cm, the color of the leaf is light green or green, the leaf surface is wrinkled in the middle, there is no prickly hairs, and it is covered by the wax powder, the upper part of the leaf blade is entire, and the lower part of the leaf blade is pinnately divided, and the lobes are small and dense; Petiole length 18~34cm, width 2.2~3.0cm, transverse section is semicircular, leaf blade length and width ratio of about 1.8:1, petiole length is close to 4/10 of the leaf length, the width of the midrib is smaller than the width of the petiole. The single plant weighs about 1.5 kg (Figs. 9-13).
Figure 9-13 Small-leaved mustard
(7) White-flowered mustard
The plant height is 65-70cm, the degree of development is 85-90cm. the leaves are light green, long elliptic, 74-81cm long, 25-29cm wide, the leaf margin is undulate, the leaf surface is moderately wrinkled, and there are no prickly hairs on both surfaces; the petiole is 27-33cm long, 2.6-3.7cm wide, and 1.1-1.4cm thick, the cross-section of the petiole is about 1.5kg. 1.4cm, semicircular in cross-section, without prickly hairs on the petiole, covered with wax powder; leaf blade length-to-width ratio of about 1.8:1, petiole length close to 4/10 of the length of the leaf, width of the midrib is smaller than the width of the petiole. White flowers, petiole length 1.8-2.2cm, sepals 0.8cm, corolla opening diameter 2.1-2.2cm, spreading part 0.8-0.9cm long, 0.7cm wide. angular fruit bearing density of 1.1/cm, petiole length 1.7-2.0cm, fruit body 3.5-4.3cm, beak 0.7-0.8cm. ～Flowering period is from March to April, and fruit ripening period is from April to May. The weight of a single plant is 1.8 to 2.0 kg (Figure 9-14).
Figure 9-14 White-flowering Mustard
(H) Flowering Mustard
The height of the plant is 30-58cm, and the degree of development is 34-80cm. The leaf blade is elliptic or long elliptic, 74-81cm long, 25-29cm wide; green or dark green, with the margins of the leaves y divided into thin filaments or wholly divided into multiple overlapping thin pinnules. Petiole length 7～9cm, width 1.1～2.3cm, thickness 1.1～1.3cm, cross section nearly round. Leaf blade aspect ratio is about 2.5:1, petiole length is about 2/10 of the leaf length, and the width of the midrib is smaller than the width of the petiole. The fresh weight of a single plant is about 0.8 kg (Figs. 9-15).
Figure 9-15 Flowering Leaf Mustard
(IX) Long-stalked Mustard
The plant height is 44~53cm, and the development degree is 50~70cm. the leaves are green or light green, and the leaf blade is broadly ovoid or fan-shaped, the length of the leaf is 42~50cm, and the width is 18~26cm; the leaf margin is serrulated, parted y or completely, and much folded, and the surface of the leaf is slightly wrinkled, and the two surfaces are glabrous, and the two sides are slightly rolled inward, the palmate reticulate veins, the midrib width is smaller than the petiole width, the midrib width is smaller than the petiole width. palmate reticulate veins, midrib fission into 3-5 branches, branches bearing broad ovoid or rounded fan-shaped lobes, pseudocomplex; petiole 26-29cm long, 1.8-3.0cm wide, 0.5-0.8cm thick, semicircular in cross-section, stipe long and free of prickly hairs, covered with wax powder. Leaf blade length and width ratio is about 0.8:1, petiole length is about 6/10 of leaf length. The fresh weight of single plant is 0.7-1.0kg (Figure 9-16).
Figure 9-16 Mustard with a long stem
(J) Cocklebur Mustard
The plant height is 63～68cm, the development degree is 84～89cm. the leaf is lanceolate or broad lanceolate, 76～85cm long, 12～14cm wide; the leaf is dark green, the leaf surface is slightly wrinkled, without prickly hairs, no wax powder, the leaf margin is entire or y lobed; the petiole is 8～10cm long, 3.2～4.1cm wide, the cross-section is nearly round. The petiole is 8-10cm long, 3.2-4.1cm wide, and nearly round in cross section. Leaf blade length and width ratio is about 6:1, petiole length is about 1/10 of the leaf length, the width of the center rib is smaller than the width of the petiole. The fresh weight of single plant is 1.3~1.5kg (Figure 9-17).
Figure 9-17 Crested mustard
(XI) Leaf tumor mustard
The plant height is 40-60cm, the spread degree is 55-70cm. the leaf blade is elliptic or long elliptic, the length is 44-69cm, the width is 27-35cm; the leaf is green or dark green, the leaf surface is medium wrinkled or multi-wrinkled, there is no prickly hairs or the prickly hairs are sparse, there is no wax powder, the leaf margin is finely serrate in the upper part, and the lower part is pinnately lobed or y divided or twice pinnately y lobed. The leaf margin is finely serrated, the lower part pinnately lobed or y lobed or bipinnately lobed or lobed; the petiole is 5-8cm long, 3.5-5cm wide, and the midrib is 5.5-9.0cm wide; the petiole or the midrib is adaxially bearing an ovate or nipple-shaped raised sarcoma, which has a longitudinal length of 4-6cm, and a transverse diameter of 4-5cm. the single plant has a fresh weight of 1.2-1.5kg (Figs. 9-18).
Figure 9-18 Leafy Mustard
(XII) Wide-stalked Mustard
The plant height is 50~70cm, and the development degree is 60~100cm. the leaf blade is elliptic, ovate-orbicular, or obovate, 52~68cm in length, and 30~43cm in width; the leaf color is green, dark green, or yellowish-green, and the surface of the leaf is wrinkled in the middle, or wrinkled, with no prickly hairs, or prickly hairs sparse, and is covered with wax powder, and the edge of the leaf is finely serrate, shallowly divided, or y divided; the petiole is 3.5kg long. or y lobed; petiole length 3.2～5.5cm, width 4.6～6.5cm, cross-section flat arc. The width of the midrib is 13.5-17.0cm, and the ratio of the width of the leaf blade is about 1.5:1, the length of the petiole is less than 1/10 of the length of the leaf, and the ratio of the width of the midrib to the width of the leaf is about 2.5:1. The fresh weight of a single plant is 1.2-2.0kg (Figure 9-19).
Figure 9-19 Wide-stalked mustard
(XIII) Curly mustard
The plant height is 36-50cm, and the degree of development is 55-70cm. the leaves are green, light green, or purple, and the leaf blade is elliptic or broadly ovate-orbicular, 45-60cm in length, and 30-38cm in width; the margin of the leaf is serrated or lobed, and the surface of the leaf is wrinkled in the middle or much wrinkled, and there is a sparse tongue of thorns on both surfaces, and they are covered with wax powder; the midribs are especially The midrib is especially developed, and its width is 2.5-2.8 times the width of the petiole; the petiole is 3-6cm long, 5-8cm wide, 1.2-14cm thick, and flat-arc in cross section, with sparse prickly hairs on the petiole, and is covered with wax powder. The petiole and the center rib are embraced, and the heart leaf is exposed, showing a rolled heart state. The fresh weight of single plant is 1.0～1.2kg (Figure 9-20).
Figure 9-20 Curly mustard
(XIV) Knotty mustard
The height of the plant is 30-35cm, and the degree of development is 35-50cm. the leaf blade is broadly ovate, 34-55cm long, 30-52cm wide, with the leaf margins being entire or finely serrated, and the surface of the leaf is slightly wrinkled and free of wax pollen and prickly hairs; the petiole is 5-7cm long and 5-7cm wide, and is flat and arcuate in cross-section, with a wide midrib, 12-15cm wide, for the petiole, and a wide middle rib, 12-15cm wide. The width of the midrib is 12-15cm, more than 9 times the width of the petiole. The heart leaves are folded into a ball, the leaf ball is 14-20cm high, the transverse diameter is 16-19cm. the fresh weight of a single ball is 0.7-1.0kg or so (Figure 9-21).
Figure 9-21 Knotty mustard
(15) Tiller mustard
The plant height is 30~35cm, and the development degree is 53~58cm. there are many leaf blades, with various leaf shapes, mainly lanceolate, oblanceolate or obovate, and the color of the leaves is light green, green, or dark green; the leaf surface is smooth, without prickly hairs, and is covered with wax powder, and the edge of the leaf is irregularly serrated or shallowly, moderately, or y lobed; the blade is 30~40cm long, about 5.0cm wide, and the width is about 5.0cm, and the leaf is about 5.0kg. 40cm long, 5.0-9.0cm wide, petiole 2-4cm long, 1.0-1.3cm wide, 0.6cm thick, cross-section nearly round. Leaf blade length-to-width ratio is about 3:1, petiole length is about 1/10 of leaf length. The lateral buds on the shortened stem of a single plant sprout 15～30 branches during the nutritive growth period and form large leaf clusters. The fresh weight of a single plant is 1.0 to 2.0 kg (Figure 9-22).
Figure 9-22 Tiller Mustard
(XVI) Carex Mustard
The plant height is 45～50cm, spreading degree is 60～70cm. the leaves are oblanceolate, lanceolate, or obovate, the leaf length is 36～60cm, the width is 4～27cm; green or dark green, the leaf surface is smooth, without prickly hairs, without wax powder, the leaf margin is unequally serrate; the leaf petiole length is 0.5～4.0cm. The petiole is 0.5～4.0cm long, 1.0～4.0cm wide, nearly round or oblate in cross section, and the length-to-width ratio of the leaf blade is about 2～8:1. Carex mustards are divided into two types: the single Carex type with fast growth of terminal buds and underdeveloped lateral shoots, and the multi-Carex type with fast growth of terminal buds and lateral buds, and well-developed lateral shoots. Single plant branches 1 ~ 9. Single plant fresh weight 0.8 ~ 1.0kg (Figure 9-23).
Figure 9-23 Carex Mustard