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Introduce Ye Zhi?

William Butler Yeats

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Ye Zhi in his later years.

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Ye Zhi in his later years.

William Butler Yeats (1June 86513—1June 5438+1October 28, 939), also known as "Ye Zhi" and "Yates", was an Irish poet, playwright and a famous mystic. Ye Zhi was the leader of the Irish Renaissance and one of the founders of Abbey Theatre.

Ye Zhi's early works still have gorgeous romantic style, and he is good at creating a fantastic atmosphere. For example, his prose collection "Celtic Dawn" published in 1893 belongs to this style. However, after entering the unquestionable era, under the influence of modernist poet Pound and others, especially under the influence of Irish nationalist political movement that he experienced personally, Ye Zhi's creative style has undergone more intense changes, which is closer to modernism.

Ye Zhi is not only one of the decision makers of Abbey Theatre, but also a senator of Irish Parliament. He attaches great importance to his social status and is a famous doer in the Irish Senate. Ye Zhi won the Nobel Prize in Literature with 1923, and won the prize for "expressing the soul of the whole nation with its artistic and appealing poems". 1934, he and Rudyard Kipling won the Gutenberg Prize for Poetry.

catalogue

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* 1 Early Life and Works

* 2 young poets

* 3 Gunn, Chad, Irish Renaissance and Monastery Theatre.

* 4 the influence of mysticism

* 5 Transformation to Modernism

* 6 Political career

* 7 Life and Creation in Later Years

* 8 Ye Zhi's major works

* 9 See also.

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Early life and works

Ye Zhi was born in Sandmont, not far from Dublin. His father, john butler Ye Zhi, is descended from jervis Ye Zhi, a linen merchant. This businessman died in 17 12, and his grandson Benjamin married Mary Butler, the daughter of a noble family in kildare. John Ye Zhi was studying law when he got married, but he soon dropped out of school to study portrait painting. His mother (that is, William Butler Yeats's grandmother) Susan Mary Polesfin comes from an English-Irish family in Sligo County. Shortly after his birth, the poet moved to a big family in sligo, and he himself always thought that Sligo County gave birth to his real childhood. The Butler-Ye Zhi family is a very artistic family. The poet's brother Jack later became a famous painter, while his two sisters Elizabeth and Susan both took part in the famous "Arts and Crafts Movement".

Ye Zhi's family later moved to London for the poet's father's painting career. At first, Ye Zhi and his brothers and sisters received family education. The poet's mother often tells her children stories and folklore about her hometown, because she misses her hometown sligo very much. From 65438 to 0877, william yeats entered Godolphin Primary School, where he studied for four years. However, William doesn't seem to like this experience of Godofen, and his achievements are not outstanding. Due to financial difficulties, the poet family moved back to Dublin at the end of 1880. I lived in the center of the city at first, and then moved to Hoth in the suburbs.

House's era is an important development stage for poets. Haosi is surrounded by mountains and Woods, and it is said that there are elves. Ye Zhi hired a maid, a fisherman's wife. She is familiar with all kinds of rural legends, and all her mysterious adventures are included in the later published Celtic Night.

10 year 10 month, the poet continued to study at Erasmus Smith College in Dublin. His father's studio is near this school, so poets often spend their time there and get to know many artists and writers in Dublin. During this period, Ye Zhi read a lot of works by British writers such as Shakespeare, and discussed with writers and artists much older than him. He graduated from this middle school from 1883 to 12, and then began to write poems. 1885, Ye Zhi published his first poem and an article entitled "The Poems of Sir Samuel Ferguson" in Dublin University Review. 1884 to 1886 studied at the Metropolitan Academy of Art in Kildare Street, which is now the predecessor of the Irish National Academy of Art and Design.

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Young poet

Before writing poetry, Ye Zhi tried to combine poetry with religious thoughts and feelings. Later, when describing his childhood, he said, "… I think … if a strong and compassionate spirit constitutes the fate of this world, then we can better understand this fate through words that blend people's inner desires for this world. "

Ye Zhi's early poems are usually based on Irish myths and folklore, and his language style is influenced by pre-Raphael prose. During this period, Shelley's poems had a great influence on Ye Zhi. In a later article about Shelley, Ye Zhi wrote: "I reread Prometheus Liberated. Among all the great works in the world, its position in my heart is far higher than my expectation. "

Ye Zhi was also influenced by John O 'Leary, the leader of the famous Irish organization Fenia at that time. In his later years, the poet said Auryale was the most "charming old man" he had ever seen. "From Auryale's conversation and the Irish books he lent me or gave me, I realized my lifelong ambition." Under the introduction of Oreglia, Ye Zhi met Douglas Hyde and john tyler. The former established the Gaelic Union on 1893, which is dedicated to protecting and increasing the use of Irish.

Ye Zhi's first important poem is Sculpture Island, which is a masterpiece imitating edmund spenser's poems. This poem was published in Dublin University Review and has not been reprinted since. The first work published by Ye Zhi was a pamphlet, Mosada: Drama Poetry. This article was also published in Dublin University Review, with only 100 copies printed, which was funded by his father. Since then, he has completed the narrative poem The Wandering of Ou Xin, and published the poetry collection The Wandering of Ou Xin and other poetry collections in 1889. This is the first work that has not been denied even after Ye Zhi's style matured. It is based on the legends and fairy tales of ancient Irish warriors. It took the poet two years to complete this poem, and its style clearly reflects the influence of Ferguson and pre-Raphael on the poet. To some extent, this poem established the theme style of Ye Zhi's later poems: a life of contemplation or a life of action. The themes of the first eight lyric poems and ballads in this collection of poems come from Ye Zhi's childhood imagination of Indian and Acadia paradise-gods and goddesses, princes and princesses, palaces, peacocks and mysterious lotus flowers. There are obvious traces of romanticism and pre-Raphael in poetry. After the adventures of Ushin, Ye Zhi never wrote a long poem. Most of his other early works are lyric poems with the theme of love or mystery. With more and more readers of Ye Zhi's works, he met many famous Irish and English writers at that time, including Bernard Shaw and Wilde.

The Ye Zhi family moved back to London on 1887. 1890, Ye Zhi and Ernest Rees) * * * * jointly founded the "Rismer Club". This is a literary group composed of a group of like-minded poets. Members meet regularly and publish their own anthologies in 1892 and 1894 respectively. Ye Zhi's early works also include poems, mysterious roses and wind in reeds. In fact, the literary achievements of the Poets' Club are not high, and Ye Zhi is almost the only poet who has made remarkable achievements.

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Chad Gunn, Irish Renaissance and Abbey Theatre

1889, Ye Zhi met Miss Chad Gon 'ang. She is a woman who is keen on Irish nationalist movement. Miss Gon 'ang appreciated Ye Zhi's early poem "Island of Sculpture" and took the initiative to meet Ye Zhi. Ye Zhi was deeply infatuated with this young lady, and this lady greatly influenced Ye Zhi's later creation and life. After two years of close contact, Ye Zhi proposed to Miss Gon 'ang, but was rejected. Later, he proposed to her three times, in 1889, 1900, 190 1 year, and all of them were rejected. Nevertheless, Ye Zhi was still troubled by Miss Gon 'ang, and based on her, she created the drama Countess Catherine. In order to save her compatriots from famine, Kathleen sold her soul to the devil and finally went to heaven. It was not until 1899 that the play was staged, which caused many religious and political disputes. Finally, 1903, Miss Gang married john mcbride, an Irish national movement politician. This year, Ye Zhi went to the United States to give a long lecture tour. During this period, he had a brief love affair with Olivia Shakespeare. They met on 1896 and broke up a year later.

Abbey theatre poster

Also in 1896, Ye Zhi met Mrs. Augusta Gregory, and the introducer was their friend Edward Martin. Mrs Gregory encouraged Ye Zhi to take part in the nationalist movement and create plays. Although Ye Zhi was influenced by French symbolism, it is obvious that his works have a distinctive and unique Irish style. This style was strengthened in Ye Zhi's contact with young Irish writers. Ye Zhi, Mrs Gregory, Martin and other Irish writers initiated the famous Irish Renaissance (or Celtic Renaissance).

In addition to writers' literary creation, the translation and excavation of ancient legends, Gaelic poems and modern Gaelic folk songs by academic translators also played a great role in promoting the Irish Renaissance. The representative is Douglas Hyde, who later became the Irish President. His "Love Song of Noth Province" is highly praised.

One of the most lasting achievements of this movement is the establishment of the monastery theatre. 1889, Ye Zhi, Mrs Gregory, Martin and George Moore founded the Irish Literature Theatre. The group only existed for two years and was not successful. With the help of William Faye and Frank Faye, two Irish brothers with rich experience in drama creation, and Anne Elizabeth frederica horniman, Ye Zhi's unpaid secretary (1894, an English rich woman who participated in the London premiere of Bernard Shaw's Arms and Men), this group successfully built a brand-new Irish National Theatre. With the participation of the famous playwright John millington Sing, the group even made a lot of money by performing plays in Dublin, and built the Abbey Theatre on February 27th, 1904. On the opening night of the theater, two plays by Ye Zhi were grandly presented. From then until his death, Ye Zhi's creative career was always related to the monastery theatre. He is not only a member of the theater board, but also a prolific playwright.

1902, Ye Zhi established Dan Elmer Publishing House to publish the works of Renaissance writers. The publishing house was renamed as Kula Publishing House on 1904. The publishing house has been in existence until 1946, and has been run by two sisters in Ye Zhi. A total of 70 books have been published, 48 of which were written by Ye Zhi himself. 19 17 summer, I reunited with Miss Gang and proposed to my adopted daughter, but she was rejected. In September, he proposed to an English woman, George Hedris, and she agreed. They got married on1October 20th 10 that year. Soon, Ye Zhi bought Valletta near Kul Park, and soon renamed it "Valletta in Tulba". Ye Zhi spent most of the summer of the rest of his life here. On February 24th, 2009, Ye Zhi's eldest daughter Ann Ye Zhi was born in Dublin. Ann inherited her mother's wisdom, tranquility and friendliness, as well as her father's extraordinary artistic talent, and later became a painter.

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The influence of mysticism

Ye Zhi was interested in mysticism and idealism all his life. 1885, Ye Zhi and some friends established the Order of Dolphin Hermes. The organization held its first meeting on June 6, 2006, with Ye Zhi as its chairman. In the same year, under the organization of the psychic Brahman Mosini Satri, the Theological Association Museum was officially opened. The following year, Ye Zhi attended his first seance. Later, Ye Zhi became fascinated with mysticism and psychics. 1900 even became the leader of the "Golden Dawn Secret Brotherhood". 1890 Join the organization. After their marriage, Ye Zhi and his wife tried to write unconsciously, which was all the rage at that time.

Ye Zhi's mysticism is particularly evident in his famous poem Lida and Swan. This short poem, based on Greek mythology, tells the story of Zeus turning into a swan, combining with the beautiful Rita and giving birth to two daughters (one is the famous Helen, which triggered the Trojan War; One is Clytaemestra, Agamemnon's wife and commander of the Greek army. This motif appears repeatedly in western literary and artistic works. Western critics have different interpretations of Ye Zhi's original intention of creating this masterpiece. Some people think that "the root of historical changes lies in sex and war", while others think that "history is the result of the interaction between human creativity and destructive power" In the history of mainstream western literature, Rita and Swan are regarded as symbolic works of symbolic poetry.

Kathleen Tynan had a great influence on the formation of Ye Zhi's mysticism. Tainan is a talented poetess, and Ye Zhi was very close to her in her early years. It is under the influence of Tainan that Ye Zhi frequently participates in the activities of various mysterious organizations. Tainan admired Ye Zhi's talent all her life, but Ye Zhi gradually alienated her.

Ye Zhi's mysticism is deeply influenced by Indian religion. In his later years, he even personally translated the Upanishads of Hinduism into English. The paranormal theory and supernatural meditation became the inspiration of Ye Zhi's later poetry creation. Some critics criticize the mysticism in Ye Zhi's poems, believing that it lacks preciseness and credibility. W·H· Auden sharply criticized Ye Zhi in his later years as "an exhibition of poor adults whose brains are occupied by witchcraft and Indian nonsense". However, it was during this period that Ye Zhi wrote many of his most immortal works. To understand the mystery of Ye Zhi's poems in his later years, we must understand the mysterious thinking system of his book Second Sight published in 1925. Today, people understand Ye Zhi's later poems by reading this book, but they don't think it is a religious or philosophical work.

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The transition to modernism

The carved portrait of Ye Zhi.

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The carved portrait of Ye Zhi.

19 13 years, Ye Zhi met a young American poet Ezra pound in London. In fact, Pound came to London in part to get to know this older poet. Pound thinks that Ye Zhi is "the only poet worthy of serious study". From 19 13 to 19 16, Ye Zhi and Pound spend every winter in the country house in Ashdown Forest. During this period, Pound served as Ye Zhi's nominal assistant. However, when Pound revised some of his poems without Ye Zhi's permission and published them in Poetry magazine, the relationship between the two poets began to deteriorate. Pound's revision of Ye Zhi's poetry mainly reflects his hatred of the rhythm of Victorian poetry. However, soon, both poets began to miss the days when they learned from each other. In particular, what Pound learned from Ernest Fanor Rosa's widow about Japanese hedonism provided inspiration for Ye Zhi's upcoming aristocratic drama. Ye Zhi's first play, which imitated Japanese energy, was Eagle Well. He dedicated the first draft of this work to Pound in1916 65438+10.

Ye Zhi is recognized as one of the most important English poets in the 20th century. However, unlike most modernist poets who keep trying in the field of free verse, Ye Zhi is a master of traditional poetic forms. The influence of modernism on Ye Zhi's poetic style is mainly reflected in the following aspects: with the passage of time, the poet gradually gave up the traditional poetic style in his early works, and his language style became more and more cold, and he directly cut into the theme. This style change is mainly reflected in his mid-term creation, including Seven Trees, Responsibility, Green Helmet and other series.

1923, Ye Zhi won the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was personally awarded by the King of Sweden. Two years later, he published a short poem "Rich Sweden" to express his gratitude. 1925, Ye Zhi published a painstaking prose work "Second Vision", in which he recommended the views of Plato, Brittany and several modern philosophers to prove his astrology, mysticism and historical theory.

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political career

Ye Zhi met many young modernists through Pound, which made his mid-term poems far away from the early Celtic Dawn style. His concern for politics is no longer limited to the cultural and political fields he was fascinated by in the early Renaissance. In Ye Zhi's early works, his aristocratic status in the depths of his soul was reflected. He idealized the life of Irish civilians and deliberately ignored the poverty and weak reality of this class. However, a revolutionary movement initiated by urban Catholics forced Ye Zhi to change his creative attitude.

Ye Zhixin's political inclination is reflected in the poem1965438+September 2003. This poem attacked the famous Dublin strike 19 13 led by James Larkin. On Easter 19 16, the poet repeatedly chanted: "Everything has changed/completely changed/a terrible beauty was born". Ye Zhi finally realized that the value of the leaders of the Easter Uprising lies in their humble origins and poor lives.

Throughout the1920s and the early191930s, Ye Zhi was inevitably affected by the turbulent situation in his country and the whole world. 1922, Ye Zhi entered the Irish Senate. During his Senate career, one of Ye Zhi's major achievements was that he served as the chairman of the Monetary Committee. It was this institution that designed Ireland's first currencies after independence. 1925, enthusiastically advocating the legalization of divorce. In 1927, Ye Zhi described himself as a public figure in his Poems for Schoolchildren: "a smiling celebrity in his sixties". 1928, Ye Zhi retired from the Senate due to health problems.

Ye Zhi's aristocratic status and close relationship with Pound made him very close to Mussolini. He expressed his admiration for the fascist dictator on many occasions. He even wrote some articles praising fascism, although these works were never published. However, when Barbro Nie Luda invited him to Madrid in 1937, Ye Zhi indicated in his reply that he supported the Spanish revolution and opposed fascism. Ye Zhi's political inclination is very vague. He did not support Democrats, but in his later years he deliberately alienated Nazis and fascists. However, throughout his life, Ye Zhi never really accepted or endorsed democracy. At the same time, it is deeply influenced by the so-called eugenics movement.

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Life and Creation in Later Years

Ye Zhi Sculpture in sligo County

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Ye Zhi Sculpture in sligo County

In his later years, Ye Zhi began to write in a more personal style, instead of directly touching political topics as he did in middle age. He began to write poems for his family and children, and sometimes he described his experiences and feelings about the passage of time and aging. The Great Escape of Circus Animals, included in his last book of poetry, vividly shows the inspiration of his later works: "Since my stairs have disappeared/I must lie flat at the beginning of those stairs". After 1929, Ye Zhi moved out of Lielita, Tulba. Although many memories of the poet's life are outside Ireland, he rented a house in the suburbs of Dublin. 1932. Ye Zhi was very prolific in his later years and published many poems, plays and essays. Many famous poems were written in his later years, including Sailing to Byzantium, which was the peak of his life. This masterpiece embodies Ye Zhi's yearning for the ancient and mysterious oriental civilization. 1938, Ye Zhi came to Abbey Theatre for the last time to watch the premiere of his play "Purgatory". In the same year, he published Autobiography of William Butler Yeats.

In his later years, Ye Zhi fell ill and went to France to recuperate with his wife. But he finally died in the "Happy Holiday Hotel" in Menton, France from 1939 to 65438+128. His last poem is Black Tower, which is based on the legend of King Arthur. After his death, Ye Zhi was first buried in Rockburen. 1948 In September, people moved the poet's body to his hometown of sligo County according to his wishes. His tomb later became a striking attraction in sligo County. His epitaph is the last sentence of the poet's later work "At the foot of the mountain": "Drop cold eyes/watch life, watch death/knight, and ride on!" Ye Zhi said before his death that sligo was the place that had the most profound influence on him in his life, so his sculptures and memorial halls were also located here.

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Ye Zhi's major works

* 1886- moshada

* 1888- Irish rural myths and folktales

* 1889-Usin's adventures and other poems

* 189 1 year-classic Irish story

* 1892- Countess Catherine and other legends and lyrics

* 1893- Celtic Dawn

*1894-the desire field of the mind

* 1895- Poetry.

* 1897- Mysterious Rose

* 1899- wind among reeds