The pheasant in the United States is an important bird of the Pheasant family. Its scientific name is pheasant, also known as pheasant, pheasant and ring-necked pheasant. It is one of the most important game birds in the world, with more than 30 subspecies and a white collar. Its meat is delicious and nutritious, and it contains a variety of amino acids and trace elements such as calcium, sodium and sulfur. The protein content is 28.94%. Pheasant bile, blood and endothelium corneum Gigeriae Galli can be refined into pharmaceutical preparations, which have high nourishing, medicinal and health-care functions. Beauty value. Male mountain chicken feathers can be used to make wool crafts, and also can be used to make clothes and brocade. Chicken skin can be used to make all kinds of exquisite leather goods. It is a rare bird that integrates food, medicine, hair and skin. Comprehensive utilization of "specially raised" rare birds with high value.
1. Benefit analysis of pheasant breeding: Pheasant breeding has the characteristics of small investment, miscellaneous eating habits, strong adaptability and quick effect. Small investment: old houses, old warehouses, courtyards, orchards, sloping fields and other fenced places can be used as venues for breeding pheasants. Omnivorous: Pheasants eat rice bran, wheat bran, various vegetables, rice, sorghum, corn, fly maggots and so on. , similar to domestic chickens. Strong adaptability: pheasants are resistant to high temperature and cold, and can grow normally at MINUS 35 degrees to MINUS 45 degrees, regardless of climate, region and environment. Quick effect: Generally, chickens can be put on the market in about 70 days after hatching, and the weight reaches 3 kg in 100 day, and the feed is about 12 yuan. According to the current market price per kilogram 12.5 yuan, each chick can create a Maori 20 yuan, breeders can lay eggs for more than 5 months, and the annual egg production can reach 150.
Second, the market prospect of pheasant breeding: Because pheasants are very popular in China's coastal areas and Hong Kong and Macao, they are exported to Japan, Singapore and other countries in large quantities every year. In addition, in recent years, wild pheasants are on the verge of extinction, resulting in a shortage of pheasants in the international and domestic markets. It is predicted that the market will not be saturated in the next two or three years. Even if the price drops to 8 yuan per catty, there will still be profits, and the prospect is immeasurable.
Third, pheasant breeding technology
1 The construction of the pheasant farm of the farmer's bookstore should be located in the dry, gentle and sunny leeward. In a quiet place, the requirements for raising pheasant henhouses are similar to those of domestic henhouses. The area of henhouses can be determined according to the scale of breeding, and the henhouses can use old rooms. The surplus areas before and after the pigsty and cowshed should be rebuilt, with three walls and one side open. On the open side, a certain playground should be set aside outside, which is generally about twice as big as indoor. The ground of pheasant playground should have a certain slope to facilitate drainage, and the ground should be flat, preferably cement, to facilitate cleaning. Brick columns of about 1.8m can be built around the playground, and wood blocks can be added at the top and around, or they can be replaced by wood blocks or barbed wire. When installing blocks, the low wall foundation with a height of 30-65,438+000 cm can be built from all sides. The total area of playground and henhouse should be less than 30 chickens, and it is appropriate to put 150 chickens or 300 chicks in each fence. If the venue is large, it can be divided into several strokes. Because breeders should be raised separately before mating with chickens, at least two henhouses should be built and reformed. At the same time, food troughs and drinking troughs should be prepared in the henhouse. The trough can be made of sawdust, generally 1 m long, 5cm wide and 5cm high. The trough can be provided with large-eye iron net or small wood chips to prevent chickens from entering the trough, and the trough can be replaced by plastic pots or other containers. Conditional, you can buy a special tower Qin water purifier. Because chickens like sand bath very much, they can set sand (river sand or stone sand) on the playground, or put the sand in a big plastic basin on the playground. Pay attention to keep the sand clean and dry.
2. Chicken breeding technology
The feeding stage of pheasant is divided into brooding stage at 0-6 weeks, and feeding stage at 7- 12 weeks.
(1) Timely drinking water and eating: pheasants eat 24-36 hours after hatching. It should drink water before eating. It is best to add 5% glucose or 0. 1% potassium permanganate to drinking water. Pheasants who don't know how to drink water should be trained in time and drink water as soon as possible. After feeding water, it should be 1 ~ 2. Seasoning should be soft and delicious, nutritious and easy to digest, and it is best to feed wet materials for the first 3 ~ 5 days. Before each feeding, remove the remaining materials. 1 every 2 ~ 3 hours 1 time at the beginning of feeding, and then gradually increase the interval, 6 times a day for 0 ~ 2 weeks and 5 times a day for 3 ~ 4 weeks. Generally, with the increase of age, the feed intake also increases, and the demand for feed tends to be stable when it reaches the adult weight.
(2) Temperature and humidity control: The suitable brooding temperature is: 65438+35 ~ 34℃ for 0 ~ 3 days, 33 ~ 32℃ for 4 ~ 7 days, 31~ 28℃ for 2 weeks, 27 ~ 24℃ for 3 weeks, and 23 ~ 22℃ for 4 weeks, and the normal temperature will be maintained after 5 weeks. After 1 ~ 10, the relative humidity is 65% ~ 70%, and after1/kloc-0, the relative humidity is 55% ~ 65%.
(3) Density: With the change of age, its weight and water demand will also change accordingly, so it is necessary to adjust the feeding density in time and increase the number of water and troughs. The density of cage culture or box culture is:1~150 ~ 60 /m2, 10 ~ 20-day-old 30 ~ 40 /m2, and then it can be transferred to a three-dimensional cage (4-layer cage is used for pheasant brooding), 2 1 ~ 42.
(4) Ventilation and indoor environment control: Poor indoor air circulation and high ammonia concentration will directly affect the growth and development of pheasants, and may induce chronic respiratory diseases, eye diseases and other diseases. Ventilation should be kept frequently, indoor air should be kept fresh, feces should be cleaned in time, the ground should be cleaned, the appropriate temperature should be maintained, chickens should be disinfected regularly, and the density should be evacuated in time. Improving indoor environment is one of the important measures to improve the survival rate of young pheasants.
(5) Control of illumination time: the pheasant is not strict about illumination. The first pheasant10 will be illuminated 24 hours a day, and 20-22 hours a day for 4-7 days, and then it will quickly turn to natural illumination according to the pheasant's feeding situation. When the pheasant is transferred to the three-dimensional cage around 3 weeks, it should be fully illuminated on the first 1 night to make the pheasant adapt to the new environment as soon as possible, and it is appropriate to use more than 3 watts/square meter. Most pheasants can use natural light after eating and drinking. 6) Immunization: Make an immunization plan according to the situation in this field.
3, adult chicken breeding technology
After 6-7 weeks in cages, young pheasants can be moved to the ground for flat breeding or moved to pheasant cages. The period from 18 weeks old is the fastest growth stage of pheasants, and the average daily gain 10 ~ 15g is basically close to the weight of adult pheasants by 20 weeks old. Therefore, the feeding of 6-20 weeks old is the key to ensure the growth and development of pheasants. While doing all the daily management work, we should also pay attention to the following points:
(1) Time and precautions: Generally, chicks hatched from the end of March to mid-April will be transferred when they are 6-8 weeks old, and pheasants hatched in summer will be transferred when they are raised to 5-6 weeks old. Three days before the transfer, a special person should be arranged on duty at night, with 24-hour light. Attention should also be paid to separating weak chicks and eliminating sick and disabled chicks in time. 1 ~ 2 weeks after turning the ground, choose warm and windless weather, open doors and windows, let them do short-term activities in indoor and outdoor sports fields, then gradually extend them and run around indoors at night.
(2) Feeding restriction of reserve pheasants: besides the initial selection of 6-8 weeks old pheasants, weight should be controlled to prevent over-fertilization, so as to ensure high egg laying rate and fertilization rate during the breeding period. The specific measures are: reducing the content of protein and energy in diet; Increase the consumption of crude fiber and green feed; Reduce feeding times; Increase the amount of exercise; Limit the amount of feeding, etc.
(3) Second beak breaking to prevent pecking addiction: Pheasants are wild and like to peck foreign bodies. Raised pheasants grow rapidly, and if they lack some nutrients, or the environment is not ideal, or the density is too high, they are more likely to peck. In order to effectively prevent pecking, the beak can be broken for the second time between 5 ~ 10 weeks, and the method is the same as that of domestic chickens.
(4) Prohibition of moldy and deteriorated feed to prevent aspergillosis: pheasants in the early stage of breeding are prone to aspergillosis, with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in feeding management, attention should be paid to prohibiting moldy feed and moldy padding, controlling the internal environment, maintaining the required humidity, often disinfecting chickens with peracetic acid, and burning the ground and combustible utensils with a flame sprayer before transferring to other groups to prevent the disease.
Four, pheasant breeding technology
Establishment of (1) pheasant flocks. Generally, the establishment of each pheasant flock has undergone more than two selections: 10 to 1 month every year1month, and the reserve flock is established strictly according to the variety standard, growth and health status; The second selection was made in 1 ~ February of the following year. The selection criteria are as follows: the male pheasant has plump and bright feathers, upright feather bundles, wide and deep chest, large body, strong physique and strong male; The female pheasant has a straight oval body, dense and shiny feathers, no tail touching the ground, and no defects in legs and eyes. The third selection can be carried out at the end of February and the beginning of March. Individuals who do not meet the characteristics of varieties or are not strong in males, have a bad mental state, do not blush from the mother pheasant to the beginning of March, or mop the floor with their tails. At this point, after 2 ~ 3 selective elimination, the species of pheasant can be determined.
(2) pheasant breeding technology.
① release month and service life: under good artificial domestication conditions, male pheasants reach sexual maturity at 9 ~ 10 months, while female pheasants reach sexual maturity at10 ~10 months. If it is the breeding season, you can consider releasing it at the right time. Generally, it is released in mid-March in North China and early February in South China. Domestic pheasants are usually changed once a year at the production site, but the mortality of pheasants in the same group in the second year is obviously lower than that in 1 utilization period. The egg production and fertilization rate have not changed much.
② Population size and sex ratio of pheasant: The pheasant population should not be too large in breeding season, generally 65,438+000 ~ 65,438+050 is a group, and barriers should be set between groups to avoid affecting mating. Under the general level of nutrition and management, the male-female ratio can be determined as 1: 4. When the fertilization rate can reach over 85% and the feed nutrition and management level is high, the number of female pheasants mating with each pheasant can be appropriately increased, and the ratio becomes 1: 5 ~ 1: 6.
③ timely mating: temperature, breeding season, nutrition level and other factors must be considered when determining mating time. The growth and development of pheasant flocks can be slightly improved, and the dysplasia can be postponed. You can also determine the appropriate mating time by trying to mate. The method is to first try to put 1 ~ 2 male pheasants into the female pheasant group to see if the female pheasant is willing to "introduce". Practice has proved that the release time should be controlled by the behavior of the mother pheasant, such as singing, blushing or nesting. Premature mating not only affects the survival rate of young population, but also promotes the premature aging of pheasants, affects the fertilization rate of later eggs, and wastes eggs later.
④ Protect the "Prince Pheasant" and set up a barrier: after the male pheasant entered the female pheasant group, after several days of fighting, the "Prince Pheasant" was produced, and the "Prince Pheasant" enjoyed the priority of mating in the female pheasant group. In order to maintain the status of "pheasant prince", reduce physical consumption and stabilize the pheasant flock, male pheasants are not allowed to join new pheasants at will after being arranged. However, "Prince Pheasant" has the characteristic that other pheasants are not allowed to mate, so a barrier should be set in the net or on the sports ground, and 3-4 plastic tiles, branches or rockeries should be placed every 100 square meter to improve the egg laying rate and fertilization rate.
Five, breeder breeding technology
Pheasants breed seasonally. March-July is the breeding season in the north, and it may be 1 ~ 1.5 months earlier in the south. Generally, adult pheasants are divided into two stages: reproductive stage and parturition stage, which are managed separately. Key points of feeding management in breeding period:
(1) Pheasants entering the breeding period need rich nutrition, especially an adequate supply of animal protein feed. After laying eggs, with the increase of egg production, the content of protein gradually increased, and the content of crude protein in feed at the peak of laying eggs could reach 18% ~ 20%. While the content of protein is increasing, attention should be paid to appropriately increasing the contents of various vitamins and trace elements.
② Because of short domestication time, strong wildness and bad habit of pecking eggs, the female pheasant has the characteristics of irregular spawning ground and high egg breaking rate. Therefore, eggs should be collected frequently, and all broken eggs or leftover eggshells should be cleaned out in time to prevent the spread of pecking eggs.
③ Maintain good and stable environmental conditions and achieve "three decisions", that is, personnel, timing and management procedures. Go in and out of the pheasant house lightly, and often check the maintenance net room to prevent wild animals from scaring and harassing the pheasant flock; In hot summer, we should set up a shed beside the net room or plant climbing plants such as loofah and beans to shade the sun, so as to avoid direct sunlight and ensure the normal sexual activities and mating times of pheasants.
④ The laying time of pheasants is mostly from 10 to 3 pm every day, accounting for 86.7% of the total laying time. Normal egg laying lasts 0.5-5 minutes per egg. Newborn pheasants occasionally have dystocia, so breeders should pay attention to the dynamics of pheasants and help them in time when they find dystocia. The method is: firstly, drip lubricant and glycerin into cloaca, then fix both sides of the egg with your left hand and push the egg forward with your right hand to help take it out. Be gentle, it takes two people to finish the work. Because the cloaca of the first-born pheasant is bloody, other pheasants will peck their anus when they see red. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the pheasant population at any time, take timely measures, apply purple medicine or black ink to the bleeding point, or keep it in isolation.
⑤ The eggs planted on the same day should be sent to the egg bank for preservation on time.
Six, the experience and skills of raising pheasants
1. Matters needing attention in raising pheasants. Pheasants are wild and afraid of people, so it is not suitable to choose pheasant projects in residential areas and along highways. Pay attention to the quality when buying seeds, seedlings and eggs. Pay attention to the feeding density, no more than 5 per square meter to prevent pecking. Pay attention to the control of hen fatness to reduce dystocia in laying eggs. Pay attention to disease prevention.
2. How to choose wild eggs?
First of all, the quality of eggs should be fresh. Generally speaking, eggs laid within 10 days are most suitable for breeding, because the hatching rate of eggs laid during this period is high, and the hatched chicks are often healthy and have a very high survival rate.
Second, the shape and size of eggs should be appropriate. Eggs that are too big, too small, too round or too long are not suitable for incubating cones.
Third, the appearance and structure of eggs should be normal. Eggs with abnormal external structure such as thin-shell eggs, thick-shell eggs or "sand-preserved eggs" are not suitable for hatching. Fourth, the eggshell surface of an egg should be clean and free from cracks. Eggs with dirty or broken eggshells are often contaminated by microorganisms, which are the easiest to rot and directly lead to the failure of hatching. Fifth, all kinds of eggs used for brooding must come from healthy chickens that are normally raised and managed to avoid diseases.
3. How to prevent pheasants from pecking?
(1) beak breaking: In fact, beak breaking is an effective means to prevent pecking habits such as pecking eggs. The young pheasant's beak was broken 1 time at the age of 0.5 ~ 20 days, the second beak was broken at the age of 70 days, and the beak was repaired 1 time before opening. The male pheasant's beak is broken.
(2) Control density: the feeding density of pheasants shall not exceed 5 /m2, and each group shall not exceed 80.
(3) Sand bath: 5 cm thick sand is laid indoors for planting pheasant nets, and sand bath is set in the sports ground.
(4) Oviposition box: During the breeding period, corresponding spawning boxes and obstacles blocking the line of sight are set.
(5) Wearing an eye mask: A transparent red eye mask should be used with a nose needle made of nylon or iron wire, so that the eye mask is placed on the beak and the needle passes through the nasal cavity to fix the eye mask.
(6) Pick up eggs frequently: Pick up eggs at least twice a day, collect eggs on and off the playground in time, reduce the chance of contact between pheasants and eggs, and prevent pecking eggs.
(7) Placement of fake eggs: The bionic plastic pheasant fake eggs will gradually change their pecking habits if they are placed in the breeding house.
(8) Installation of nose ring: The nose ring is installed on the upper beak of the pheasant and fixed on the nostril with a nose ring needle, but it should not be sandwiched into the tissue. Choose a nose ring suitable for pheasant age. Generally, it can be worn at the age of 4 weeks until it is sold at 16 weeks. For seeds, the nose ring was removed with a cutter at the age of 16 weeks, and then the nose ring of an adult pheasant was installed. This ring does not affect normal activities, such as feeding and drinking water.
(9) Regular deworming: parasites on the body surface and in the body should be treated regularly to prevent pecking.
Seven, how to prevent pheasant disease?
1. The hatchery, brooding room and poultry farm should be equipped with disinfection equipment, and the staff must be disinfected when they take up their posts.
2. Pay special attention to the prevention of Newcastle disease, which is easy to occur in pheasants. 10 day old was inoculated with vaccine of epidemic strain iv of Xincheng by eye drop or nose drop, 1 month old was immunized with vaccine of strain ii, and 3 month old was inoculated with vaccine of strain I of Newcastle disease/kloc-0 times before laying eggs.
3. Pay attention to the monitoring of epidemic diseases, and repeatedly use Bai Bing Xiao, Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol Powder and Furazolidone to prevent salmonella, Pasteurella or colibacillosis.
4. Usually, the appliances and equipment in the net house are disinfected regularly with "Baidusha" or "peracetic acid".
Eight, prevention and treatment of pheasant diseases
1, aspergillosis: pheasants, especially young pheasants, are most susceptible to infection at the age of 1- 15, with a high incidence rate and a large number of deaths. Generally, the mortality rate of sick chickens accounts for 10-30%. Chickens aged 30-70 often get sick, but the mortality rate is less, so adult chickens are not easy to be infected. Because pheasants, poorly ventilated and damp pens breed aspergillus, prevention and control measures: it is forbidden to raise moldy feed, prohibit moldy bedding grass, pay attention to ventilation, and it is best to use flame spray disinfection in summer rainy days. Treatment method: 500,000 units of nystatin or clotrimazole 100 chickens are mixed with feed for 5 times, or drinking water with 0. 1% copper sulfate solution.
2. Grape coccidiosis is also a common wind disease in pheasants: it is mainly caused by excessive density and poor ventilation, which mainly attacks chicks and growing chickens. The clinical manifestations are mainly eye shape: initial symptoms, tears, conjunctival swelling, mucus secretion, eye and face swelling, later head swelling, listlessness and obvious loss of appetite. After the conditions are improved, the sick chickens will soon return to normal and generally will not cause death. Because of the barbed wire in the chicken house, pheasants are good at flying, and their heads are injured, which can also cause grape coccidiosis infection. Prevention and control measures: the density of chickens should be appropriate, attention should be paid to ventilation in the house, the nails and hooks in the net house should be checked frequently, the iron wire foreign bodies in the house should be raised and cleaned, environmental sanitation and disinfection should be done well, and the beak should be broken in time to prevent infection. Once infected, chloramphenicol, kana, gentamicin, sulfanilamide and other drugs can be used for treatment. If necessary, drug sensitivity test should be done first, and drugs should be used according to the results of drug sensitivity test.
3. Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious bronchitis in chickens
(1) Sudden onset of clinical symptoms, such as listlessness, loss of appetite or lack of food, drooping head and neck, feathers standing upright, inactivity, diarrhea, foul feces, cough, sneezing, runny nose, neck stretching, shaking head, breathing with your mouth open, and abnormal "snoring" breathing sounds, especially at night, which are more obvious, just like pulling a bellows.
(2) Prevention and control measures
① Strengthen health and epidemic prevention and emergency vaccination. All sick chickens are isolated and dead chickens are buried together. Healthy chicks are replaced. The original henhouse was thoroughly cleaned with clean water and disinfected by spraying 3% formaldehyde hot solution, once a day 1 time for 3 days. After cleaning the feeding trough, water dispenser and other utensils with water, soak them in 0. 1% bromogeramine for disinfection; The whole chicken was immunized with H52. Before drinking water for immunization, water was stopped for 4 hours, and 0.5% skim milk powder was added to the vaccine water. At the same time, the chickens were disinfected with disinfectant Wei Dai twice a day for 5 days to purify the air and kill pathogenic microorganisms.
② Strengthen feeding management. Pay attention to adjust the temperature of the henhouse, ventilate as much as possible under the premise of ensuring the indoor temperature and humidity, reduce the feeding density, avoid crowding, and rationally distribute the diet to make it palatable, nutritious and digestible. At the same time, attention should be paid to increasing the content of vitamins and minerals in poultry in order to improve the body's resistance.
③ Treatment methods. There is no effective treatment for this disease. After the onset, some broad-spectrum antibiotics and antiviral drugs can be used to prevent secondary infection. (1) sick chickens with obvious clinical symptoms were given aminophylline tablets orally, 0.5- 1.0g/ chicken, 1 time/day, and intramuscular injection of penicillin 3000 international units/chicken and streptomycin 4000 international units/chicken, twice a day for 3-5 days. (2) The whole group was fed with Radix Isatidis, Flos Lonicerae, Herba Houttuyniae, Radix Gentianae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Fructus Forsythiae, Herba Taraxaci and Radix Platycodi (25g each/day 1 chicken), and the mixed decoction was fed for 5 days;
(3) Mix the feed with 0. 15% green algae powder and Avicennia marina powder (0.7g/kg body weight/day) for 3 days.
(4) Precautions Up to now, there is no specific therapeutic drug for chicken infectious bronchitis. Therefore, strengthening feeding management and doing health prevention are the most effective measures to control the epidemic of the disease. According to some data, it has a good preventive effect to inoculate the infectious bronchitis virus vaccine H52 at the age of 7- 10, or to drink water mixed with the infectious bronchitis virus vaccine H 120 and the Newcastle disease vaccine.