1. Wallach Effect

Otto Wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success process is legendary. When Wallach started middle school, his parents chose a literary path for him. Unexpectedly, after one semester, the teacher wrote this comment for him: "Wallach is very hardworking. But he is too rigid and it is difficult to cultivate literary talent." "After that, his parents asked him to study oil painting, but Wallach was neither good at composition nor polishing, and his grades were last in the class. Faced with such a "clumsy" student, most teachers thought that he had no hope of success. Only the chemistry teacher believed that he was meticulous and had the qualities to do chemical experiments, so he suggested that he study chemistry. At this time, Wallach's spark of wisdom was suddenly ignited. , and finally succeeded. Wallach's success illustrates the truth: students' intellectual development is uneven, and they all have strong points and weaknesses in intelligence. Once they find the best point to exert their intelligence and give full play to their intelligence, they can achieve great results. Amazing results. Later generations called this phenomenon the "Wallach effect."

2. Threshold effect

The so-called threshold effect means that after a person accepts lower-level requirements, he will often gradually accept higher-level requirements with appropriate guidance. This effect was proposed by American social psychologists Friedman and Fraser in 1966 during a field experiment on pressure-free submission: the threshold technique.

3. The biological effect

There is such a phenomenon in nature: when a plant grows alone, it appears short and monotonous, but when it grows together with many similar plants, it looks short and monotonous. The roots are deep and the leaves are luxuriant, full of vitality. People call this phenomenon of mutual influence and mutual promotion in the plant kingdom the "biogenetic effect." In fact, there is also a "birth effect" in our human population. From 1901 to 1982, 25 Nobel laureates appeared in the British "Cardive Laboratory", which is an outstanding example of the "*** biological effect".

4. Stereotype effect

Social psychology believes that the impact of looking at people with old eyes is called the "stereotype effect." It is a fixed and general view of people, resulting in a stereotype. This phenomenon can often be seen in schools. Teachers often show affection for students who are talented and have excellent academic performance, and they are valued and favored. Students with stupid talents and poor academic performance are often discriminated against. Teachers show impatience and boredom, and often use frustrating words on their lips. Practice has proved that students who are often subjected to this kind of "treatment" will suddenly feel cold water pouring on them, lose their confidence in learning, lose the courage to overcome difficulties, and even develop a decadent mood.

5. Primacy effect

The primacy effect is sometimes called the effect of first impression, which refers to the impact of the first impression left by the perceived object on the perceiver on social perception. effect. Specifically, when you come into contact with someone or something for the first time, you create a psychological stereotype with emotional factors towards someone or something, which affects your subsequent evaluation of that person or something. So, we can see that this effect is detrimental to gathering the right intelligence for analysis in decision-making. Whether the first impression is good or bad, it is one-sided and not conducive to comprehensive understanding and analysis.

The effect of the first impression is called the primacy effect. It is often biased to evaluate a person's quality based on first impression. If you only rely on first impressions when recruiting and evaluating employee performance, you will be deceived by certain superficial phenomena.

The primacy effect mainly manifests itself in two aspects in the recruitment process: First, judging people by their appearance. Applicants who are well-groomed and personable are likely to win the favor of the examiner. The second is to judge people by their words. Those who are eloquent and answer questions fluently often leave a good impression on others. Therefore, when selecting talents, we should not only listen to their words and observe their appearance, but also observe their actions and test their performance.

6. Recency effect

The recency effect means that the recent performance of someone or something takes precedence in the mind, thus changing the consistent perception of that person or thing. view. The recency effect and the primacy effect are two corresponding effects.

The primacy effect generally affects people in unfamiliar situations, while the recency effect generally affects people in more familiar situations. Both are subjective assumptions based on one-sided understanding of people or things, which distorts decision-making information.

7. Halo effect (halo effect)

The halo effect means that someone or something leaves a deep impression due to its outstanding characteristics, while ignoring other Psychological and behavioral qualities. It sometimes produces a "positive and positive halo" and sometimes produces a "negative and negative halo", which will interfere with the evaluation of information. To overcome the halo effect, we must adhere to objectivity and not mix subjective components.

8. Butterfly Effect

In 1960, when Lorenz, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, was studying the problem of "long-term weather forecasting", a difficult problem arose: she used a computer to The group simplified data to simulate the evolution of weather, originally hoping to use the high-speed computing of computers to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. However, contrary to expectations, multiple calculations have shown that extremely small differences in initial conditions can lead to erroneous conclusions. The same is true for psychological emotions. There is a set of cartoons that show a man who was scolded by his boss at work and felt very annoyed. He got angry at his wife when he got home. The wife was scolded for no reason and was also very angry and slammed the door and left. . While walking on the street, a pet dog blocked the way, barking "woof, woof", which made my wife even more angry, so she kicked it. The dog was kicked and hit, and it ran past an old man, shocking the old man. It happened that the old man had a heart disease, and was frightened by the puppy that suddenly rushed out. He suffered a heart attack on the spot and died.

Lorenz discovered the huge contrast caused by small differences. She used a vivid metaphor to express this discovery. A small butterfly flaps its wings over Brazil. The small vortex it stirs up and the The convergence of other air flows may cause a storm in Texas, USA, a month later - this is the famous "butterfly effect" in chaos theory.

In the management of human resources, if personnel management workers flexibly use the psychological effects of personnel, they can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of subordinates or talents, so that people can make the best use of their talents and abilities, thereby maximizing work efficiency. excellent.

9. Rosenthal Effect

American psychologist Rosenthal inspected a certain school and randomly selected 3 students from each class to write down 18 students on a sheet. On the form, he handed it to the principal and said very seriously: "These 18 students have been scientifically determined to have very high IQs." Half a year later, Luo came to the school again and found that these 18 students had indeed performed exceptionally well.

The Rosenthal effect is the buzzing phenomenon in the psychology of expectation. When applied to personnel management, leaders are required to invest feelings, hopes and special inducements in subordinates, so that subordinates can exert their own initiative and creativity. For example, when a leader assigns a certain task, he might as well say to his subordinates: "I believe you can do it well" or "I want to hear news of your success as soon as possible." In this way, the subordinates will develop in the direction you expect, and the talents will also It is born out of expectation.

10. Bell Effect

The British scholar Bell was extremely talented. Some people say that if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he will definitely win multiple Nobel Prizes. But he willingly took another path, proposed pioneering topics one after another, and guided others to reach the peak of science. This move is called the Bell Effect.

The Bell Effect requires leaders to have a Bole spirit and a people-ladder spirit. They must put the unit and the collective first, recognize talents with a keen eye, let go of talents, dare to promote and appoint people with stronger abilities than themselves, and actively encourage talented people. subordinates create opportunities.

11. Catfish effect

In the past, after Norwegians caught sardines at sea, if they could arrive in port alive, the selling price would be several times higher than that of dead fish, but only A fishing boat can bring live fish back to port. Later, people discovered that there was just one more catfish in the fish tank of the boat. It turns out that when catfish are put into a fish tank, they will swim around because of the unfamiliar environment. When sardines discover this "alien", they will also swim faster due to nervousness. In this way, sardines extend their lifespan. This is the "catfish effect."

Using the catfish effect, through the "midway intervention" of individuals, plays a competitive role in the group, which is in line with the operating mechanism of talent management. At present, the open recruitment and competitive recruitment implemented by some government agencies are a good example. This method can create a sense of crisis and allow people to work better.

12. Ocean tide effect

Seawater rises due to the gravity of celestial bodies. If the gravity is large, spring tides will appear, and if the gravity is small, neap tides will appear. This is the tide effect. The same is true for the relationship between talents and social times. Society needs talents, the times call for talents, and talents emerge as the times require. For a unit, it is necessary to adjust the treatment of talents to achieve a reasonable allocation of talents, thereby increasing the unit's attraction to talents. Nowadays, many well-known companies have put forward this human resources management concept: attract people with treatment, unite people with emotion, and motivate people with career.

13. Business card effect

There was a job-seeking young man who was rejected by several units and felt very frustrated. Finally, he applied for a job in a company with a glimmer of hope. Before that, he first inquired about the history of the company's CEO. Through understanding, he found that the company's CEO had similar experiences to his own before, so he found a treasure and started applying for the job. At that time, he talked freely with his boss about his job search manager and his indignation at being underappreciated. Sure enough, his words won the boss's appreciation and sympathy, and he was eventually hired as a business manager. This is the so-called business card effect. That is to say, when two people are interacting, if they first show that they have the same attitude and values ??as the other person, they will make the other person feel that you are more similar to him, thereby quickly narrowing the psychological distance between them and you, and making them more willing to work together. You get close and form good relationships. Here, the attitudes and opinions expressed to the other party consciously and purposefully are like business cards that introduce you to the other party.

Appropriate use of "psychological business cards" can promote the establishment of interpersonal relationships as soon as possible, but in order for "psychological business cards" to play their due role, first of all, one must be good at capturing the other party's information and grasp the true attitude , look for its positive viewpoints that you can accept, and "make" an effective "psychological business card." Secondly, look for the opportunity to "show" your "psychological business card" to the other party just right, so that you can achieve your goal. Mastering the applied art of "psychological business cards" is of great practical value for interpersonal communication, memory and interpersonal relationships.

14. Opposite-sex effect

Ms. Li is the public relations manager of a company. She has extensive contacts, is sure to win every time she sets out, and has made great achievements for the company. The company's raw materials were in short supply, and the comrades in the materials department ran around, but encountered obstacles one after another. Ms. Li went out to make contacts, and soon the problem was solved. The company's capital turnover has seriously failed and it is in urgent need of loans. The general manager is as anxious as an ant on a hot pot. It was Ms. Li who was busy with her career, dealing with banks, and actually obtained a loan worth millions of dollars. As a result, Ms. Li was highly regarded by leaders, and her salary and bonuses were increased. Someone tried to summarize the secret of Ms. Li's success and found that in addition to her clear mind, quick eloquence, rich knowledge and experience, and flexibility in dealing with people, it also had a lot to do with her dignified appearance and elegant appearance.

In daily life, we can often see male salespeople receiving female customers, who are generally more enthusiastic than receiving male customers. The main reason for Ms. Li's success mentioned above is that today's society is still a society in which men have a great advantage. Most people have to deal with men when going out to do things. It is easier for women to come forward. This is the so-called "opposite-sex effect" in psychology. This phenomenon is based on the attraction of the opposite sex. People are generally more interested in the opposite sex, especially those with a pleasant appearance and good manners. Women are no exception to this, but they are not as interested as men. Women are so obvious. Sometimes, in order to attract the attention of the opposite sex, men also like to express themselves in front of women. This is also the "opposite sex effect" at work. However, the "opposite sex effect" cannot be abused if women are beautiful and lovable. It is normal for people of the opposite sex to get along well and do things in front of the opposite sex; on the other hand, it would be unethical to use color to seduce others in order to achieve a certain purpose.

It is understandable for men to be more enthusiastic and polite towards the opposite sex, especially young and beautiful ones. However, if they regard the opposite sex as a stimulus, have wild imaginations, and make people feel "lustful", it exceeds the limit. Therefore, contact with the opposite sex must be Grasp the "degree"

15. Responsibility diffusion effect

At 3:20 on the night of March 13, 1964, in front of an apartment in the suburbs of New York, the United States, a man named Junoby The white young woman was assassinated on her way home from her job at the bar when she cried out in despair: "Someone is going to kill someone!" Help! Help! "Hearing the shouting, the nearby residents turned on the lights and opened the windows, and the murderer ran away in fear. When everything returned to calm, the murderer returned to commit the crime. When she shouted again, the nearby residents turned on the lights again, and the murderer ran away again. When she thought she had nothing to do and went back to her home, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. In the process, even though she shouted for help; there were at least 38 of her neighbors. They went to the window to watch, but no one came to save her, and no one even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in New York society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. The phenomenon of refusing to save people is called the diffusion of responsibility effect.

Psychologists have conducted a large number of experiments and investigations on the reasons for the formation of the diffusion of responsibility effect, and found that this phenomenon cannot only be said to belong to everyone. Callousness, or a sign of increasing moral turpitude, because people's aid behavior is indeed different on different occasions. When a person encounters an emergency situation, he will be clearly aware of himself if he is the only one who can provide help. It is the responsibility of the victim to help the victim. If he refuses to save him, he will feel guilty, which will require a high psychological cost. If there are many people present, the responsibility of helping the seeker will be shared by everyone. , resulting in the dispersion of responsibilities, each person shares very little responsibility, and the bystander may not even realize his own share of the responsibility, thus creating a mentality of "I will not save, others will save", resulting in " "Collective indifference" situation. How to break this situation is an important topic being studied by psychologists.

16. The Jensen Effect

There is an athlete named Jensen. People are usually well-trained and strong, but they continue to lose in sports. People use this phenomenon to call the phenomenon of good performance in sports but lack of proper psychological quality leading to failure in the arena.

In daily life, the only explanation between "some of the best" and "mistakes on the field" can only be psychological quality problems, which are mainly caused by excessive focus on gains and losses and lack of self-confidence. Some people usually have "a lot of achievements", stand out, and have many stars supporting them, which creates a psychological stereotype: they can only succeed but not fail. In addition, the special nature of the competition field and the high expectations of society, country, family, etc., make them worry about gains and losses. The psychological burden is too heavy, and the psychological gains and losses are so strong that bothers me. How can I perform to my due level? On the other hand, there is a lack of self-confidence and stage fright, which restricts the realization of one's potential.

How to get out of the "Jensen Effect" cycle? First of all, you must clearly understand the purpose of the "game field" and overcome your fear. The game field is not scary, it is just more formal than usual. Secondly, we must calmly step out of the shadow of narrow concerns about gains and losses, not be greedy for success, but only seek to perform our level normally. The competition field is a high-level competition, and it is also often a competition of psychological quality. "The brave ones win when they meet on a narrow road." As long as you build up your self-confidence, your hard work will surely pay off. A satisfactory answer will be delivered in the end.

17. "Sour Grapes" Psychology and "Sweet Lemon" Psychology

"Sour Grapes" Psychology refers to saying that things you try hard but can't get are "sour" Yes, is bad, this method can relieve some of our stress. For example: Others have a good thing that I don’t have. I want it very much, but in fact it is impossible for me to get it. At this time, you might as well use the "sour grapes" mentality, try to find the bad things about that thing in your heart, say "bad things" about that thing, and overcome your unreasonable needs.

The "sweet lemon" mentality is to think that your own lemons are sweet. "Sweet lemon" means that the things you have and can't get rid of are good. You must learn to accept yourself. Everyone has their own merits, advantages, and characteristics. Don't easily say that you are not good or inferior to others. You might as well try the "Sweet Lemon" psychology and you will learn to accept yourself and gradually Boost your confidence.

18. "South Wind Effect"

The French writer La Fontaine once wrote a fable about the power of the north wind and the south wind to see who can kill pedestrians. Take off your coat. The north wind came first with a biting cold wind. As a result, pedestrians wrapped their coats tightly in order to resist the invasion of the north wind. The south wind blew slowly, and the wind suddenly became bright and sunny. Pedestrians felt very warm, so they began to unbutton and then take off their coats. The result was clear, Nanfeng won. This is where the social psychological concept of the “South Wind Effect” comes from. The inspiration of the "South Wind Effect" to people is that when dealing with relationships between people, special attention should be paid to methods. Both north wind and south wind force pedestrians to take off their coats, but due to different methods, the results are quite different. For example: some students are fierce and demanding when they are with others. Once or twice, it may be because you are fierce and want others to be strong, and you have the upper hand, but soon you will find that you have lost your friends. We can also see that when there is a conflict with others and each side refuses to give in, both sides often suffer in the end. Think about it if the two of them follow the "Southern Wind" and talk calmly, will the result be much better?

19. The Barnum Effect in Psychology

A friend once asked me what was the most difficult thing in the world. I said making money is the hardest, and he shook his head. Goldbach's conjecture? He shook his head again. I said I give up, just tell me. He mysteriously said to know yourself. Indeed, thoughtful philosophers have said so.

Who am I, where do I come from, and where am I going? These questions have been asked by people since ancient Greece, but they have not come to satisfactory results.

However, even so, people have never stopped pursuing themselves.

Because of this, people are often lost in themselves, are easily prompted by the information around them, and use the words and deeds of others as a reference for their own actions. The herd mentality is a typical proof.

In fact, people are influenced and hinted by others all the time in their lives. For example, on a bus, you will find this phenomenon: when a person opens his mouth wide and yawns, there will be several people around him who can't help but yawn as well. Some people don't yawn because they are less suggestible. Who are highly suggestible? This can be checked with a simple test.

Have one person extend their hands horizontally, palms up, and close their eyes. Tell him that there is now a hydrogen balloon tied to his left hand, which keeps floating upward; and a big stone is tied to his right hand, falling downward. Three minutes later, look at the gap between his hands. The larger the distance, the stronger the suggestion.

Knowing yourself, called self-perception in psychology, is the process of individuals understanding themselves. In this process, people are more susceptible to cues from external information, leading to deviations in self-perception.

In daily life, it is impossible for people to reflect on themselves all the time, nor can they always observe themselves as an outsider. Because of this, individuals rely on external information to understand themselves. When individuals understand themselves, they are easily influenced by external information and often fail to perceive themselves correctly.

Psychological research reveals that people easily believe that a general, general personality description is particularly suitable for them. Even if this description is very empty, he still believes that it reflects his personality. A psychologist once used a general statement that could apply to almost anyone to ask college students to judge whether it was suitable for them. As a result, the vast majority of college students believed that this passage described themselves in a nuanced and accurate way. The following paragraph is material used by psychologists. Do you think it is also suitable for you?

You have a strong need for others to like and respect you. You have a tendency to be self-critical.

You have many untapped abilities that can be used to your advantage, and you also have some shortcomings, but you can generally overcome them. You have some difficulty interacting with the opposite sex. Although you appear calm on the outside, you are actually anxious and restless on the inside. You sometimes doubt whether you have made the right decision or done the right thing. You like some changes in your life and hate being restricted. You pride yourself on being an independent thinker and will not accept the advice of others without sufficient evidence. You think it would be unwise to reveal yourself too openly in front of others. Sometimes you are outgoing, affectionate, and sociable, and sometimes you are introverted, cautious, and silent. Some of your ambitions are often unrealistic.

This is actually a hat that fits anyone’s head.

A famous acrobat named Shawman Barnum said when evaluating his performance that he was very popular because the show contained ingredients that everyone liked, so he As a result, "people are being deceived every minute." People often believe that a general and general personality description reveals their own characteristics very accurately. In psychology, this tendency is called the "Barnum effect."

After a psychologist completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for a group of people, he took out two results and asked the participants to judge which one was their own. In fact, one is the result of the participant himself, and the other is the average result of the responses of the majority of people. Participants actually believed that the latter more accurately expressed their personality traits.

The Barnum effect is very common in life. Take fortune telling as an example. After consulting a fortune teller, many people think that the fortune teller’s predictions are “very accurate”. In fact, those who seek help from fortune tellers are inherently suggestible. When people are depressed and frustrated, they lose control over their lives, and their sense of security is also affected. A person who lacks a sense of security is more psychologically dependent and more suggestible than usual. In addition, fortune tellers are good at figuring out people's inner feelings and can slightly understand the feelings of the seeker, and the seeker will immediately feel a kind of spiritual comfort. The fortune teller will then say something ordinary and innocuous, which will convince the seeker.

20. Peggy effect

In some TV programs, some people have performed so-called peculiar memory performances. Generally, a blackboard is set up on the stage, and then the audience is asked to randomly say some words, numbers, program names, formulas, foreign language words, etc., and write them on the blackboard in order. The performer does not look at the blackboard during this process, but he can accurately say any of the content according to the audience's requirements, and can even recite the entire content backwards.

This kind of performance looks very magical, but in fact it is just the use of Peige memory technology to produce the "Peige effect". This method is actually not difficult. It is to create a set of memory codes, such as, ⑴——hat, ⑵——glasses, ⑶——scarf, ⑷——clothes, ⑸——belt, ⑹——pants... ...and write it down skillfully, and then connect it with the material to be remembered through association. For example, you are asked to remember the following words: ⑴ elephant, ⑵ cheer up, ⑶ bathe, ⑷ electric fan, ⑸ bicycle, ⑹ water... In this way, you can associate the elephant with the fixed-coded No. 1 hat and associate it. Put a hat on the elephant's trunk. To remember the sixth word "water", associate it with pants - water makes the pants wet.

Through this coding association, it is not difficult to remember. Because when associating, we consciously enlarge the associated things, and the appearance is clear and unique. For example, remember the fourth word - when the electric fan is associated with clothes, if it appears that the electric fan blows away the clothes, it is very common, but if you imagine that the electric fan is wearing a down jacket, it is very strange, which is even more special. Make it easier to remember this object.

There are many types of fixed coding in Peige's memory technique, such as numbering according to the upper and lower parts of your body, coding according to what you can see after entering the door, numbering according to the names of your relatives and friends, etc.

When we master this method during the learning process, we can avoid the boring monotony of memory and make it interesting.

Of course, mastering this method does not happen overnight. It requires us to practice regularly and make our associations as unique, eye-catching and extraordinary as possible.

21. Transfer effect

In learning psychology, the impact of prior learning on subsequent learning is called the "transfer effect". It has three effects:

The effect of prior learning A promoting subsequent learning B is called a positive effect; the effect of prior learning A interfering with and hindering subsequent learning B is called a negative effect; prior learning A It promotes subsequent learning B without any impact, which is called zero effect.

In daily life and study, if you do not pay attention to the conditions for migration, unnecessary migration will occur. For example, Japanese drivers often encounter difficulties when driving in the United States, and even have car accidents. This is mainly because in Japan "cars are on the left and people are on the right", while in the United States it is just the opposite. Of course, if the migration effect is used well, the following effects may occur. For example, selecting golf training players from among the baseball players; allowing people who can speak English to suddenly learn French, German, and Spanish will generally achieve more ideal results.

The implications of this theory for learning are:

First, we must pay attention to discover the similarities and similarities between concepts and principles.

The second is to focus on the summary of learning methods, that is, pay attention to mastering regular problem-solving methods during the learning process.

The third is to accumulate extensive learning experience in all aspects.

Fourth, attention should be paid to preventing stereotypes from forming during the learning process, especially during the problem-solving process.

22. Feedback effect

Feedback is originally a concept in physics, which refers to sending part of the energy in the output circuit of the amplifier back to the input circuit to enhance or weaken the input. signal effect. Psychology borrows this concept to explain learners' understanding of their own learning results, and this understanding of the results plays a reinforcing role, prompting learners to study harder, thereby improving learning efficiency. This psychological phenomenon is called the "feedback effect."

The following is a famous psychological experiment on the feedback effect:

Psychologists Rossi and Henry divided a class of students into three groups and took a test after studying every day. The experimenter told the students in the first group the learning results every day, told the students in the second group only once a week, and never told the students in the third group once. This teaching process lasted for 8 weeks. Then the method was changed, and the first group and the third group were swapped. The second group remained unchanged and the same teaching was carried out for 8 weeks. As a result, except that the second group made steady progress and continued to make normal progress, the situation of the first and third groups changed greatly: that is, the academic performance of the first group gradually declined, while the performance of the third group suddenly increased. This shows that knowing your learning results in a timely manner is very important in promoting learning. And immediate feedback is more effective than distant feedback.

Experiments by psychologist Brown show that different feedback methods have different effects on learning. Generally speaking, active feedback from students themselves is better than feedback from teachers. The inspiration this gives us is:

First, in the learning process, we must provide timely self-feedback to avoid purposeless learning and learning methods that do not know the results of our own learning.

The second is to pay attention to the teacher’s comments on homework or test papers, and carefully summarize the strengths and weaknesses of your own learning, so as to clarify the direction of your efforts.

The third is to treat your academic performance correctly. Don’t be proud when you get high scores, but insist on continuing to work hard; don’t lose confidence when your results are unsatisfactory, and be determined to catch up.

23. Matthew Effect

The term "Matthew Effect" was proposed by American scientist Robert Merton. He used this to summarize such a social phenomenon - more and more honors are given to scientists who have considerable reputations for their contributions, while scientists who are not yet famous are unwilling to recognize their achievements.

24. Bucket Effect

The capacity of a wooden bucket is determined by the shortest piece of wood, so in a team or group, the inferior will do great harm.

This is what people often call the "bucket effect."