2. The history of Jews began in the first 500 years of the second millennium BC. The ancestors were Abraham, his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. A famine throughout the country forced Jacob and his sons, the ancestors of twelve tribes in Israel, to move to Egypt, where their descendants became slaves. Centuries later, Moses led the people out of Egypt, out of slavery, towards freedom and finally back to Israel. They wandered in desert of sinai for 40 years, where they formed a country, accepted the laws of Moses, including the Ten Commandments, and the monotheism founded by their ancestors began to take shape.

Under Joshua's command, Israeli tribes conquered Israel and settled down, but they often only unite under the leadership of the leader known as the "judge" when they are threatened from outside. BC 1028, Sol established a monarchy; His successor David unified the tribes and established their capital in Jerusalem in 1000 BC. Solomon, the son of David, developed the kingdom into a prosperous commercial power and built the temple of monotheism in Israel in Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that during Solomon's reign, important city trade centers were established in some fortified towns, such as Xiasuo, Megiddo and Geji. After Solomon's death, the country split into two kingdoms: one is the kingdom of Israel, with its capital in Samaria; One is the Jewish kingdom with Jerusalem as its capital. The two kingdoms coexisted for two centuries, ruled by Jewish kings, and warned by prophets to safeguard social justice and abide by the law.

In 722 BC, the kingdom of Israel was occupied by Assyrians, and the people were forced into exile (known as the "lost ten tribes" in history). In 586 BC, the Jewish kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians. The invaders destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and sent most of the Jews to Babylon.

During the period of Jewish autonomy (538-60 BC), the Babylonian Empire was conquered by Persians in 539 BC. After that, many Jews returned to Judah (the homeland of Israel) to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, and the Jewish way of life in their homeland was restored. In the next four centuries, Jews enjoyed a great degree of autonomy under the rule of Persians and ancient Greeks. The Seleuc dynasty in Syria took a series of measures to ban the religious belief of Jews, which led to the uprising led by the Macabies family in 168 BC, and then established an independent Jewish kingdom, which was ruled by the Jewish king of Haas Monic dynasty for about 80 years.

Foreign rule (60 BC-AD 1948) Since 60 BC, the country has been weakened by civil strife and increasingly controlled by Rome. In order to get rid of Roman rule, the Jews launched another uprising, the biggest one of which broke out in 66 AD. After four years of fighting, the Romans conquered Judea in 70 AD, burned down the Second Temple and exiled many Jews in China. The last resistance of Jews to Rome was that more than 1000 people were trapped in the castle on the top of Masaadeh. The rebellion ended in 73 AD with the collective suicide of the defenders. It became a symbol of the Jews' struggle for freedom in their own land.

Under the rule of Rome (70-3 13) and Byzantium (3 13-636), Jewish society continued to maintain and develop its own legal, educational and cultural systems in its own land. In the 2nd century A.D., Jewish law involved all aspects of life, and was compiled into the oral law "Missina Sutra", and then expanded into the Talmud Sutra in the 3rd-5th century A.D. ... Some of these laws were later revised according to the situation, and Jews who abide by the canon still abide by these laws.

Another attempt by Jews to regain national sovereignty was the Barkohba Uprising in A.D. 132, which led to the establishment of an independent Jewish enclave in Judea with Jerusalem as its capital. However, three years later, the Romans defeated Balkoba. In order to sever the ties between Jews and their homeland, they renamed Jerusalem Elijah capito Linna and renamed the country Balestina.

Since the 7th century, the country has been successively divided into Arabs (6 13- 109 1), Seljuks (1091-0/099), Crusaders (/kloc-0). The Ottoman Empire was ruled by Turks (1517-1917) and British (19 18- 1948).