The home soilless cultivation method of vegetables is actually very good for growing vegetables at home. In recent years, more and more friends like to grow some vegetables at home, which can green the environment and get real pollution-free. Let's take a look at the home soilless cultivation method of vegetables.
Methods of soilless cultivation of vegetables at home 1 Fruits and vegetables that can be soilless cultivated are: tomatoes, cucumbers, bitter melons, strawberries, cherries and radishes. Leafy vegetables include lettuce, celery, coriander, Chinese cabbage, rape, water spinach, wormwood and so on. These dishes have different degrees of maturity. Fruits and vegetables generally last for 3-5 months, and leafy vegetables generally last for 2-3 months. The temperature requirement of fruits and vegetables is about 10-25 degrees, and the requirement of leafy vegetables is relatively small, which is suitable for general family planting.
Waste plastic cups with holes in the bottom are used for seedling raising. Plastic flowerpots or foam plastic boxes (with holes at the bottom) have trays at the bottom. Don't use clay pots. 0.5 kg of clay gravel, 0.5 kg of perlite, vermiculite, peat and rock wool 1-2 kg can be used. Concentrated nutrient solution is divided into 1 and No.2, which must be used by comprehensive dilution. 2 bottles don't need empty plastic bottles (for diluting nutrient solution).
Species invasion. Seeds must be soaked in warm water at 32 degrees Celsius for 6 hours. Soak the substrate. Soak ceramsite and perlite in water for later use. Sow seeds. Plastic cups for seedling raising are filled with soaked substrates, holes are dug with fingers, two seeds are planted in each hole of fruits and vegetables, ditches are used for leafy vegetables, and seeds are planted along small ditches. Cover with substrate, lightly press, cover with plastic bag or film, and wait for emergence.
Pour the liquid. After emergence, the diluted nutrient solution should be watered 1-2 times a day, and the exudate in the dish is appropriate. Vegetable seedlings. When the seedlings grow two leaves, they begin to be sparse, leaving only one seedling in each hole and pulling out the extra seedlings. Change the basin. When the seedlings grow to have 3-5 real leaves, they need to change the big pots.
First, lay a layer of soaked ceramsite on the bottom of the pot to facilitate drainage, then lay perlite, transplant the seedlings together with the substrate into a large pot, and finally cover the perlite with a layer of ceramsite. After changing the pot, pour the liquid thoroughly for the first time, and it is advisable to ooze from the tray. Pour the liquid. Watering leafy vegetables once every two days and twice a day, and watering fruits and vegetables only twice a day, without watering.
Methods of home soilless cultivation of vegetables II. Lettuce, celery, coriander, Chinese cabbage and other leafy vegetables, tomatoes, cucumbers, bitter gourd and other fruits and vegetables can be soilless cultivated. Seeds are soaked in warm water at 32℃ for 6 hours, and substrates such as pottery gravel and perlite are soaked in water before use. The sowing method is as follows: first, put the soaked substrate in a plastic cup and dig a hole with your fingers. If fruits and vegetables are planted, 2 seeds are planted in each hole; if leafy vegetables are planted, the seeds are dug and sown along the furrow, and then the substrate is covered, lightly pressed, and the film is covered to wait for emergence.
First, vegetable selection
Leafy vegetables that can be soilless cultivated include lettuce, celery, coriander, Chinese cabbage, rape, water spinach, Artemisia, etc. Fruits and vegetables include tomatoes, cucumbers, bitter melons, cherry radishes and so on. These dishes have different degrees of maturity. The maturity of fruits and vegetables is generally 3-5 months, and leafy vegetables are generally 2-3 months. The planting temperature of fruits and vegetables should be around 10-25℃, and the temperature and light of leafy vegetables are relatively less.
Second, the equipment preparation
Prepare a plastic cup, a plastic flowerpot or a foamed plastic box with a hole at the bottom and a tray at the bottom, and tie several holes at the bottom of the plastic cup for seedling raising; 0.5 kg of pottery gravel, 0-2 kg of 65438+ perlite or vermiculite, peat and rock wool; Concentrated nutrient solution 1 and No.2 can be used after comprehensive dilution, and the nutrient solution can be diluted with two empty plastics.
Third, seed soaking and seedling raising
Soak vegetable seeds in warm water at about 32℃ for 6 hours, and substrates such as pottery gravel and perlite also need to be soaked in water before use. When sowing and raising seedlings, the plastic cup is filled with soaked substrate, and holes are dug with fingers. If you plant fruits and vegetables, plant 2 seeds in each hole. If leafy vegetables are planted, the seeds are sown in furrows, then covered with substrate, lightly pressed, covered with plastic bags or films for heat preservation and moisture retention, and wait for emergence.
Fourth, post-management
1. After the seeds emerge, they need to be watered with diluted nutrient solution 1-2 times a day, as long as there is liquid oozing from the tray. When the vegetable seedlings grow two leaves, they begin to be thinned, leaving only one well-growing seedling in each hole and pulling out all the redundant weak seedlings.
2. When the vegetable seedlings have 3-5 real leaves, plant them in a big pot. First, lay a layer of soaked pottery gravel on the bottom of the pot to facilitate drainage, then lay perlite, transplant the seedlings together with the substrate into a large pot, and finally cover the perlite with a layer of pottery gravel. After changing pots, the nutrient solution should be poured thoroughly for the first time, and it is advisable to ooze from the tray. In the later stage of planting, leafy vegetables should be watered with nutrient solution once every two days, and fruits and vegetables should be watered twice a day.
The method of home soilless cultivation of vegetables. Suitable for planting vegetable varieties on family balconies.
Vegetables suitable for planting on family balconies are divided into leafy vegetables and melon and fruit vegetables.
1, leafy vegetables
There are two kinds of harvest: long season harvest and short season harvest. The varieties suitable for long-term planting include cabbage, Eichhornia crassipes, green cabbage, leaf beet, celery, watercress and so on. After one planting, it can be harvested one after another, and the harvesting period is as long as 3~6 months.
Suitable for short-season planting are oil lettuce, purple leaf lettuce, rose leaf lettuce, Roman straight leaf lettuce, fast-growing lettuce, red oak leaf lettuce, green rubber leaf lettuce, yellow-hearted chicory, chrysanthemum, red-leaf beet, yellow-leaf beet, white-leaf beet, celery, cress, green rape, purple rape and Komatsu cabbage.
Harvest once every 25~30 days after planting, with the weight of each plant150 ~ 200 g; You can also peel off the leaves one by one and harvest them many times. Colors are red, yellow, dark green, light green, purple and so on. People can plant vegetables of several colors on one device to form different styles of landscapes.
2. Fruits and vegetables
There are mainly tomatoes, cherry tomatoes, string tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, colored peppers, mini cucumbers, ornamental pumpkins, beibei pumpkins, zucchini, melons, pocket watermelons and so on.
Second, the use of balcony vegetable planting device technology
(1) Equipment preparation
Waste plastic cups with holes in the bottom are used for seedling raising.
(2) Cultivate strong seedlings
When planting, citizens can buy their own seedlings, or they can buy vegetable seeds and plant them in plugs, and then transplant them into the "balcony vegetable garden" when the seedlings grow up.
1, seed disinfection
Seeds often carry bacteria, in order to reduce seedling diseases, ensure the healthy growth of vegetable seedlings, let yourself and your family eat healthy vegetables, and avoid giving up halfway. It is best to disinfect the seeds simply before sowing.
Generally, the seeds bought from the market are soaked in warm soup. Soak the seeds in hot water at 60℃ 10~ 15 min, then lower the water temperature to 30℃, continue soaking for 3~5 h, and take them out to dry.
For seeds with unclean surface, long standing time or contaminated seeds, the method of soaking in liquid medicine can be used. Foer-Marin 100 times solution is commonly used. First, soak the seeds in clear water for 3~5 h, then soak them in liquid medicine for 20 min, then take them out and rinse them with clear water.
Step 2 sow seeds
Families with conditions should prepare several plastic plug seedlings with 72 or 128 holes as far as possible, with peat and vermiculite as the matrix, and the preparation ratio is 2: 1, which can not only save seeds, but also produce strong seedlings. Water the plug before sowing, sow the dry seeds, cover the substrate with a thickness of 0.8~ 1.0 cm after sowing, and then cover it with a layer of plastic cloth, mainly for heat preservation and moisture preservation.
3. Seedling management
3~5 days after sowing, when the seedlings are unearthed, the plastic sheet can be removed in time and covered with a layer of 0. When there is no water vapor on the seedlings, it can be covered with 5 cm thick substrate. After emergence, water should be properly controlled to prevent excessive growth, but after 3-4 days, water should be sprayed with a watering can to cool down to prevent the seedlings from being short of water due to evaporation. The temperature should not be too high when raising seedlings, and it is 20-25℃ during the day and 10℃ at night. When the seedlings grow to 2-4 true leaves, they can be sown in 20-25 days.
Step 4 transplant
When the seedlings grow to 3-4 leaves, take them out, wash the soil at the roots with water, pay attention to the minimum damage to the roots, and then transplant them into the holes. After transplanting, the family balcony device immediately starts to start, and the supply time of nutrient solution is determined according to different seasons.
Generally, the indoor temperature is high in summer and autumn, the evaporation of seedlings is large, and more water is needed. The timer is set to start at 8: 00 every morning, stop at 22: 00 at night and stop for 2 hours every 20 minutes. In winter and spring, the indoor temperature is low, the evaporation is small and the water demand is low. Adjust the timer time to 10 minute/cycle and stop for 2 hours.
(3) Management after transplanting
1, temperature requirements
Because most of the vegetables planted are leafy vegetables, which belong to semi-cold-resistant vegetables, plants should grow under suitable environmental conditions during the growing period. The temperature should not be too high during the growing period, and it is 20~25℃ during the day and 10~ 12℃ at night. The temperature of the fully enclosed balcony is also high in winter, and it is less limited by temperature, so vegetables can be grown all year round.
2. Lighting adjustment
The orientation of the balcony depends on the lighting conditions of the balcony. It is best to choose a sunny balcony facing south. Nanyang terrace is the most ideal balcony for growing vegetables, with plenty of sunshine and good ventilation. Almost all vegetables grow best in sufficient sunshine, so ordinary vegetables can be planted on balconies facing south all year round.
3, nutrient solution management
After emergence, the diluted nutrient solution should be watered 1-2 times a day, and the exudate in the dish is appropriate. Vegetable seedlings. When the seedlings grow two leaves, they begin to be sparse, leaving only one seedling in each hole and pulling out the extra seedlings. Change the basin. When the seedlings grow to have 3-5 real leaves, they need to change the big pots. First, lay a layer of soaked pottery gravel on the bottom of the basin to facilitate drainage.
Then spread perlite, transplant the seedlings together with the substrate into a big pot, and finally cover the perlite with a layer of pottery gravel. After changing the pot, pour the liquid thoroughly for the first time, and it is advisable to ooze from the tray. Pour the liquid. Watering leafy vegetables once every two days and twice a day, and watering fruits and vegetables only twice a day, without watering.
4, pest control
Family garden is a form of soilless culture, with vigorous plants, light pests and diseases, and clean and hygienic. Here are two kinds of home-made natural insect repellents suitable for home gardens. ① Spice plant extract. Nine-story tower (basil), onion, onion, garlic, etc. Take a proper amount and boil it with 500 liters of water.
After cooling, spray it on the plants with a small watering can. Used to control aphids, red spiders, ants and other pests. 2 wine vinegar. Vinegar 1ml+ rice wine 1ml+ water 1 L mixed use. Edible vinegar can also be diluted 50 times with water and sprayed, or mixed with garlic liquid or pepper liquid. It can prevent diseases.
Third, harvest.
The upper branches and leaves can be harvested one after another about 30 days after planting. Be careful not to harvest too much at a time, so as not to affect growth. Such as begonia fimbristipula, chrysanthemum and water spinach; All kinds of loose leaf lettuce, leaf beet, etc. The outer leaves should be picked in batches for consumption.
Attached:
Nutrient solution configuration
Preparation before preparing nutrient solution
① According to the types of cultivated crops, soilless cultivation methods and costs, the formula of nutrient solution should be selected correctly.
② Choose suitable fertilizer (inorganic salt). We should not only consider the concentration and proportion of effective nutrient elements in fertilizers, but also choose fertilizers with high solubility, high purity, less impurities and low price.
(3) According to the concentration ratio of each nutrient element in the formula, the dosage of various fertilizers is calculated respectively, and then converted into the actual demand for various fertilizers per ton of water or 10 ton of water.
(4) Prepare a liquid storage tank, and the nutrient solution is generally prepared into mother liquor with the concentration of 100 ~ 1000 times. Each formula needs 2 ~ 3 mother liquor tanks. The volume of the mother liquor tank should be 25 or 50 kg, preferably dark and opaque, and a faucet can be installed under the tank to put the mother liquor.
⑤ Select and prepare water. The water used to prepare nutrient solution is very important, and the water quality should be selected. Well water, river water, spring water, tap water and even rainwater can be used to prepare nutrient solution, but the application requirements do not contain toxic pollutants such as heavy metal compounds, germs and eggs.
Unpurified seawater and industrial sewage are not available. Rainwater has low salt content, which is very suitable for soilless culture, but it often contains trace elements such as copper and zinc, so it can be added without or with less when preparing nutrient solution. Tap water contains chlorine and too much carbonate, which should be treated before use; Well water is groundwater, which contains a lot of iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and NH4+, so it is necessary to analyze the water before preparing nutrient solution.
Preparation method of nutrient solution
(1) Weigh all kinds of fertilizers, put them in clean containers or plastic film bags, and lay the plastic film flat on the ground for later use.
② Pay strict attention to the sequence when mixing fertilizers, and separate Ca2+ from SO42- and PO43-, that is, calcium nitrate cannot be mixed with fertilizers other than potassium nitrate, such as sulfate such as magnesium sulfate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, so as to avoid calcium precipitation.
③ Mother liquor can be divided into A, B or A, B and C storage tanks. Mix and dissolve calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate in tank A, or dissolve ferrous sulfate and Na2 EDTA in trace elements in tanks A and B with calcium nitrate, and mix and dissolve trace elements and parts such as potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. Mix and dissolve all trace elements in tank C. ..
④ Dissolution sequence of fertilizer in tank A: firstly dissolve Na2 EDTA and ferrous sulfate with warm water, then dissolve calcium nitrate, add water and stir until it is dissolved evenly, then dissolve magnesium sulfate in tank B, then add ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium nitrate in turn, add water and stir until it is completely dissolved, then add boric acid with warm water, and then add the remaining trace element fertilizers respectively. Both tank A and tank B are added with water to a certain volume according to the concentration multiple of mother liquor, and evenly stirred for later use.
⑤ When using nutrient solution, first take the mother solution from tank A and then the mother solution from tank B, add water to dilute it into standard stock solution according to the concentration multiple, and then inject it into the liquid supply pool (tank), adjust the PH value to a suitable range, and measure the EC value (conductivity) before using it.
Key points of using nutrient solution
(1) Determine the appropriate nutrient solution management concentration. Different crops, different cultivation methods, different development stages and seasons have different nutrient solution management concentrations. Generally, the nutrient solution concentration of fruits and vegetables is higher than that of fast-growing leafy vegetables, and the management concentration in the middle and late growth stage is higher than that in the early growth stage and seedling stage. Take tomato as an example, the nutrient solution concentration (EC value) is 1.2 ~ 1.8 mSv/cm in seedling stage, 1.5 ~ 2.0 mSv/cm in growth stage, and can be increased to 1.8 ~ 2.8 mSv/cm in later stage.
(2) The frequency and quantity of liquid supply should be controlled according to different cultivation methods, different seasons, different crops and different growth stages. The number of liquid supply in matrix culture can be less, and NFT culture should be repeated every day. The liquid supply of fruits and vegetables grown by NFT is 2 liters per minute, while the liquid supply of leafy vegetables is only 1 liter.
(3) Adjust and supplement the nutrient solution in time. Due to the needs of crop growth, we constantly choose to absorb nutrients and absorb a lot of water. In addition, the concentration of nutrient solution has changed due to the evaporation and consumption of cultivation bed surface, liquid supply pipeline and liquid supply pool. Check regularly, adjust and supplement.
The change of concentration and nutritional status can be detected by nutritional analysis or the test results of electrical conductivity (EC value), and then the mother liquor can be supplemented. If the above test cannot be carried out, the original standard concentration nutrient solution with the same volume can be supplemented according to the water consumption of the liquid supply pool, and the waste nutrient solution can be replaced regularly to keep the stability of the nutrient solution in the pool.
④ Regularly detect and adjust the change of pH value. During the growth of crops, the pH value of nutrient solution changes greatly, which directly affects the absorption, growth and development of crops and the solubility of mineral salts. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly detect the PH value of nutrient solution and adjust it with sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide respectively. Different crops have different adaptation ranges to pH and should be strictly controlled.
⑤ Prevent the occurrence of malnutrition symptoms. Due to the selective absorption of different ions by crops and the change of pH value, the nutrients in nutrient solution or crops will be out of balance, and corresponding symptoms will appear, which will affect the normal growth and yield of crops and even lead to crop failure. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose and prevent them accurately.
Nutrient solution raw material
① Macroelement: 3 grams of potassium nitrate; 5 grams of calcium nitrate; 3 grams of magnesium sulfate; 2 grams of ammonium phosphate; Potassium sulfate 1g potassium dihydrogen phosphate1g.
② Trace elements:100 mg; Disodium EDTA (using chemical reagent); Ferrous sulfate 75mg；; Boric acid 30mg；; Manganese sulfate 20mg；; Zinc sulfate 5 mg; Copper sulfate 1 mg; Ammonium aluminate 2 mg.
(3) Tap water: 5000 ml (5 kg) of macro elements and trace elements are made into solutions respectively, and then mixed. The amount of trace elements is so small that it is difficult to weigh. Trace elements can be prepared by multiplication, and then the amount is reduced by the same multiple. For example, trace elements can be weighed into solution with magnification of 100 times, and then the 1% solution is extracted, that is, the required amount.
The nutrient solution prepared according to the above formula is slightly acidic, and the PH value is 6.2. The nutrient solution is nontoxic and odorless, clean and hygienic, and can be stored for a long time.
It is recommended to go to the bookstore to buy some or find more professional knowledge, because different vegetables usually have different configurations. Of course, there are also general models.