China is the origin of Camellia oleifera, which belongs to Theaceae and is the main and unique woody oil-bearing tree species in China. Camellia oleifera has a long life and strong adaptability. It can grow in hills, mountains, ditches and roadsides and does not compete with grain and cotton for land. Camellia oleifera can not only afforest barren hills and maintain soil and water, but also be an evergreen broad-leaved tree with thick leathery leaves and smooth trunk, which can play a role in fire prevention. Therefore, it is also an excellent tree species for fire forest belt.
Suitable cultivation area of Camellia oleifera refers to the suitable growth area of Camellia oleifera with oil production as the management goal. The distribution boundary of Camellia oleifera in China is 23 30' ~ 365 438+0 00' north latitude and 65 438+0 30' ~ 65 438+0 25' east longitude, and the main cultivation distribution area is 23 ~ 30 north latitude. In the distribution area, it belongs to the humid monsoon climate in the middle subtropical zone with rich hydrothermal conditions.
Features and characteristics
1. Morphological characteristics: Camellia oleifera is a small evergreen tree, 4-6 meters high and 2-3 meters short. Flowers bisexual, sessile, 10 flowering in the middle and late June. After flowering, the fruit will not mature until June of the following year 10. So the flowers and fruits on Camellia oleifera exist at the same time.
2. Suitable conditions: Camellia oleifera likes warm and humid climate, which requires annual average temperature 14-2 1℃, monthly average minimum temperature not lower than 0℃, monthly average maximum temperature 3 1℃, relative humidity 74-85%, and annual average rainfall above 1000mm. Acidic yellow soil with PH value of 5-6 is generally the most suitable soil, which is lax in soil requirements, strong in adaptability and poor in tolerance. The loose, deep, well-drained and fertile sandy soil is especially beneficial to the growth and development of Camellia oleifera. Camellia oleifera grows in sunny mountainous areas in the south or southeast and southwest, with thick trunk, oval crown, many fruits and high yield. Camellia oleifera is a deep-rooted tree species, with developed taproots, and the root depth can reach more than 1.5 meters. Camellia oleifera has the characteristics of fast germination and strong regeneration ability. Using this feature, the old and disabled Kenny Lin can be transformed, and the new branches germinated after cutting can be cultivated into forests.
3. Growth and development process
① New shoots: Camellia oleifera has spring shoots, summer shoots and autumn shoots. Most buds differentiate on spring shoots, which account for more than 98% of new shoots. Spring shoots grow vigorously before the full fruit period and slowly after the full fruit period.
② Flowering: The flower buds began to differentiate on the spring shoots in April of that year, with the early flowering period of 65438+ 10 as the initial flowering period, the full flowering period of 65438+ 10 as the late flowering period and the final flowering period of10 as the final flowering period. It takes about 5-6 days for each flower to bloom and wither. Stigma is normal at 1-2 days after flowering and withers at 3-4 days. The pollen on the stigma has the highest germination rate, the strongest vitality and the easiest fertilization in 1-2 days. Camellia oleifera is generally pollinated by insects and cross-pollination, especially cross-pollination. The flowering period is warm and sunny, insects are active, and the flowering and fruiting rate is high. Self-pollination at the beginning and end of flowering has a low seed setting rate. Therefore, soil bees should be protected and introduced in forest areas to improve pollination rate and seed setting rate.
③ Roots: Roots began to move in mid-February, and the fastest growth period was from late March to mid-April, and it also grew rapidly from June to July, lasting for a long time. From late February to early February of 12, the root growth was very slow.
Seedling raising 1, seedling raising: the drilling method is suitable. Sowing can be done in both winter and spring. Winter sowing is in l 65438+ 10, and spring sowing is in February-March. Winter sowing furrow width 10 ~ 12 cm, furrow spacing 18 ~ 2 1 cm, and depth 4 ~ 5 cm. Sowing amount per mu 100 ~ 125 kg. Before sowing, select the seeds and disinfect them with water. After sowing, cover them with 3 ~ 4 cm soil, and then cover them with a thin layer of straw. The grass should be uncovered in late April. When the seedling height is about 10cm, available nitrogen fertilizer can be applied; When there are 3-5 real leaves, apply compound fertilizer again. Container seedling raising method is an efficient seedling raising method. Seeds are directly planted in nutrient soil in container bags after germination, and afforestation is not limited by seasons, with high survival rate and rapid growth and development. The seedlings directly propagated by Camellia oleifera seeds have many disadvantages, such as great differentiation of offspring, serious variety degradation, irregular forest phase, inconsistent maturity of tea fruits, late fruiting time and late fruiting period, which are not suitable for afforestation.
4, asexual seedling raising
(1) Cutting seedling: the nursery soil for cutting is divided into two layers, the surface layer is yellow soil mixed with Gaza (the ratio depends on the viscosity of yellow soil), and the thickness is 6-10cm; The lower layer is fertile soil, the loose layer is about 10cm, and the pH value of the cut soil is not greater than 6. Cuttings should be taken from single plants or excellent clones of excellent varieties, requiring annual lignified spring shoots, strong and straight axillary buds and complete leaves. Put the cut branches in the shade and spray water to keep them moist to prevent extrusion and heat. Depending on the length of the branches, cut them into long spikes or short spikes, with short spikes being the best. Short spikes have 1 ~ 2 leaves per spike and are 3 ~ 5 cm long. Cut (cut) the cuttings into 1 bundle every 2O branches, and soak the cuttings in 200 ~ 400 mg/kg NAA solution for 12 ~ 16 hours. There should be a shade shed after cutting, and the temperature in the shed should not exceed 30 degrees Celsius. If it is too high, the survival rate is generally above 80%. It is better to use closed or automatic spraying device for cutting under good conditions, but it should be used with caution and not advocated for cutting seedling because of underdeveloped root system, poor drought resistance and low afforestation survival rate of Camellia oleifera seedlings.
(2) Grafting and seedling raising: Grafting mainly takes stock of seedlings and common camellia oleifera seedlings as rootstocks, soaking seeds 35-45 days before grafting and sowing, that is, sowing on sand bed or nutrient soil, with a depth of about 3cm, and slightly compacting after sand covering, with a sand thickness of about 65438±0 ocm, which is not conducive to grafting. Grafting is carried out when the seedlings have 2-3 leaves after sand (soil) emergence. The general rootstock grafting method is split grafting, and the procedure is as follows: firstly, take out the bare-rooted seedlings in the sand bed, wash them, cover them with wet cloth and put them on the indoor console (table) for later use. Step 2, cut with a blade (single-sided blade) at the position of 1 ~ 1.5 cm above the new bud, and then split from the pith of the rootstock, with an opening of about 1cm, leaving the radicle 5-6cm, and cutting off the redundant part. The third step is to nest the rootstock, that is, to nest the rootstock with a thin aluminum sheet (or toothpaste skin) with a diameter slightly larger than that of the rootstock. Firstly, the thin aluminum sheet cut with a length of about 3cm and a width of about 1cm is made into a cylinder (the caliber can be large or small) to facilitate the nesting of the anvil. The fourth step is cutting the scion, that is, cutting the 1 biconical wedge with a length of about 1.5 degrees at the two sides of the lower end of the scion from the petiole, and cutting it from 2 ~ 3 mm above the petiole to form the scion with 1 bud 1 leaf. Put it in clear water for use. Finally, insert the cut scion into the incision of the rootstock, align the cortex on one side of the petiole, gently lift and pinch the sleeve to close the rootstock. The suitable planting depth is that the seed shell at the base has just been buried, and it should be planted firmly without leaving roots. After planting, it should be watered and moisturized, and then planted in a moisturizing shed with 80% shading and 20% light transmission. The sealing material is generally made of plastic film, which is light-transmitting, moisture-retaining and heat-insulating. The humidity in the hood is 85% ~ 9O%, and the temperature is 25 ~ 28℃, which shall not exceed 33℃. When it is too high, the film should be properly uncovered, ventilated and cooled, and watered and moisturized. When most scions sprout and open leaves (about one and a half months), they can take off the moisturizing hood to shade them until autumn, and then carry out management such as germination, fertilization and weeding according to the situation.
Soil preparation and afforestation
1, soil preparation
Camellia oleifera has no strict requirements for afforestation sites, but in order to achieve high and stable yield, sandy loam and light clay loam with deep soil layer (soil layer thickness is over 60cm, at least over 40cm), good drainage, good fertility, good moisture, good air permeability and slight acidity (pH value range: 5.5-6.5) should be selected for afforestation sites (limestone mountain areas cannot be planted). But try to avoid planting on sandy soil with high sand content and poor drainage at the top of the mountain, and prepare the soil in autumn and winter one year before afforestation.
① Full reclamation and land preparation: In flat land or gentle slope land, full reclamation and land preparation can be used (the slope is within 15), and land preparation can be carried out around September, with the depth of 20-25 cm in mountainous area and 25-30 cm in hilly area. Remove stones, tree roots and other sundries, and let the soil insolate to ripen. After raking in June165438+1October, dig a pit around the mountain at a fixed point, with a pit of 60× 60× 60 cm.
② zonal soil preparation: horizontal zonal soil preparation shall be carried out when the soil exceeds 15. According to the row spacing, the horizontal belt around the mountain is high outside and low inside, and the bandwidth depends on the slope. The slope is small and wide, and the belt shall be dug at a fixed point according to the plant spacing. The specifications are the same as those of full reclamation.
(3) Block soil preparation: For land types with a slope of more than 20 and less than 25, or areas with high requirements for soil and water conservation, such as mountain ponds, reservoirs, traffic lines, etc., it is appropriate to use block holes for reclamation, arrange them horizontally in zigzag around the mountain, dig holes at fixed points, and the aperture is generally 5× 50× 50 cm, and increase soil and water conservation measures.
Step 2 Afforestation
The initial planting density of pure forest is 2.5m×2.5m, 2.5m×3m and 3m×3m. The planting density should be determined according to the conditions of the base, the characteristics of varieties and the business purpose. 2.5-3×3 meters should be used in the foothills with fertile soil and flat land type, that is, 74-89 plants should be planted per mu; For the land with poor soil fertility and steep slope, the plant spacing is 2-2.5× 3m, that is, 89-11plant per mu. In a word, it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions, reasonably plant closely, and Camellia oleifera enters the fruiting period, and the coverage density is not less than 0.6 and not more than 0.8.
There are two methods for afforestation of Camellia oleifera: seedling raising and direct seeding. Seedling raising of afforestation is carried out in winter and spring, and spring is the best. The key points are: the topsoil enters the hole, and the hole soil is finely divided. Before planting in a conditional place, apply a certain amount of organic fertilizer or soil miscellaneous fertilizer in the hole. The stems of the seedlings are straight, slightly planted deep, the roots are stretched, and the layers are tightened, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil and covered with loose soil. At the upper end of mating interface of Camellia oleifera seedlings, the planting depth of annual seedlings is 1cm.
The root neck should be 2 cm ~ 3 cm below the ground. In order to ensure survival, do not plant overnight seedlings. Before planting, the roots of tea seedlings should all be evenly dipped in pulp. It is best to use the fatter sludge and pond sludge in paddy fields or ponds. First-class seedlings or two-year-old seedlings should be selected for afforestation to facilitate the survival of trees. When planting Camellia oleifera, we should pay attention to the variety configuration. /kloc-there should be more than two varieties in 0/5 mu area and more than five varieties in 75 mu area. The flowering period and maturity of varieties should be consistent, and the most suitable afforestation period is from early February to late February, and it should be completed in mid-March at the latest. Container seedlings can also be planted in rainy season or autumn and winter.
Direct seeding afforestation is carried out in winter and spring, with L1-65438+sowing in winter in February, sowing in spring in February-March, and sowing in winter is better. Winter sowing has the advantages of early rooting, quick germination, Miao Zhuang and strong drought resistance, and can also save seed storage. In winter, each hole is sown with 3 seeds, which are triangular and covered with 4-5 cm thick soil; Spring sowing covers about 3 cm.