Origin and distribution of species
There are about 6 species of kiwifruit native to China, the most important of which is Actinidia chinensis. And delicious kiwifruit (see kiwifruit germplasm resources). In a poem by Cen Can, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, there is a phrase "There is a kiwifruit on the atrium well", which shows that kiwifruit was cultivated in the courtyard at least 1200 years ago. Later, the characters and uses of kiwifruit were described in more detail in ancient books. In the past 100 years, kiwifruit was introduced to Britain, the United States, New Zealand and France, and was successfully introduced to Belgium, India, Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan. Among them, New Zealand produces the most kiwifruit, ranking first in the world.
China is rich in kiwifruit resources, which are distributed in more than 20 provinces (autonomous regions), among which Funiu Mountain in Henan, Qinba Mountain in Shaanxi and western Hunan are the most abundant. There are also many places in western Jiangxi, western Hubei, northwestern Guangxi, western Fujian and western Anhui. However, the development and utilization of kiwifruit is not long, and large-scale artificial cultivation has begun.
Features and characteristics
There are different varieties of kiwifruit in China, but their morphological characteristics and fruiting habits have the same characteristics.
morphological character
Kiwifruit grows by winding its stem around other objects. The new shoots are yellowish green, brownish green or brown with dense villi; 2-year-old branches are purplish brown with sparse hair; Flowers grayish brown or dark brown, glabrous or less hairy. The bud is an axillary bud, which is inserted at the base of the swollen petiole. Each bud has 1 ~ 3 buds, the larger one is the main bud, and the smaller ones on both sides are the auxiliary buds. Simple leaves, alternate, with long stalks; Leaf margin has fine serrations and pinnate reticulate veins. Dioecious, unisexual, but there are also monoecious and heterozygous plants; Single flower axillary or multi-flower cluster generates cymes, with 1 ~ 3 flowers and 4 ~ 6 rare flowers; Sepals 5, petals 5, white. Most stamens have T-shaped anthers with normal pollen development, while female flowers have short filaments and sterile sacs. The pistil ovary is developed, and the style base is connected radially. Fruit is a berry. Hairless or hairy, subglobose, long cylindrical or oval (see figure).
Growth and fruiting habits
The root of Actinidia chinensis is fleshy, the main root is underdeveloped, and the lateral roots and fine roots are numerous and dense. When the seedlings grow to 2 ~ 3 leaves, the main roots stop growing, the lateral roots develop rapidly, and then the main roots are formed, and the main roots are mostly distributed horizontally. The hillside is overgrown with weeds, and the roots are mostly distributed in the soil layer above 1 m, but concentrated in the depth of about 40 cm, and can grow in the crevices of rocks.
The new bud will die at the top in the late growth stage, which is called self-withering. Its terminal bud is actually developed from nearby axillary buds and belongs to "pseudo terminal bud". Axillary buds can be leaf buds or mixed buds. Generally, they do not germinate in the same year, but germinate in the next spring after overwintering. The buds at seedling stage and on long branches are leaf buds, and only long leaves grow on the branches. In the full fruit stage, most of them are mixed buds, long branches and leaves, flowering and bearing fruit. The axils of the flowering and fruiting parts do not regenerate buds and become blind nodes. The annual growth of new shoots can be divided into three stages, the early stage is slow, the middle stage is rapid, and the late stage is slow or even stops growing. The annual growth can reach 3 ~ 5 meters, and the maximum is more than 8 meters.
New shoots can be divided into developing branches, trailing branches and fruiting branches, which are all called 1 annual branches after defoliation in autumn. Any 1 annual branch that can produce fruiting branches is generally called fruiting mother branch (or flowering mother branch). Well-developed developmental branches and fruiting branches can become fruiting mother branches in the same year. Results 3 ~ 7 nodes of the base of the mother branch produced fruiting branches, and the fruiting branches blossomed and bore fruit at 2 ~ 3 nodes of the base, generally bearing 2 ~ 5 fruits. The flowering mother branches of male plants have strong ability to draw flower branches and have many flowers.
Generally, seedlings begin to bear fruit in 3 ~ 4 years, and enter the full fruit stage in 6 ~ 7 years. The average plant yield is10 ~15kg, and the plant height can reach100 ~150kg. Grafted trees generally begin to bear fruit in 2 ~ 3 years.
phenophase
In Xixia, Henan Province, it germinates in the middle and late March, spreads its leaves from late March to early April, blooms in early May and matures in late September.1defoliation in the middle and late October 165438+.
Requirements for environmental conditions
Kiwifruit in China likes warm and humid environment with abundant sunshine, fertile soil and good drainage. Fear of late frost and strong wind in germination stage, drought and flood in growth stage and frost in maturity stage.
In China distribution area, its vertical distribution height is about 80 ~ 2 100 meters. Due to different regions, the vertical distribution is also different. Hunan Province is mainly distributed between 800 ~ 1000 meters. Henan province is between 350 ~ 1200m. Fruits distributed in high altitude areas ripen later and are more resistant to storage.
It can grow in areas where the annual average temperature is above 10℃. Suitable areas are annual average temperature11.3 ~17.9℃, extreme maximum temperature 35.4 ~ 40.9℃, extreme minimum temperature 2.6 ~-20℃, frost-free period 2 14 ~ 335 days and sunshine hours/kloc. The temperature in the germination period is above 8℃, and the growth below 8℃ is affected, especially when frost appears in the germination period, freezing injury will occur. Good results can be achieved by burying soil to prevent cold in areas with low temperature and freezing injury.
It is suitable for the environment with annual precipitation of 742 ~ 1865 mm and air relative humidity of 74 ~ 86%, and can grow normally when the relative humidity is 64%. Kiwi is not drought-tolerant. When the soil moisture content is 5 ~ 6%, the leaves begin to wither. But it is also not waterlogged. Long-term waterlogging will cause plants to wither and die.
It has strong adaptability to soil, and can grow in alluvial soil, yellow soil, yellow brown soil, brown soil, red soil, taupe forest soil, black sandy soil and yellow sandy soil, especially in humus soil and alluvial soil with deep, fertile and loose soil layers, avoiding clay, waterlogging soil and barren soil. The soil with pH value of 4.9 ~ 6.7 grows well, and can also grow in slightly alkaline soil, but it grows poorly in alkaline soil.
It likes light. Mature trees can only bear a large number of fruits when they climb high to receive light. However, under strong light, it is easy to burn leaves and fruits. Seedlings like shade, afraid of direct sunlight, and will die if they are not careful.
The wind has certain influence on the growth of kiwifruit in China. The dry wind in spring often dries up the branches; In summer, dry and hot winds often scorch the leaves and wither them; Strong winds often break buds, leaves and fruits. Therefore, windbreaks should be built in windy areas to build gardens.
Main varieties and strains
There are about 100 species and varieties of kiwifruit, most of which are native to China. The main varieties and strains are: ① High dimension. The fruit is nearly short cylindrical, yellow-brown, and the peel is hairless, accounting for half of the fruit weight of 70 ~105g. The content of vitamin C is 305 ~ 365438 06 mg, the soluble solids are 65438 00%, and the total acid is 65438 0.4%. The average yield of 3-year-old grafted trees is 6.3 kg, and the highest yield is 18.5 kg. In Funiu Mountain area of Henan Province, the fruit ripens in early and middle September. It is an excellent processing strain for making fruit juice, jam and canned sugar water. ②9-23。 The fruit is cone-shaped, with brown peel, short and densely pilose, uniform in size, with an average weight of 58 grams and a maximum weight of 74 grams. It contains C252 of vitamin C, 18.5% of soluble solids and 1.3% of total acids. The pulp is tender, smooth and juicy, sweet and suitable for fresh eating and processing. The fruit of 5438 ripened in mid-June+10 in Guiyang, Guizhou. ③79-2。 The fruit is long and cylindrical, with yellow-brown skin, inconspicuous fuzz and beautiful appearance. Average fruit weight 123g and maximum fruit weight 175g. Vitamin c content 120 ~ 159 mg, total sugar 7.8%, total acid 1.48%. The flesh is light yellow, delicate and juicy, and the flavor is excellent. The content of vitamin C remains unchanged for four months in cold storage, and the shelf life is 10 ~ 14 days, so it is an excellent fresh food species. In Lushan Mountain, Jiangxi Province, the fruit ripens from late September of 10 to early October of 10. ④79-3。 The fruit is oval, with yellow-brown peel, easy to fall off, and uniform in size. The average fruit weight is 1 10g, and the maximum fruit weight is 138g. Vitamin C content is 103 mg, soluble solids content is 14.5%, and citric acid content is 1.65%. The flesh is light yellow or golden yellow, juicy, moderately sweet and sour, and has a strong aroma. It is a kind of fresh food. After harvesting, it can be stored at room temperature for about 30 days and refrigerated for 4 months. In Fengxin, Jiangxi Province, the fruit ripens in late September. ⑤ Wuzhi -3. The fruit is nearly oval with dark green-brown skin and no hair. Average fruit weight 1 18g, maximum fruit weight 156g. Vitamin c content is 220 ~ 260mg, soluble solids 12 ~ 15.5%, citric acid 1.29%. The flesh is light green, the juice is fine, sweet and sour, and the aroma is rich. It is a strain used for both fresh food and processing. The yield of three-year-old grafted trees is 17.5 kg. In Wuhan, Hubei, the fruit ripens in the middle and late September. 6. Xia Ya 5. The fruit is nearly oval with little fuzz, with an average weight of 93g and a maximum weight of 128g. The content of vitamin C is 205 mg, the soluble solids are 65438 0.03%, and the total acid is 65438 0.55%. It is a kind of fresh food with moderate sweet and sour taste and aroma. All landowners Beichuan 30 18. The fruit is cylindrical with a small amount of fluff in the peel, with an average weight of 83 grams and a maximum weight of 93 grams. The flesh is yellow-green, sweet and sour, and fragrant. Vitamin C content is 260mg, soluble solids 14. 1%, and total acids 1.67%. Suitable for fresh food and processing. Fruits in Beichuan County, Sichuan Province ripen in September.
Since 1970s, five female varieties Hayward, Bruno, Monty, Albert and allison, and two male varieties Matua and Taomuli, which were cultivated in New Zealand, have been the best varieties in the world. In particular, Hayward is the most cultured, and China has also introduced him. 1) Hayward (Hayward). Also known as the giant. The fruit is large, oval in shape, with dark green or light green skin, beautiful capillaries, sweet taste, high quality and storability. But the fruit is late, the yield is low and the after-ripening period is long. In Sichuan, the fruit of 165438+ ripened in early October. ② Matua. It blooms two years after planting, with a large amount of flowers and a long flowering period, and is suitable for pollinating various female varieties. This tree is not strong. ③ Tomori. It blooms late and opens at the same time as Hayward. Mainly used as Hayward's pollination tree.
Key points of cultivation techniques
type
Methods include sowing, grafting, cutting, layering, and root burying. Grafting and cutting are the most commonly used methods in production. Rootstocks for grafting are seedlings propagated by seeds. Before sowing, the seeds should be stored in low-temperature sand for 30 ~ 40 days, or after picking, the fruits and fine sand should be buried in multiple layers, and the seeds should be taken out for sowing before sowing in the next year. In rainy areas in the south, it is best to raise seedlings with high border to facilitate drainage, and flat border can be used in the north. Before and after emergence, it must be covered with shade, and when the diameter of the grafted part of the rootstock reaches more than 0.7 cm, it is grafted. Grafting adopts methods such as abdominal grafting with single bud slice, abdominal grafting with single bud branch and cutting with single bud branch. Cutting propagation can adopt hard branch cutting or green branch cutting.
get a first reign title after the founding of a dynasty
Male plants should be planted to pollinate female plants, and the ratio of male plants to female plants should be 8∶ 1 or 6∶ 1. Pollination trees should choose male plants with large flowers and long flowering period. Windbreaks should be built.
Planting distance varies with terrain and frame. The row spacing of a single hedge frame in mountainous area is 2 ~ 3 m× 3 ~ 4 m, and the flat-topped large shed frame or T-shaped small shed frame is 4×4 or 4× 5 m; The row spacing of plants on the flat land can be slightly relaxed. The south is suitable for autumn planting and the north is suitable for Yichun planting.
The shape of the plastic pruning hedge frame can be double-arm double-layer horizontal or double-arm three-layer horizontal; T-shed is shaped as a single stem, with two main vines, which are tied on the frame surface in the opposite direction, resulting in 1 fruiting branch on the mother branch every 30 cm; Flat-topped scaffolding is an extension of T-shaped scaffolding, and the modeling method is basically the same, except that there are a little more main vines.
Pruning is divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. When pruning in winter, the thin, dead, dense, crossed and overlapping branches and buds that are not intended to be used should be removed; In summer pruning, buds should be smeared as soon as possible, unused long branches should be cut off, fruiting branches and developing branches should be cored, and secondary branches should be cut off or repeatedly cored; Branches should be tied during the growing period.
Fertilization and irrigation
Apply base fertilizer early after fruit picking in autumn; Topdressing quick-acting fertilizer before the peak of fruit growth. Chloride fertilizers harmful to plants cannot be applied. In the dry season, timely irrigation or sprinkler irrigation is needed. Rainy areas need drainage.
blossom and fruit thinning
Generally speaking, thinning fruit is not as good as thinning flowers, and thinning flowers is not as good as thinning buds Usually, 4 ~ 6 normal leaves are needed per 1 fruit, so 1 fruit is suitable for each bearing branch. Bee release and artificial pollination at flowering stage are beneficial to fruit setting.
choose
Generally, it is appropriate to harvest from mid-September to mid-June 10. Fresh fruit is hard and sour, and it takes 4 ~ 10 days to ripen and eat.
Eliminate pests and diseases
(1) apple scarab. Adults eat buds, and larvae harm roots. Trapping and killing with lights; Artificial killing of adults. ② Apple leaf roller moth. Larvae eat buds, leaves, buds, etc. It is mainly controlled by chemicals. The grass is covered with cotton. Suck the juice of the twigs and twigs. The trunk is coated with drugs to kill nymphs on the tree; Spray insecticide to kill nymphs in trees. (4) Cicada sucks the sap from leaves and branches, causing the leaves to break and the branches to dry up. Scratch eggs in winter; Spray insecticide to kill the hatched nymph. ⑤ Nodular nematodes. Wound the root. Apply pesticides to the soil and cut off the injured part. In addition, the nursery has root rot, withered and so on. The common disease of leaves is leaf spot.
economic value
When the fruit of Chinese macaque is ripe, the pulp is soft and juicy, with moderate sweet and sour taste, rich flavor and rich in various nutrients. Every 100g of fresh fruit and meat contains vitamin C 50 ~ 150mg, and some contain 305 ~ 420mg. It also contains vitamins E, A, B 1, B2, carotene 0.6-0.8 mg, potassium 246-264 mg, calcium10.0-43.0 mg, magnesium16-30 mg and phosphorus12.9 mg. The soluble solid content is 7-22%, the total acid content is 0.70- 1.95%, and pectin, crude fiber and protein are also contained. The calorific value of fresh fruit and meat per 100g is 66 calories.
Fruit can be processed into jam, fruit wine, preserved fruit, dried fruit, fruit juice, crystal, canned food and so on. Fresh fruit and juice have certain or auxiliary effects on dyspepsia, anorexia, coronary heart disease and digestive tract cancer. Fresh fruit juice is very effective for patients with high cholesterol, high β lipoprotein and hypertension. Has obvious curative effect on patients with hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia. Fresh kiwi fruit juice can block nitrosomorphine with a blocking rate of 98.5%. Seeds contain linoleic acid, which can dredge blood vessels. Flowers contain honey, which is a good honey source plant and can extract aromatic oil or spices. The stem fiber is of good quality and can be used for papermaking. Kiwifruit can also be planted in the yard for viewing.