Analysis:

sketch

Originally, it was one of China's traditional painting techniques, that is, drawing objects with ink lines and coloring Chinese cabbage. There is also a little light ink rendering. Sketch is mostly used to draw characters. This can be divided into two schools, one is called iron line painting by Li Longmian, a great painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the other is called orchid leaf painting by Wu Daozi, a great painter in the Tang Dynasty.

This painting technique is applied to the description of literary creation, forming a painting technique, that is, using the simplest and most concise pen and ink, without carving or contrast, grasping the characteristics of the object of description, and truthfully outlining the modal characteristics of people, events and scenes.

Mr. Lu Xun once said: "There is no secret in painting." If you want to say yes, it's just the opposite of the smoke screen method: if you have real meaning, whitewash it, don't be so melodramatic and don't show off. "(The Secret of Composition) Lu Xun deserves to be a master of sketching, and his works are also worthy of being masterpieces of sketching. He said in the article "How do I start a novel": "I try to avoid nagging about writing. As long as I feel that it is enough to convey my meaning to others, I would rather have no foil. In China's old plays, there is no background. There are only a few main characters on the flower paper sold to children in the Spring Festival (but now there are many backgrounds in the flower paper). I firmly believe that this method suits my purpose, so I don't describe romance, and I never talk about big articles in conversation. "This is his experience in successfully using line drawing techniques in novel creation.

The technique of line drawing can be used not only for the description of novels, but also for the creation of essays and poems. When using this method to describe characters, the author demands to firmly grasp the specific environment in which the characters live and the outstanding features of their characters, experiences, words and deeds, describe them in concise language and express their personality characteristics. In his works, the author sometimes sketches portraits of people, such as Jun Qing's Riverside at Dawn, which describes the portrait of a young soldier Xiao Chen as follows: "He is short and looks as if he is only eighteen at most. Round face, big eyes, and a slender scar on the chin, which is obviously a memorial left by the bullet. " The author described the physical characteristics of soldier Xiao Chen with the scars left in the battle to highlight his brave spirit. This gray portrait can be seen everywhere in Lu Xun's novels, such as the descriptions of Ah Q, Sister Xianglin and Runtu. Not only that, but sometimes there are simple descriptions of the life stories of the characters. For example, in Kong Yiji, Lu Xun introduced Kong Yiji's life story: "Kong Yiji used to study, but he didn't go to school at last, so he couldn't make a living;" So I became poorer and poorer, ready to beg. Fortunately, he wrote a good hand, so he cashed books for others in exchange for a bowl of rice. Unfortunately, he has the same bad temper, that is, he is lazy to drink. " The author grasps his personality characteristics of "not going to school", "not making a living" and "drinking and being lazy", and reveals the tragic experience caused by the poison of the feudal imperial examination system. Sometimes, you can also describe the details of characters' dialogues and actions by line drawing to show their personalities. For example, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Cao Cao cooks wine on heroes", it is written that Cao Cao is worried that Liu Bei may become an opponent for the world in the future, deliberately testing Liu while drinking, and asking him who is the contemporary hero? Liu Bei is now in the position of Cao Cao, and he is afraid that Cao Cao will see through his ambition to seize the world and ask Cao Cao what he wants, so he tries to hide his ignorance. First, he shirked his ignorance, then "Wang Gu talked about him from left to right", but when Cao Cao pointed out: "The only heroes in the world today are the monarch and Cao." Hearing this, he was taken aback and the tendon in his hand fell to the ground. "Speaking of rain, thunder. Full of virtue, he calmly lowered his head, picked up the tendon and said, "The power of the earthquake, even here." "Cleverly borrow thunder heart-pounding will smell speech because of muscle damage, gently cover up the past, showing Liu Bei's resourceful character.

When drawing a sketch of a thing by line drawing, the author is required to make a true sketch of the characteristics and features of the described thing with concise strokes. For example, in Du Xuan's Notes on Jinggangshan, there is a section describing the "Octagonal Building" of Mao Ping in Jinggangshan. The author wrote the simple furnishings in the room in simple language, without any description, focusing on the origin of the name "octagonal building": "There is not enough light in the room, so an octagonal lamp barrel was opened on the top of the room. Therefore, everyone calls this building the' Octagonal Building'. " When drawing a landscape by line drawing, the author is required to draw thick lines with simple strokes to form a vivid picture. For example, Song Sushi's "Drunk Book of Looking at the Lake Building on June 27" (I): "Dark clouds turn over the ink and fail to cover the mountain, while white rain jumps over the boat. The wind comes and blows away, and the water under the lake looks like the sky. " The author is good at grasping the characteristics of summer rainstorm, sketching with simple language, and vividly recreating the wonders of the West Lake in summer.

From the sketches of people, objects and landscapes, we can see several main features of this technology:

(1) Don't write the background, only highlight the main body. China's excellent classical novels and classical operas have this feature: he does not write the background, but focuses on describing the characters. Highlight the character through portrait description or short dialogue. For example, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the portrait of Zhao Zilong is outlined as follows: "Suddenly, a young general turned out from Ma Chaopo's left, and the flying horse took Wen Chou with a gun. Gongsun Zan went up the mountain to see the young man: he was eight feet long, with thick eyebrows and big eyes, wide face and heavy weight, and he was majestic. He fought Wen Chou fifty or sixty times, and the outcome was not divided. " With only a dozen words of "eight feet long ...", Zhao Zilong, a handsome, brave and commanding young general, suddenly appeared.

(2) It does not ask for details, but only for vividness. Because sketching has no trouble with other decorative descriptions, the author can concentrate on describing the characteristics of the characters, and often with a few words and actions, he can make the finishing point to reveal the spiritual world of the characters, and receive the artistic effect of "less wins more". "Form" conveys "spirit" and has both form and spirit. Zhu Ziqing's prose is very good at sketching characters in simple ways. For example, in "Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Paddle Lights", he sketched the image of a man on a geisha boat: "At that time, a man came across the boat, holding an unfolded song fold in his hand, and put it in my hand, saying,' Count it!' ..... I'm so embarrassed! I also pretended to be generous and took a look at the geisha, but it was useless! I finally turned the song over. I didn't see a few words clearly, so I quickly returned them to the guy and said shyly,' No, we ... don't. He gave it to Pingbo. Pingbo turned his head and waved his hand and said,' No!' That man is still tired of staying. Pingbo turned his head again, shook his head and said' No', and the man came back to me. I turned him down again in embarrassment. Only then did he leave disdainfully. "Through the description of this guy's movements, expressions and language, the author highlights his career and personality characteristics. Although there is not much ink, it is quite vivid.

(3) Not gorgeous, but simple. Excellent literary and artistic works are touching because the author expresses his true feelings; The truer the feelings are, the more they can shock the readers' hearts. In Song Dynasty, Li Qingzhao was a poet who was famous for sketching. In her lyrics, she expresses her feelings directly, with delicate feelings, simple and fluent language, unpretentious and natural beauty. At the beginning of her masterpiece "Slow Whispering", we used fourteen overlapping words: "Looking and searching, cold and clear, sad and sad". This reduplication is the most artificial place, but the author uses it properly. The sad and sad atmosphere set by the fourteen characters is very consistent with the lonely and sad mood in the tragic experience of the death of the country and her husband, so it has been appreciated by ci theorists in past dynasties. Writing down the wind to send geese, on the contrary, increased her homesickness and revealed her love for flowers and her love for flowers. Finally, she wrote that sitting alone was boring and extremely depressed. The author describes the difficult mood of "the phoenix tree is raining and dripping at dusk", and what's more, he uses line drawing technique. Write a straight book, sincere and sincere, such as seeing people's hearts

To make good use of line drawing techniques, we should pay attention to three points:

(A) handle the narrative relationship. Narration is another way of expression juxtaposed with description. Narrative, in addition to the general narrative, there are specific narratives. Concrete narration is a kind of concrete explanation. Although the brushwork is rough, it is close to the simplicity and simplicity of line drawing. If the narrative technique is used to express a certain trend and style of things, which is concise and vivid, and the vivid description effect is obtained, it becomes line drawing. So it can be said that line drawing is described by narrative.

(2) Focus. Line drawing does not need elaborate carving and layer-by-layer rendering, nor does it need a pencil or tin foil, but it should highlight the characteristics and modality of the object.

(3) The language used should be frugal, general and vivid. Sketch does not need rich adjectives and complex modifiers, but must be described simply and clearly in accurate and concise language, so as to be economical and vivid. We should pay special attention to the harmony between "oily" and "stereotyped writing" among the people, because shallow "oily" and "stereotyped writing" are incompatible with painting.