Cucumber, winter melon is an important vegetable, pumpkin, zucchini, etc. In addition to as vegetables, but also for food and feed. Watermelon, melon is in the summer for the people's favorite melons, squash and bitter melon in the south more cultivated, the north is rarely cultivated.
Melons are plants originating in the tropics, the growth of high temperature requirements, intolerance of frost, so they are cultivated in the warm season. Which originated in the tropical grassland continental climate area of the watermelon, melon, pumpkin, zucchini and other particularly heat-resistant, and requires a dry and sunny climate, cucumber, China's common melon and the rest of the melon originated in the tropical oceanic climate area, they are less heat-resistant, can be adapted to the warm and rainy climate. As a result, watermelon, melon and zucchini grow best in northern and northwestern China, while the rest of the squash grows best in central, southern and southwestern China. Pumpkin has a strong adaptability to the climate, in China's southern and northern cultivation are very suitable.
China's melon cultivation area is larger, more varieties, so melon production in the prosperity of the agricultural economy, to ensure that urban and rural supply plays a great role, and a variety of fresh melon and its processed products, such as watermelon seeds, pumpkin seeds, etc. are exported in large quantities.
The first section of the winter melon
Winter melon (Benincasa hispida. Cogn.) is native to the south of China, in China's cultivation area is wider, cultivation history is long, in the height of summer is one of the vegetables that people love to eat. Winter melon fruit contains a lot of water, with meat soup to eat, soup flavor fresh and delicious, can also be fried, winter melon can also be processed into a variety of winter melon preserved fruit, such as winter melon preserves. In the motherland medicine, winter melon and dampness, diuretic, thirst and other effects. Winter melon storage, supply period is longer, in August to September during the high temperature is to solve the off-season supply of one of the main vegetables.
I, biological characteristics
Winter melon is an annual trailing crop, its botanical characteristics are roughly as follows: roots and stems: root white, the root group is very developed, the depth of 0.5 ~ 1.0m, the degree of 1.5 ~ 2.0m, the root system has a strong absorptive capacity, and is prone to produce adventitious roots, the stem is long and thick, sprawling, hollow, on which there are coarse and hard bristles, up to a few meters long, the stem node axils of the leaves are born between the lateral trails and tendrils, tendrils for scandals, and the root system is very strong. tendrils, tendrils for climbing, tendrils bearing adventitious roots to absorb nutrients and water.
Leaves: the leaves are large, rounded or palmately shaped, green, with a rough surface and velvet hairs on the back of the leaves.
Flower: most of the flowers of winter melon are unisexual, very few varieties of bisexual flowers. Generally occur first male flowers, followed by female flowers, male and female flowers occur with some regularity. Male flowers sepals 5, nearly hastate, green, petals 5, oval, yellow, 3 stamens, in the center of the flower triangular arrangement, terminal anthers, extremely curved dehiscence. Female flowers are identical with the male ones, the ovary inferior. Shape varies with variety, long elliptic, short elliptic, green, densely velutinous, flower stalk shorter and thicker than male flower stalk, velutinous, style short, stigma petaloidal trilobed, light yellow.
Fruit and seeds: The fruit is generally cylindrical, oblate and oblong-cylindrical. Mature fruit skin with wax powder, the flesh is thick and pure white, loose and juicy, light flavor, and the hollow of the flesh is large. The flesh of the melon is attached with many seeds, the seeds are white or light yellow, flat, the seed coat is smooth or have raised edges, the seeds weigh 50-100g per thousand grains, and the seeds with edges are slightly lighter.
Two, the requirements of environmental conditions
Winter melon like warm, not cold, fertility temperature of 25 ~ 30 ℃, the germination temperature of 30 ℃, 15 ℃ or less can not be normal germination, the soil requirements are not strict, in the sandy loam or clay loam soil can be cultivated, but should not be cropped. Winter melon needs sufficient water, but does not tolerate moisture, such as planting in the lowlands, soil permeability is poor, root development is hindered, it is not conducive to the growth of the plant, you should choose a dry terrain, well-drained ground cultivation.
Winter melon planted in a wider area, more varieties around, winter melon according to its shape can be divided into flat, round, tube, pillow-shaped, etc., to the color of the winter melon rind to points, there are green and white skin, etc., according to the size of the fruit can be divided into small winter melon and large winter melon.
Early or early maturity, the first female flower occurs at a lower node, when the nutritional status is good, after the first female flower, the nodes can be continuously bearing female flowers. Fruits are small, oblate, round or highly rounded, a few fruits can be harvested from each plant, and generally young fruits are harvested for market. From sowing to harvest takes about 110 to 130 days. Such as a string of bells in Beijing, Mianyang, Sichuan rice winter melon, Chengdu, Sichuan, five leaves and so on.
Beijing farmers varieties, usually in the main vine 3 ~ 5 leaf axil female flowers, snow and can be continuous results, it is called a string of bells, short cylindrical fruit, the outer skin rose 'Yield Skip, ripe fruit with white powder, a single melon each weighing about 500 ~ 1000g, precocious, from sowing to harvesting about 1 10 ~ 120 days, less fiber, more water, the quality of the upper.
Sichuan Mianyang city farmers varieties, plant growth potential of medium, the main vine of the 8th to 10th section of the occurrence of the first female flowers, and later the interval of 3 to 5 sections of the occurrence of female flowers, the fruit is short Cantonese cylindrical, the outer skin is green, the fruit surface is smooth, there is a white prickly hairs, the mature melon wax powder is less, the fruit flesh is about 4.0cm thick, white, a single melon weighs 1,250 to 1,500 g.
3, five leaves of the winter melon (small winter melon)
3, five leaves of winter melon (small winter melon)
3, five leaves of winter melon (small winter melon)
Chengdu City, Sichuan, farm varieties, plant growth potential of medium, the first female flowers were born in the main vine of the 15th-18th section, to the main vine melons. The fruit is short cylindrical, the base of the fruit and the umbilicus is slightly concave, the rind is green, the surface is smooth, the wax powder is less, the flesh is 3.0-4.0cm thick, the weight of a single melon is about 5.0kg.
(ii) large winter melon
Mid- or late-maturing. Plant growth potential is strong, large winter melon usually 9 to 15 sections, and even 20 to 25 sections of the first female flowers, the first female flowers, and often after a certain number of sections or a few consecutive births of female flowers, and then every other section of the female flowers, the general section of the thick and long and large fruit, fruit large short cylindrical or long cylindrical, lime green, by the white wax powder or no, the seeds have a single side or bilateral two types of storage and transportation of the general yield, from the seed to harvest, about 140 to 150 days or 180 to 180 days, the seeds have to be stored and transported. Need 140 to 150 days or 180 to 200 days. Such as Guangdong green skin winter melon, Kunming large son of winter melon, Chengdu pink skin winter melon, Shanghai green skin winter melon.
1, Guangdong green skin winter melon
Strong growth potential, the main vine of the 16th to 19th section of the occurrence of the first female flowers, the fruit is long cylindrical, green, more water, taste light, thick meat, general fruit weight 1.75kg, poor heat resistance, easy to be burned by the sun, late maturity.
2, Kunming Dazi winter melon
Trailing long section denser, smooth and thorny, 5-angled green, leaf margins deep 5-lobed, petiole with prickly hairs, the first female flowers were born in the 11 ~ 15 section, and then every 5 ~ 8 sections and then appear in turn female flowers, fruit long cylindrical, pericarp pinkish-green, wax powder, single-fruit weight of 7.5 ~ l0kg, the number of days of growth of about 180 ~ 200 days.
3, Chengdu pink-skinned winter melon
growth potential and branching are strong, the first female flowers are born in the main vine 16 ~ 20 sections, every 1 ~ 3 sections of the female flowers again, the fruit is short cylindrical, green, with prickly hairs, the ends are slightly concave, the flesh thickness of 4.0 ~ 5.0cm, a single melon weight of 3.5 ~ 5.0kg.
4, Shanghai green-skinned winter melon
the leaves are dark green, the leaf margins are y notched, curled up, the single fruit weight of 7.5 ~ l0kg, growth days of about 180 ~ 200 days. The leaf margins are y notched, tendrils are longer, the fruit is cylindrical, the melon skin is green, flesh is thick, the general weight of a single melon is 7.5~l0kg, late maturing species, heat resistance is poor, easy to produce burns under the direct sunlight.
Four, cultivation techniques
(a) sowing period
Winter melon sowing period due to climatic conditions around the world, cultivation techniques, cultivation methods, selection of varieties and the requirements and purpose of the different differences, Panzhihua area according to their own climatic conditions, generally in the first half of February, sowing. Early-maturing type winter melon should be sown in mid- and late January. If the use of tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and other ground cover planting trellis winter melon, can be sown in March in the middle and late sowing, winter melon sowing late, early on the yield has a greater impact, generally speaking, appropriate early sowing, winter melon flowering on the earlier, shorter stem nodes, more female flowers. Therefore, a good grasp of the sowing period on the capture of winter melon production has a certain role.
(2) sowing seedlings and cultivation density
Winter melon live or seedling transplantation can be, winter melon planting density due to varieties, cultivation methods and cultivation seasons vary, small winter melon planting 12,000 to 15,000 or so per hectare, large winter melon, generally 4,500 to 6,000, in order to capture the high-yield winter melon, the best seedling transplantation.
Winter melon seed skin is thick, not easy to germinate, seed treatment should be carried out before sowing to promote seed germination. Seed treatment methods are as follows.
(1) wet seed sowing: generally with water to soak the seeds for 5 to 6 hours, fish out and filter dry after sowing in the seedbed can be.
(2) warm hot seed soaking: put the seeds in warm water at 55 ℃ for about 15 minutes to promote seed germination, and then sowing.
(3) constant temperature germination: seeds put in a 30 ℃ constant temperature box, after 3 ~ 5 hours up and down once, so that the seeds on the lower layer of heat evenly, rinse with water once a day, to maintain a certain amount of moisture and air, about 5 to 7 days after the seed buds broken seed coat, to be the seeds white buds show half a grain of rice long, it is necessary to sow in a timely manner. If the bud is too long, sowing is easy to damage the tip of the bud and cause the plant to grow stiff, and easy to get disease.
(C) field management
1, full base fertilizer
Base fertilizer is best rotted organic stable fertilizer, per hectare of rotted high-quality farmyard manure 52500kg or so, and with the application of calcium superphosphate 450kg, phosphorus fertilizer can enhance the resistance of the melon, and at the same time can promote the plant early melon, melon, more melon. Fertilizer methods are first spread after deep turning, but also open furrow strip and then cover the soil, there are also hole application, etc..
2, phased and reasonable fertilizer,
The emergence of 3 to 4 true leaves when the chase of clear manure water, melon vines began to elongate when the second fertilizer, the first flower and the first fruit should be applied to the period of a fertilizer. Fertilizer before the light and then heavy, first light and then thick, fertilizer should pay attention to, not before and after heavy rain, not partial application of fast-acting nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it is easy to cause fruit fruit rot disease.
3, irrigation
Winter melon irrigation should be combined with the growth process, winter melon leaf area is large, the evaporation of water is also large, the need to keep the soil surface wet, the plant's need for water from small to large, should not be flooded to irrigate a half ditch water is appropriate, too much rain in the growing season to timely drainage, to avoid the accumulation of water caused by disease.
4, pressure vine
Generally, trellis winter melon pressure vine once, climbing winter melon pressure vine 3 to 4 times, after planting to wait for the vine to grow to lm or so, you can carry out a pressure vine, with the soil pressed on the stem node of the melon vines, so that it grows indeterminate roots, the pressure of the vine, the leaves are exposed to the surface of the soil, melon vines, the top of the vine is exposed to the 30cm or so, climbing winter melon every 15 days after the pressure of the vines until the vines spread all over the compartment. The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have a good understanding of what you are doing and how you are doing it. Be careful not to press the nodes of the stem and the top growing part of the bearing female flowers into the soil when you press the vines.
5, artificial pollination
Winter melon is monoecious and heteroecious, with the help of insects to spread pollen, pollination can make the winter melon early maturity and increase the yield in the early stage.
The male flowers of winter melon are open in the morning from 5 to 8 o'clock, when the pollen is the most, the pollination is the most suitable, artificial pollination at this time has the best effect. 9 o'clock, the pollen is easy to fall apart, the pollination is not suitable, the result of the rate of the corresponding decrease in the pollination of artificial flowers will just open the male flowers, the male flowers and the female flowers in contact with the male flowers, so that the male flowers of the pollen coated female flowers can be stigmatized. Generally in the middle and late growth, due to high temperatures, an... Towel activities Zhuanxuan. No more artificial pollination.
(D) pest control
Winter melon diseases are mainly powdery mildew, blight, epidemic, pests are mainly yellow guard melon, aphids, red spider. Do a good job of winter melon disease prevention and treatment of insects, is related to the ability to capture one of the important aspects of high yield of winter melon, must be taken seriously, for pests and diseases, must do early, small, cure, prevention is more important than cure, in order to effectively eliminate and control the occurrence and spread of diseases and insects.
1, powdery mildew
This disease occurs in the middle of the growth of winter melon, especially serious in rainy conditions, the onset of the initial leaf surface with a small yellowish spot, and then expanded into a white powdery spot, gradually spreading all over the leaves, so that the leaves withered, so that the plant prematurely, the germs with the diseased plant residual leaves or overwintering on the weeds.
Prevention methods: (1) the implementation of land crop rotation, the removal of the field of diseased plant residual leaves and weeds, and strengthen the ditch drainage and other management work.
(2) Spray 15% powder rustling wettable powder 1000 times or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 800 times. Starting from the early stage of the disease, spray 1 time every week, spray 2 to 3 times in a row.
2, wilt disease:
From seedlings to the late growth can be onset, the most serious after the root melon. The affected plants grow slowly, the lower leaves yellow, the plant wilts during the day and recover at night, a few days after the death of the whole plant, longitudinal cuts of diseased vines can be seen vascular bundles become brown, when wet, produce pink mold layer.
Prevention methods: (1) crop rotation, the implementation of 3 to 5 years and non-melon vegetable crop rotation. Seedbed land should also be 2 to 3 years to change.
(2) strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of organic fertilizers, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, in order to promote the growth and development of the root system, to increase resistance to disease. Strengthen fertilizer management, should be small water watering, avoid large water irrigation. Do not in the summer high temperature at noon, yao water.
(3) the early stage of the disease can be used 50% carbendazim or 70% metribuzin wettable powder 500 times liquid irrigation roots, each seedling irrigation amount of 500g of water, every 7 ~ l0 days.
3, epidemic disease
Mainly harmful to the stem base, young stem nodes, leaves, fruit. Stem nodes onset, the first watery, dark green, the disease part of the overflow shrinkage, seedlings appeared to wilt, and then developed into the whole plant withered. Fruit damage, showing a watery dark green, nearly round sunken spots, the fruit tends to wrinkle soft rot, the surface of the gray-white sparse mold.
Prevention methods: (1) adequate bottom fertilizer, to enhance the plant's ability to resist disease.
(2) before the rain or the onset of the disease should be the first root irrigation, available Ruifeng aluminum zinc 300 times or 40% ethylphosphine aluminum 200 times, 500g of liquid per plant irrigation, above and then spray, while strengthening the investigation, once the individual plants were found to be damaged, immediately re-root and spraying once, effective agents are: 25% Ruizhuangmu or A Fengying, the concentration of 600 times, or 50% Keflexan wettable powder 500 times liquid, every 5 to 7 days, sprayed 2 to 3 times in a row to control the development of the disease, and pay attention to make up spraying after the rain, in order to improve the effect of control.
4, aphids
Aphids, also known as ants, oilworms, swallow bugs, etc., divided into winged aphids and wingless aphids, which are highly reproductive, fast development, a female aphid litter 10 to 100, warm 4 to 5 days to reproduce a generation, drought is particularly heavy years, adult aphids and young aphids grouped on the back of the leaf sucking the leaf juice, the formation of decoloration spots, yellowing of the leaf blade, curled, the shoots of the plant is affected by the wilting, stiffening. The plant shoots shriveled and stiffened when they were affected.
Prevention methods: spray 40% of Lego emulsion 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid, or 50% of Mephistopheles emulsion 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid.
5, red spider
Red spider, also called fire spider, reproduces l0-20 generations a year, adults and larvae crawl, or spit silk drooping with the help of wind and rain in the leaves and plants spread, in the high temperature and drought years, the damage is serious. Adults or larvae cluster on the back of the leaf to suck sap, the infested leaf surface shows yellowish-white spots, and in severe cases, yellow scorched, to fall off, this insect infestation comes fast and furious.
Methods of prevention and control: 40% Rogaine 800 to 1000 times liquid; 25% imidacloprid 300 to 400 times liquid; Puttan wettable powder 1000 to 1500 times liquid spray.
6, yellow guard melon
Adults and larvae can be harmful. Adults are active during the day to feed, the leaves, flowers and young fruits into a round or semi-circular bite, there is a pseudo-death, but the action is flexible, the larvae bite the fine roots, or drilling into the main root or near the ground within the stem to feed, so that the seedling growth is poor, or even withered and died.
Methods of prevention and control: mainly to prevent and control adult insects, pay special attention to seedling prevention and control, available 90% of trichlorfon 800 to 1000 times liquid or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 800 to 1000 times liquid spray.
Five, harvesting and storage
(a) Harvest
Winter melon from bud to bloom in about 9 days or so, two days of blossoming and one day of blossom shedding, from blossoming to maturity in about 40 days (35-45 days), the small melon in the young fruit up to the maturity of the edible period, can be harvested at any time. The big winter melon is mostly harvested at maturity, the maturity characteristics of the fruit stop growing, fruit hairs fall off, the fruit surface appears white powder. Picked with a small section of the stem of a leaf cut off, collected in the shade, in order to prepare for the supply at any time.
(2) storage
Winter melon is suitable for storage, storage of winter melon is a good way to solve the off-season supply, increase the market color varieties. Used for storage of winter melon, to choose the physiological maturity of the fruit, large winter melon is generally to be harvested more than 40 days after the flower Xie is ideal, for storage of the melon, must be selected mature, no damage to the second and third live vine melon, where bruised, sunburned, rotten scars, dead vine only melon and too tender melon only, are not suitable for storage. A few days before the storage of melon ground to stop watering, so that the water content of the melon to reduce the storage of melon requirements in the morning around 8:00 a.m. harvest, to avoid the sun hot, because hot hot melon storage easy to rot. The whole process of harvesting and transportation, storage should do light picking, light put, light transportation, light pile, try to avoid the melon only bruises or shock injury, do the above points, you can improve the winter melon storage resistance.
Section II pumpkin
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maschata D.), also known as rice gourd, pumpkin, bonobo, originating in the tropics, because of the transmission of our country for a long time, so it is also known as the Chinese pumpkin. Pumpkin growth is strong, strong adaptability to the environment, sporadic gap, edge of the land, barren land, in front of the house can be planted, and high yield, can climb the ground cultivation, can also be cultivated on the shelf, management and convenient.
Pumpkin can be used as a vegetable, but also food, can also be used as raw materials for the sugar industry and canning industry, can also be used as fodder, economic value and high food value. Mature pumpkin, the fruit contains a lot of starch, instead of food, and rice cooked into a sweet and savory pumpkin rice. Pumpkin can be used as a good feed for raising pigs, and its stems and leaves can be processed into straw chaff feed after drying. Young pumpkin can be shredded and fried or made of vegetable soup, sweet and fresh flavor. Pumpkin seeds can also be fried, crispy and delicious.
A, botanical characteristics
Pumpkin is an annual herbaceous crop of the Cucurbitaceae family, their botanical traits are as follows:
1, root pumpkin has a strong root system (primary roots, lateral roots, adventitious roots and small absorptive roots), there is a very strong water absorption, fertilizer absorption, pumpkin drought barrenness resistance is strong.
2, stems and leaves, stems are long vines with strong branching, stems and branches are creeping or clumped, with coarse bristles, soft hairs or angular surface. The main vine is up to several meters long, and the lateral vines are about 2 to 3 meters long. Stem trailing hollow, easy to produce adventitious roots on the nodes, inter-nodal tendrils for climbing, contact with the land is prone to adventitious roots, can be absorbed by the soil water and fertilizer.
Leaves are large, single and alternate, and the petiole has hairs, thick green, heart-shaped, in the axil of each leaf of the main vine has a lateral vine.
3, the flower pumpkin is monoecious and dioecious, yellow, single in the leaf axils, male flowers, the first to open, pedicel long and thin, there are five stamens, anthers rolled outward, merging into a column, pollen grains, spread by insects, open and close at the same time, the most pollen at the time of the first bloom, it is appropriate to choose the morning of artificial pollination. Female flowers have short and thick pedicels, the ovary is inferior, the calyx is attached to the ovary, the corolla is five-lobed, and the petals are trumpet-shaped. Female flowers are few in number and open later than male flowers.
4, fruit and seeds The fruit is developed from the receptacle and ovary, with the mesocarp and endocarp as the main edible part, fruit shape, size, color and lustre varies according to the varieties, there are globular, oblong, oblong, hammer-shaped, pillow-shaped and so on. Some varieties of fruit surface smooth, some varieties of the surface of the longitudinal grooves and tumor-like protrusions. The pericarp begins to be intense green, and when mature, it is orange-red, yellow or ochre with white powder. Seeds are born in the endocarp, the seeds are flat, white, its size varieties vary slightly, thousand grain weight is generally 100 ~ 350g or so, the seed germination age of about 6 years.
Second, the requirements of external conditions
Pumpkin is native to the tropics, its drought and heat resistance is very strong, its requirements for environmental conditions due to different kinds of slightly different, now the pumpkin on the temperature, light, water, soil nutrition requirements are as follows:
1, temperature
Pumpkin on the climate of the adaptability of the strong, its resistance to low temperatures and high temperatures than the other melon types. Strong. Pumpkin seed germination of the optimal temperature of 25 ~ 30 ℃, such as below 13 ℃ will affect the germination of seeds, the optimal temperature of its fruit development of 25 ~ 27 ℃, such as the temperature rises to 35 ℃ or more, the floral apparatus can not develop normally.
2, light
. Pumpkin in the long sunshine, conducive to the development of male flowers, and female flowers occur less, Fort in the short sunshine conditions, female flowers increased, so that the pumpkin is a short sunshine crop, facsimile of its female flowers appear sooner or later and the length of sunshine during the seedling period has a relationship. If the pumpkin seedling period, shorten the number of hours of sunshine, 8 hours of light per day, the female flower early flowering, and the number of increased, can promote early maturity, increase yield.
Pumpkin root group is strong, there is a strong drought resistance, but pumpkin leaf vines are many, leaf area is large, so transpiration is strong, in order to make it productive, but also need to supply the appropriate amount of water, how much water to supply, depending on the moisture and environmental conditions at the time.
4, soil
Pumpkin is not strict on the soil requirements to fertile, neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam is most suitable.
The best way to apply rotted stable fertilizer in the early stages of pumpkin growth is to loosen the soil, promote microbial activity, and increase the ground temperature in early spring, which is conducive to seedling growth. In the flowering and fruiting period, there is a need for sufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to meet the requirements of its results.
Three, the main cultivars of pumpkin
China's long history of pumpkin cultivation, rich in varieties of resources, each of the botanical species of pumpkin, there are many varieties of varieties of differences, often in the shape of the fruit, size and maturity of the early and late points.
1, early tomato melon
For early maturity varieties, the fruit is flat and round, the surface is very smooth. Young fruit bottom color yellow and white, black and green radiating stripes, from the fruit stalk straight to the umbilicus, in the stalk and umbilicus color thick, the middle is very light green, fine reticulation, young flesh yellow and white, taste, mature fruit length 14cm, diameter 17cm, weighing 900g, skin color green and yellow mottled, slightly white powder, umbilicus large and concave, thin skin, flesh yellowish, juicy.
2, ten sisters
Mid-maturity species, named for the ability to produce female flowers fruit, mature fruit average weight of 1.5 ~ 2kg, the fruit is a long stick chasing the shape of an expanded abdomen, slightly curved to the side, the young fruits from green to black-green, mature fruits are yellowish-brown, with fruit powder, flesh orange-red, sweet taste.
3, yellow wolf pumpkin
Also known as the small gate pumpkin, melon was a long stick hammer shape, fruit in the lower part of the slender solid, the upper part of the expansion, the whole melon image of the yellow wolf shape, mature melon skin orange-red or purple-black, with white powder, no prongs, a little bit of meat greenish, inside the flesh is orange, excellent quality, texture is meticulous and glutinous, sweet, cooked skin and meat separated from themselves, the so-called green skin and green meat. Growing period of 100 ~ 120 days, strong growth potential, the main vine more melon, single melon weight 1.5 ~ 2.5kg.
4, long pumpkin
Gourd was long stick hammer shape, the lower part of the slender solid, the upper part of the slightly enlarged, the melon length is generally in the 60cm or so, the skin orange-red, angular grooves, slightly powdered white, a single melon weight of 4.5 ~ 6kg, late, medium quality.
Four, cultivation techniques
(a) nursery
1, cold-bed nursery
seedling beds should be selected dry terrain, sheltered from the wind and sunny places.
2, live method
According to the row spacing of 1.2m, plant spacing of 55 ~ 60cm, each hole throw 3 ~ 4 grains, the first in the nest watering, and then sowing seeds covered with fine soil or fine residue fertilizer about 3cm thick.
3, seed treatment
First, the seeds will be sunshine 1 ~ 2 days, to promote seed germination, enhance seed viability, remove deflated seeds deformed seeds, scalded at 55 ℃ warm water for 5 ~ 10 minutes, through constant stirring, to be the temperature of the water to reduce the seeds floating in the water, so that the seeds full of grains, which can improve the rate of seedling emergence, and then soak the seeds in water for 1 ~ 2 hours, to be the seeds to absorb enough water, after. The seeds will be filtered dry water, can be sown, general pumpkin seed skin is thin, through the immersion, seedling emergence is very fast, no longer germination.
4, sowing period
should be based on geographic differences or varieties of ripeness, warm ground suitable for sowing in mid- to late February, Panzhihua suitable sowing period in mid- to late January to early February.
(B) field management
1, fertilizer and water supply and mid-plow weeding
Pumpkin root group is developed, the absorption of soil moisture, nutrient capacity is particularly strong, its growth potential is very strong, so it must be based on the pumpkin at all stages of growth with wrinkles, thin skin and thick flesh, the near-pericarp development pattern, soil fertility, seedling strength and climate conditions for fertilizer and watering.
Before and after the fertilization, must be combined with plowing and weeding, to promote the stretching of melon vines, in the plowing at the same time, but also must be often repair ditch ditch, so that the rain is not see the water, the rain is not waterlogged, rain is not flooded. In general, pumpkin does not drought irrigation.
2, pressure vine and branching
Timely pressure vine can make the melon vine in the direction of uniform stretch around, promote ventilation and light, enhance photosynthesis, prevent the wind from blowing chaotic, and at the same time, make the section between the tendrils to reach the ground, and the growth of new roots to assist the main stem to absorb nutrients and water, to meet the needs of the whole plant of flowering and fruiting, when the vine grows about 60cm, shoveling from the side of the soil gently pressed in the joints. The top is exposed 12 to 15cm, and then the interval between 4 to 5 sections of the second pressure, so that the pressure of the vine 3 to 4 times can be.
Pumpkin due to branching, the main vine 10 ~ 15 section of the beginning of the female flowers, followed by a few leaves every few years to regenerate the female flowers, sometimes due to the branches and leaves too much, often easy to cause melon, for this reason, generally in the leaf appeared 5 ~ 6 pieces, the top of the promotion of the occurrence of lateral branches, side branches of the female flowers in the 2 ~ 6 section, often earlier than the main vine knot. After topping, according to the effective interval, leave 3 to 5 lateral branches can be, lateral branches on the general stay melon 1 to 2, the rest of the secondary lateral branches all removed.
3, artificial pollination
Pumpkin for dioecious pollinated plants, relying on insect-mediated transmission of pollen, fertilization and pollination results, such as the case of the climate is not good, high humidity, low temperatures, low light, insect activity is limited, the female flowers are poorly fertilized and fall off. By using artificial assisted pollination, you can prevent flower drop, improve the fruit set rate, choose a sunny day at 8:00 am to complete.
Five, pest control '
Pumpkin diseases are mainly anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew and so on. The occurrence of these diseases often affects the growth and development of pumpkin, resulting in early decline and reduced yield, and lower quality. Prevention and control methods are:
l, strengthen field management, timely pruning, pressure vine, improve ventilation and light conditions, reduce the incidence of disease, seriously to do prevention, prevention and control of the combination of the guidelines, to take a diligent investigation and early prevention, found that the center of the disease early elimination, control the spread of the disease, to avoid damage.
2, pharmaceutical control, the onset of the early stage, immediately spraying, spraying attention to uniform and thoughtful, the agent can be used in any of the following: Fukumi double 500 to 600 times liquid, wettable sulfur 300 times suspension, metribuzin '700 to 800 times liquid.
The insect pests of pumpkin mainly feed on the roots, stems, leaves and shoots of the plant, and in the pest season, the serious damage can make the field a large number of seedling shortages, so that the plant early decline, fruit stalemate, they are small tigers, aphids, melon guards and so on. Should take any of the following: trichlorfon 1000 times liquid, lego 1000 times liquid.
Sixth, harvest
To harvest the young melon mainly early pumpkin, generally in the female flowers after 7 to 9 days can be harvested, so that, not only can improve the rate of melon, and melon tender, good quality.
To eat the old ripe fruit pumpkin, according to the maturity of the melon to determine the picking period.
Section III cucumber
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