The streets in the old city of Shenyang are well-shaped, and the Forbidden City is located in the center of the well-shaped street, covering an area of 60,000 square meters, with ancient buildings 1 14. According to the architectural layout and sequence, Shenyang Forbidden City can be divided into three parts: East Road is the main hall and the Ten Kings Pavilion built in Nurhachi period; Zhonglu is a large and medium-sized que built during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, including the Daqingmen, Chongzheng Hall, Fenghuang Building, Qingning Palace, Guanju Palace, Yanqing Palace and Qifu Palace. West Road is Wensui Pavilion, which was built during Qianlong period. The whole palace has pavilions, towering halls, carved beams and painted buildings, resplendent and magnificent.
[Edit this paragraph] Building structure
The main hall is an octagonal pavilion building with two panlong columns at the main entrance to show its solemnity. The main hall is used to hold grand ceremonies such as the emperor's accession to the throne, issuing imperial edicts, announcing the army's expedition, and welcoming the soldiers' triumph. The Ten Kings Pavilion is the place where the princes and ministers of the left and right wings of the Eight Banners work. This phenomenon of sharing a room with a monarch and a minister is rare in history. From the architectural point of view, the main hall is also a pavilion, but it is large in size and luxuriantly decorated, so it is called a palace. The main hall and the pavilion with 10 arranged in a figure of eight are based on the tent halls of ethnic minorities. These pavilions of 1 1 are the embodiment of 1 1 tent. Tents can be moved while pavilions are fixed, which shows a milestone in the development of Manchu culture.
Chongzheng Hall, commonly known as "Golden King Hall", is the most important building in Shenyang Forbidden City. The whole hall is made of wood, with five rooms and nine purlins, with corridors in front and back and stone railings around it. The colonnade of the temple is square, and there is a beheading head spitting water under the watchtower, and the top cover is covered with yellow glazed tiles with green edges; The pillars of the temple are round, and the two pillars are connected by a carved dragon. The faucet extends out of the eaves, and the dragon tail goes straight into the temple, which perfectly combines practicality and decoration, adding to the imperial atmosphere of the temple. This hall is the place where Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty visited the DPRK every day to deal with important affairs. In A.D. 1636, a ceremony was held here to change the title of the country from the late Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. The Phoenix Building at the northern end of Chongzheng Hall, with three floors, was the tallest building in Shengjing at that time.
Shenyang Palace Museum is not only an ancient palace complex, but also famous for its rich and precious collections at home and abroad. The Palace Museum displays a large number of palace cultural relics left over from the old palace, such as the sword used by Nurhachi.
Grand main hall, commonly known as octagonal hall, was built in 1625. It is an important palace built by the Qing emperor Nurhachi, and it is also the most solemn and sacred place in Shengjing Palace. Formerly known as Grand Yamen, 1636 was named Dugong Hall, and later changed to Dazheng Hall. Octagonal double eaves, sharp, eight sides out of the corridor, under the sumeru. The top of the hall is covered with yellow glazed tiles with green edges and a fire bead top in the middle. There are eight chains around Baoding, which are respectively connected with Lux. There are two open columns in front of the temple, each with a golden dragon plate column, and there are Sanskrit smallpox and dragon-descending algae wells in the hall. There are thrones, screens, smoke stoves, incense pavilions and crane candlesticks in the hall. This hall is the place where the Qing Taizong held important ceremonies and important political activities. 1644 (the first year of Shunzhi), Fu Lin ascended the throne here.
Chongzheng Hall is commonly known as Golden King Hall. The front and back corridors are hard mountain-shaped, with yellow glazed tiles at the top of the hall and green edges, colorful glazed dragon patterns on the front ridge and flame beads. Five rooms are wide and three rooms are deep. The temple is decorated with colorful ornaments. Inner throne and screen; There are smoking stoves, incense pavilions and candlesticks on both sides. At the two corners of the platform in front of the temple, the sundial is located in the east and Liu Jia is located in the west. This hall was the place where Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty received ministers, entertained foreign envoys and handled important affairs. The emperors of "Journey to the East" held celebrations such as "Exhibition of Mountain Mausoleum" here.
The Ten Kings Pavilion is located on both sides of the main hall in a figure of eight, which is a reflection of the Manchu Eight Banners system in palace architecture. This architectural layout is unique in the history of ancient palace architecture in China. The five pavilions on the east side of the pavilion are left-wing Wang Pavilion, Yellow Flag Pavilion, Zhengbai Banner Pavilion, Baiqi Pavilion and Zhenglan Banner Pavilion from north to south. The five pavilions on the west side are right-wing Wang Pavilion, Qi Pavilion, Zhenghongqi Pavilion, Hongqi Pavilion and Lanqi Pavilion in turn. It was the place where Baylor, the main flag of the Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty, discussed and handled government affairs with ministers.
Wenshui Pavilion was built in 1782 (forty-seven years of Qianlong). It was specially built for storing the complete works of Wen Sui Ge Si Ku Quan Shu, and the library also contains the integration of ancient and modern books. Behind the pavilion is Yang Xizhai, where there is a veranda for reading.
Phoenix Building is built on a 4-meter-high blue brick abutment, with a three-story veranda leaning against the mountain, with yellow glazed tiles and green edges on the top. This building is the tallest building in Shengjing, so it is known as "Dawn of Phoenix Tower" and "Sightseeing Tower of Phoenix Tower" and is one of the eight scenic spots in Shengjing. There is a plaque "Purple Gas from the East" inscribed by Qianlong Imperial Pen upstairs in Phoenix.
380 years ago, on the third day of the third lunar month (this April 1 1), Nurhachi led his troops to move the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang. Since then, Shenyang has developed from a small border town to a generation of imperial capital. Since then, unprecedented changes have taken place in Shenyang. Today's Central Street still retains the pattern of that year, and the Forbidden City is still the most attractive building in Shenyang.
A few days ago, the ancient Forbidden City announced that it would restore the original appearance of the stage and Jiayin Hall, which will be the largest renovation project of ancient buildings after the Forbidden City became a world heritage. After the restoration of the stage and Jiayin Hall, almost all the ancient buildings in the Forbidden City will be restored to their original historical features.
[Edit this paragraph] Introduction of scenic spots
Before the Qing dynasty entered the customs, its palace was located in Shenyang. After moving the capital to Beijing, it was called "Capital Palace" and "Capital Palace". Later it was called Shenyang Forbidden City.
Fengtiangong
One of the two existing palace buildings in China
The Forbidden City in Shenyang covers an area of more than 60,000 square meters, and the building is well preserved. It is one of the two existing palace buildings in China. Its scale is much smaller than that of the Forbidden City in Beijing, which covers an area of 720,000 square meters, but it has its own architectural characteristics and is now the most important tourist attraction in Shenyang. Shenyang Forbidden City, built in 1625, is the first generation of Hannuerhachi in the late Jin Dynasty. After Nurhachi's death, the second generation of Huang Taiji of Khan continued to be successfully established. The architectural layout of Shenyang Forbidden City can be divided into three ways. East Road is the main hall and the Ten Kings Pavilion built by the Qing Emperor Nurhachi. Zhonglu is a large and medium-sized que built during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, including Daqingmen, Chongzheng Hall, Fenghuang Building, Qingning Palace, Guansui Palace, Yanqing Palace and Qifu Palace. West Road is the Wensui Pavilion, Jiayintang and Yangxizhai built during the Qianlong period. When Ganlong was in Beijing, the Palace was already in Beijing, but he sometimes went back to Shenyang to "travel east". Born out of the curtain hall system, the grand main hall and the Ten Kings Pavilion.
Shenyang Forbidden City East Road is very distinctive. In the middle is the main hall, and on both sides are ten pavilions, called the Ten Kings Pavilion. The main hall is an octagonal pavilion building with two panlong columns at the main entrance to show its solemnity. The main hall is the place where grand ceremonies are held, such as issuing imperial edicts, announcing the army's expedition, welcoming soldiers to triumph, and the emperor's accession to the throne. The Ten Kings Pavilion is the place where the princes and ministers of the left and right wings of the Eight Banners work. This phenomenon that monarchs and ministers work together in the palace is rare in history. From the architectural point of view, the main hall is also a pavilion, but it is large in size and luxuriantly decorated, so it is called the palace hall. Ten pavilions arranged in a figure of eight in the main hall. Its architectural pattern is born out of the tent hall of ethnic minorities. These eleven pavilions are the embodiment of eleven tents. Tents can flow and move, while pavilions are fixed. This also shows the development of minority culture. Chongzheng Hall is the most important building in Shenyang Forbidden City. The middle road is where Huang Taiji faces the DPRK every day. There is a Phoenix Tower in the north of Chongzheng Hall, with three floors, which was the tallest building in Shengjing at that time.
Fengtiangong
A rich display of palace cultural relics
Most of the exhibits in Shenyang Palace Museum are palace-removed cultural relics left over from the old palace. Such as the sword used by Nuerhachi and the waist knife and antlers chair used by Huang Taiji. Shenyang Palace Museum exhibited a large number of artworks. In the painting exhibition hall, there are many works by some masters in Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Qing Li trout, Jin Nong and Wen Mingzhi's exquisite paintings and calligraphy, ceramics, sculpture, weaving, lacquerware and other handicrafts.
[Edit this paragraph] The mystery of history
construction time
1625 On the morning of the third day of March, Nurhachi crossed the Hunhe River and entered the urban capital of Shenyang. However, when the imperial palace, as a symbol of the capital city, began to be built is not recorded in the historical materials of the Qing Dynasty. Tong Yue, director of the research office of Shenyang Palace Museum, explained that this may be because building a palace is a waste of people's money, especially in those years of war, people's lives are difficult. Unlike the Ming army, which just built a palace in Shenyang. Therefore, historians have adopted an evasive attitude towards the great event of building a palace.
Some people speculate that the Forbidden City was built before Hanwang moved its capital. Tong Yue thinks this statement is unlikely. Because Nurhachi decided to move the capital in the morning, he left that afternoon. It is impossible to start building the palace before deciding to move the capital. Tong Yue said that the earliest historical record of the Forbidden City was1the first day of the first month of 637, and Huang Taiji held a ceremony in the Dazheng Hall. According to the weather in Shenyang, the main hall should be completed before June 1636+00.
It is reported that in March of 162 1, Nurhachi led the Eight Banners to sweep Liaodong and conquered more than 70 cities including Shenyang and Liaoyang in less than ten days. After the capture of Liaoyang, all the ministers under old Wang Han wanted to go back to their hometown in Fushun. Nurhachi was broad-minded and decided to move the capital from Salhu to Liaoyang. 1625, Nurhachi once again proposed to move the capital to Shenyang. Nurhachi believed that Shenyang could attack the Ming Dynasty and Mongolia, but it could return to Salhu's hometown and leave Liaoyang, a major town, in one day to avoid the limelight of the Ming Dynasty.
On the morning of March 3rd (Chinese New Year), we decided to set out. In the afternoon, hundreds of thousands of children of the Eight Banners set out and arrived at the Tiger Skin Post at the junction of Liaoyang in Shenyang that night. On the morning of the 4th, Nurhachi crossed the Hunhe River and entered Shenyang. After making the capital of Shenyang, Nurhachi strengthened the Ming city wall, built eight gates, changed the cross-shaped streets in the city into a well-shaped pattern, and built the Han Palace in the north of the city.
Is Huang taiji's palace the Forbidden City?
After the capital was established in Shenyang, the princes built palaces in the city. During the Kangxi period, 1 1 palace was recorded in the map of the imperial palace, which was far less important than the four Baylor palaces. At that time, only Daishan's mansion was recorded in the four Baylor princes' mansions, such as Huang Taiji's imperial concubine who was in power at that time. According to Tong Yue's analysis, this is because among the four Baylor, except Daishan and Huang Taiji, the other two Baylor later committed heinous crimes. According to the system of the Qing dynasty, their mansions are naturally not recorded.
Experts believe that the lack of records of Huang Taiji Palace just shows that the Forbidden City was built on the basis of his palace. In the past, the main hall of the Forbidden City did not belong to the palace. Tong Yue introduced that the Dazheng Hall was still open before liberation, and there was no fence, which was a road between it and the abbot palace in the middle of the Forbidden City. The square in the main hall, like the city square now, is also the venue for major events. After the founding of New China, in order to protect the ancient buildings of the Forbidden City, walls were built around the Dazheng Hall and the Ten Kings Pavilion. Therefore, the building in the middle of the Forbidden City is now a traditional palace. Experts speculate that this should be the palace of Huang Taiji. After Huang Taiji ascended the throne, he did not stay in the Han Palace in the north of Nurhachi, but built a palace with his own palace. Without a new palace, I was worried about wasting people's money. The simple expansion lasted for a long time until the main building of 1632 was completed.
Mystery 3: Did Princess Zhuang surrender to Hong Chengchou?
Zhuang Fei, namely sourdrang dowager, is a legend in the history of Qing Dynasty. She helped Fu Lin, who was only six years old, overcome powerful rivals such as Dourgen to ascend to the throne, and also helped Kangxi destroy Ao Bai. Before entering the customs, the most legendary legend of Zhuang Fei was that she persuaded Hong Chengchou, the governor of Hebei and Liao Dynasties in the Ming Dynasty who had sworn allegiance to her death.
After being captured in the failed battle of Jin Song, Hong Chengchou was imprisoned in the Sanguan Temple in the Forbidden City. Huang Taiji sent people to surrender many times, but Hong Chengchou ignored him and even went on a hunger strike. Later, Fan Wencheng, an official of the Han Dynasty, surrendered. He found that Hong Chengchou brushed the dust on his clothes several times, so he went back and told Huang Taiji that Hong Chengchou was going to "die" and the plan of beauty surrender began. In the dead of night, Hong Chengchou was lying in bed when a lovely young woman came up to her and whispered "My Lord", then expressed her loyal admiration for Hong Chengchou. Hong Chengchou immediately felt the warmth of being concerned. There is such a beauty in the world who knows him. He couldn't help thinking of his condescending prestige and beautiful wives and concubines at home, and his desire for death immediately wavered. Beauty plays it by ear and sends a cup of fragrant teas. Hong Chengchou, who hadn't eaten for many days, felt refreshed immediately after drinking. After the beauty left, Hong Chengchou thought the world was beautiful and decided to settle down.
According to legend, this beautiful woman is Zhuang Fei. According to Tong Yue, these are legends in unofficial history, and there is no written record. According to historical records, Huang Taiji personally visited Hong Chengchou in Sanguan Temple and personally put a mink coat on Hong Chengchou, so Hong Chengchou knelt down. Tong Yue analyzed that before Huang Taiji surrendered, there may be beautiful women doing the preliminary work of surrender, and it is also possible for Zhuang Fei to surrender.
Hanwang hastily moved the capital just to protect Long Mai?
In A.D. 162 1 year, Nurhachi led the Eight Banners army to advance into Liaodong with an unstoppable trend, moved the capital from Hetuala to Liaoyang, a major town in Liaodong, and built a large number of buildings and palaces.
Surprisingly, however, in the early morning of March 3, 1625, Nurhachi suddenly called his ministers and Baylor to discuss the matter and proposed to move the capital to Shengjing (now Shenyang). The ministers immediately strongly opposed it, but Nurhachi insisted on his own ideas.
Why did Nurhachi "hastily move the capital"? It has been circulated among the people: Nurhachi believed in "traditional Feng Shui" and built Niangniang Temple in the southwest corner of Tokyo at that time according to Mr. Feng Shui's instructions; Building Mituo Temple at the East Gate; Thousands of Buddhist temples were built at the foot of Fengling Mountain, and three temples were used to hold the dragon and let Long Mai continue to be king.
However, the Three Temples only suppressed the dragon head, the dragon claw and the dragon tail, but the dragon backbone in the city was not suppressed. So the dragon bent over and flew away, flying north to the north bank of Hunhe River. Hanwang thought that the dragon came from heaven and ordered him to build another city in the land of Longgan, so a new city sprang up and named it "Fengtian". Because the Hunhe River was called Shenshui in ancient times, and the north bank of the river was Yang (the rules of Yin and Yang in Feng Shui are: Shan Zhinan is Yang, the north of the water is Yin, the south of the water is Yin, and the north of the water is Yang), it is also called "Shenyang".
Of course, this legend seems amazing, but Professor Aarif Lee, a member of the National Committee for the Compilation of Qing History, and Tong Yue, director of the research office of Shenyang Palace Museum, said that Feng Shui has always been the first place to build a capital and a city. Shenyang is located in the Yang of Hunhe River, which is connected with Liaohe River, and Liaohe River is connected with the sea. It can be described as a "land of feng shui".
However, two experts also pointed out that the main purpose of Nurhachi's move to Shenyang should be strategic progress. First of all, Shenyang is a place extending in all directions, and its geographical position is very favorable to the Manchu at that time. There are Mongolia in the north, Ming Dynasty in the west and North Korea in the south. Secondly, the contradiction between Manchu and Han nationalities in Liaoyang, the former capital, was serious, while Shenyang was only a medium-sized city with a small population, which was easy to manage and avoided the intensification of Manchu-Han contradictions.
When did the Imperial Palace in Shenyang begin to be built?
Because there is no clear record in historical materials, when the Shenyang Forbidden City began to be built has always been a big unsolved case in history, and it is also the focus of debate in historians.
Tong Yue, director of the research office of Shenyang Palace Museum, said that this may be because the construction of this palace was a waste of people and money, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty thought it was not worth promoting. Moreover, the construction of this palace itself was to build a home for the emperor, so there was no need to write a specific year of construction in the history books. But a few years ago, a staff member of Anshan Cultural Relics Station found a genealogy of Hou Shi in the local area, in which the construction records of Liaoyang Tokyo City and Shenyang Shengjing City were very detailed. According to Hou Shi Genealogy, Hou Zhenju's family, who was responsible for firing glazed tiles for the Forbidden City in Shenyang at that time, moved to Shenyang in the ninth year of destiny and rebuilt the Palace, the Phoenix Que and the Three Tombs in Long Ta. According to this, some experts infer that the Forbidden City in Shenyang should have been built in nine years of destiny, that is, 1624.
On June 5438+1October 65438+May, 2003, shenyang evening news published an article entitled "When was the Shenyang Forbidden City built? After years of textual research, the director, researcher and expert branch of pre-Qin history of Shenyang Palace Museum think that the founding date of Shenyang Palace Museum should be 1624 (nine years of destiny).
But Director Tong disagrees with this statement. He thinks that the "Nine Years of Destiny" mentioned in Hou Shi's genealogy refers to the time when Hou Zhenju's family moved to Shenyang, not that Hou Zhenju began to build the Forbidden City immediately after moving to Shenyang. Tong Yue thinks that the construction of Shenyang Forbidden City should start from 1625 for two reasons: First, 1624, Tokyo City has not been built yet, and many Baylor ministers are still busy building their own residences. Nurhachi could not build the Forbidden City in Shenyang before giving the order to move the capital. Secondly, Nurhachi lives in the Han Palace in the north of the city, not in the Forbidden City. If the Shenyang Forbidden City was started in 1624, why did Nurhachi live next to the Forbidden City instead of the Forbidden City?
Who is the "chief engineer" of Shenyang Forbidden City?
Who designed these palace buildings in Qing Dynasty? Who built it? This time, Hou Shi's genealogy has also uncovered the tip of the iceberg.
This passage is recorded in the genealogy: "The Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty decided to cut Liaoyang, that is, to build the capital of Tokyo. In the seventh year of destiny, the octagonal golden palace was built, and colored glazed dragon bricks and colored tiles were needed. That is, I was ordered by my great-grandfather to give full play to the work of the governor, and Fu Qian was given a short post. Later, he moved the capital to Shenyang in the ninth year of the mandate of heaven, and rebuilt the Palace, Long Ta, Fengque and Sanling. It also allows more than 600 able-bodied men to be driven by husbands and officers. Great-grandfather Yu tried his best to serve, and the great work became prosperous. Choose seventeen craftsmen and try their best to serve them. ……"
Tong Yue believes that this passage shows that Hou Zhenju has a great relationship with the construction of Shenyang Palace. Judging from the above, Hou Zhenju should be one of the leaders of the Forbidden City, but considering that many buildings in Shenyang Forbidden City are Manchu-Mongolian, Hou Zhenju can't be designed as a Han nationality, so there should be other designers and builders besides Hou Zhenju.
In this regard, some people put forward different views. Some experts believe that Hou Zhenju is just a "cellar owner who burns glazed tiles", not an "engineer" of Shenyang Forbidden City, because Hou Zhenju moved from Haicheng to Shenyang. According to Haicheng County Records, "Thirty-five miles southeast of the city, there is a yellow tile cellar at the foot of Yanshan Mountain to make yellow glazed tiles. During the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry sent five officials to supervise Huang Wa. For the mausoleum palace. " There is such a record in Volume II "National Records": "Hou Shi was originally from Mingfu County, Shanxi Province, and later moved here. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the military flag was a hereditary Shengjing five-product official, who supervised Huangwa and lived in the southeast of the city. " In the Preface to Rebuilding the Inscription of Boling Temple in Jiaogang Mountain, the county annals said: "In the early Qing Dynasty, the mausoleum palace was to be rebuilt with dragon bricks and colored tiles, because Hou Zhenju was awarded the fifth grade official of Shengjing Ministry of Industry ..."
Therefore, whether this Qing Dynasty palace was built by several people or by a master has always been an unsolved mystery.
Did Nurhachi build part of the Forbidden City?
During Nurhachi's reign, did you build a part of the Forbidden City? This is also controversial in the field of history. Professor Aarif Lee believes that Nurhachi lived near the North Gate of the Forbidden City when he was in Shenyang, not in Shenyang, which shows that the Forbidden City was definitely not built at that time. Moreover, building a palace is an expensive project, and the preparatory work is complicated. Nurhachi led his troops to move to Shenyang after 18 months and died suddenly. In such a short time, there is simply not enough time to build a complicated palace so quickly.
Director Tong believes that a year and a half is not a short time. It took Liaoyang City more than two years to build a palace. During Nurhachi's reign, he had time to build palaces. According to the earliest historical records, on the first day of the first month of 1627, Huang Taiji held a ceremony in Dazheng Hall. According to the weather in Shenyang, the main hall should be completed before June 1626+00. In other words, during the Nurhachi period, the main hall and its buildings, the Ten Kings Pavilion, should have been built. Of course, there are still many unsolved mysteries about the Forbidden City in Shenyang. However, Professor Li stressed that as long as we can analyze and interpret the Forbidden City from a cultural perspective, then this is the most important cultural heritage left by the Palace to future generations.