The equipment investment is about 30,000 yuan, and a technology dry cleaning is opened, with low cost.
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Alliance formation
In the 1920s, Audi, Horsey, dkw and Rover dealt with different market segments respectively and lived in peace. With the use of assembly lines and modern machinery and equipment, the production capacity has risen rapidly, which requires enterprises to continuously expand the market and increase sales volume at a great cost; On the other hand, the price war triggered by foreign automobile manufacturers has caused great losses to automobile enterprises. German automobile industry finds it difficult to solve these financial problems and needs the support of bank loans. As a result, Saxony Bank met Rasmussen's loan demand and laid the foundation for the expansion of Rasmussen Group. Since then, in order to safeguard its interests in the automobile industry, Saxony Bank has established an automobile alliance based on four companies, with total assets of14.5 million Deutsche Mark.
The automobile alliance has four brands, Audi, dkw, Hodge and Rover, and their products. But in these very traditional companies, it will take a long time to form a unified team concept and make it work.
Vehicle type development
1933 at the german auto show, the automobile alliance made its debut as a company, and its four-ring logo Audi front-wheel drive medium-sized car caused a sensation. However, due to the limited market awareness of avant-garde technology, its innovative functions have not brought great sales. Therefore, the automobile alliance revised the design. 1938, Audi 920 sedan with modern interior and superior engine performance was put on the market. Its newly developed ohc engine has a power of 75 HP and a top speed of140 km/h. This kind of car with large power and small volume is deeply loved by those who are full of dynamic energy. Later, this front-wheel drive car was changed to rear-wheel drive, and the side chassis replaced the central square chassis. There are two types: 6-window type and double-door 4-window type. The market demand of Audi 920 is very large, and it sold the planned annual sales soon after it was put into use.
At that time, dkw mainly produced motorcycles. 1933 produced 8 motorcycles with engine capacities ranging from 175cc to 600cc. A year later, rt 100 went on the market. Its simple body and perfect combination of economy and power make it the standard of motorcycle production in the following decades. Rt motorcycle has excellent performance and the price is 345 Deutsche Mark, which is one of the most produced motorcycle models.
Class 200 motorcycles continue to consolidate the success of zschopau factory. Dkw took the lead in the motorcycle market and maintained this leading position until the appearance of nz series motorcycles in 1938. These fashionable motorcycles-four-speed gearbox, pedal shifting and rear suspension-are the best portrayal of dkw's leading position in the development of two-stroke motorcycles.
Dkw's compact cars are produced in Berlin-spandau (vehicles equipped with two-stroke engine, rear-wheel drive and charging pump v4) and Zwickau (vehicles equipped with front-wheel drive, two-cylinder and two-stroke embedded engines) in Spandau, Berlin, Germany. All engines are produced in zschopau, while the wooden bodies of front-wheel drive models assembled in Zwickau are produced in Berlin-Spandau. Reichsbahn, a German railway operator, transports these bodies to Zvecho at a price of 8 marks each day.
Dkw front-wheel drive vehicles (design specifications f2, 4, 5, 7 and 8) have two grades: "reichsklasse”(600 cc cc engine, 18 horsepower) and" Meister Klasse”(700 cc engine, 20 horsepower). This beautiful steel convertible is called "front luxus". DKFront has always been the most popular and best-selling car in Germany. In the 1930s, 250,000 cars of this model were sold. Front-wheel drive puts it in the lead. F9 is an improved model based on this model, with three-cylinder engine, 28 horsepower and steel body, which is produced in Berlin-Spandau and Zwickau. This car was originally planned to be put into production at 1940, but due to the outbreak of World War II, the plan was not realized.
Hoshi has been producing high-end cars in Zwickau for decades. Its engine is regarded as the industry benchmark because of its superior performance and appearance.
Group maps (33)
Exquisite, many car manufacturers have followed suit. Horch 8 is gradually considered as the highest quality model. The V8 engine developed by fritz fiedler was put on the market at 1933, which was 3.0 liters at first, then increased to 3.5 liters and 3.8 liters, and the power increased from 70 horsepower to 92 horsepower. However, compared with the Hoch with 8-cylinder embedded 120 HP engine, the former is undoubtedly a "small" Hoch model. Because both cars used steel axle models at the beginning, it is easy to have problems when the speed is too fast. 1935, the independent front suspension was added to the Hodge car, and the de dion shaft (double universal joint steel shaft, frame installation) was added to the rear. The 853 sports convertible, which debuted in the same year and equipped with an 8-cylinder embedded engine, is considered by many to be the most beautiful Hodge car ever. In the field of luxury cars, Hoch easily took the lead. 1937, Hoch Automobile occupied 50% market share in the luxury car market above 4 liters.
(Porsche) Professor Design. Later, on this basis, new modern suspension systems and models were developed. In 1933, the rear swing shaft is connected with the steel front axle, which is applied to w2 1 and w22, and in 1936, the independent front suspension is applied to w40, 45 and 50. Models named after three digits (such as w240, 250, etc.). ) represents the transition of these two models at 1935.
Starting from 1937, the reliable and expensive ohv engine was replaced by the bypass valve engine with the same horsepower. The w24 (two-cylinder) and w24 (six-cylinder) models equipped with this engine first appeared in the market at 1937. The engine is standardized, but the body is greatly adjusted (steel rear axle and removing transverse spring). 1936 rover w5 1 debut. Since then, all the cars produced by the automobile alliance have more or less embodied the characteristics of this new model inspired by American models.
Management research and development
From a certain point of view, the original automobile alliance is just a new name for some products with a long history, and its management still follows the original structure. Initially, the automobile alliance was established in zschopau(DKW headquarters). 1936, the new office building of the automobile alliance was built in Chemniss, marking the end of the era of independent automobile development in various places. A central design room and a central testing department have been set up in Chemnis, where new models are developed and tested, and then prototypes and drawings of cars are handed over to various production plants.
From the beginning, the development and design office of the central organization carried out the streamlined idea, based on the patent of Swiss aerodynamics expert paul jaray. The most suitable aerodynamic characteristics are calculated by theoretical method for the first time, and then the wind tunnel test is carried out. The frontal drag coefficient of dkw f9 car that has been produced is surprisingly low, reaching cd = 0.42 (the frontal drag coefficient of its predecessor f8 is 0.58), which became the standard of German automobile manufacturing in the following decades.
Due to the shortage of steel and rubber caused by the arms race, and the high cost of wooden body decorated with leather (from the perspective of a large number of labor demand), the automobile alliance began to develop plastic body together with dynamit automobile alliance in troisdorf, central and western Germany, and evaluated the strength of wood, steel and plastic through collision test for the first time in German automobile history. In the central laboratory of Chemniss, simulated edge collision, lateral and forward rollover tests were carried out. The technical department of the laboratory studied all factors related to materials, developed alloys and special production processes, and studied the technical applicability of all new designs. The technical department focuses on the future engine form, transmission development, research on vibration and noise, and preparations for many complex tests, such as installing catapults in collision tests. The road test department is responsible for the feasibility test plan, series of tests and monitoring, as well as the comparison test with competitors.
Alliance development
From 1933 to 1939, the Audi automobile alliance has developed rapidly: the sales volume has steadily increased from 65 million German marks to 276 million German marks; The number of employees has increased from 8,000 to more than 23,000; The annual output of motorcycles increased from1.2000 to 59000; The annual output of automobiles increased from 1.7 million to 67,000.
Automobile experts of automobile alliance have obtained more than 3,000 patents in Germany and other countries, which shows their innovative ability. 1938, one quarter of the buses ordered are made by the automobile federation, and one third of the motorcycles are made by dkw. Automobile alliance has played a leading role in the innovation of modern automobile by virtue of its numerous technological development achievements, research achievements and innovative ideas.
Dissolution of the alliance
Just as the automobile alliance showed a strong development momentum, the outbreak of World War II terminated the development of the automobile alliance itself, and the last civilian car was built in 1940. Since then, the automobile alliance has been forced to produce according to official instructions, and the vehicles it produces are only used for military purposes.
The automobile alliance lasted for 16 years, and its last three years were almost just waiting for liquidation. In the six years before that, the war almost paralyzed its car operation. All the innovations and rapid development of automobile alliance were completed in the first seven years.
After the war, the production facilities of the automobile alliance were confiscated and demolished by the former Soviet occupation forces. In 1948, the company was deleted from Chemnis's register. During this period, many senior officials of the automobile alliance came to Bavaria, West Germany, and the Audi automobile alliance was re-established here in Ingolstadt.
Historical event
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New car
Audi's New Starting Point in Statham —— Ingall's "New Automobile Alliance"
1949 On September 3rd, New Automobile Alliance Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "New Automobile Alliance") was established in Stat, Ingall. It is the predecessor of today's Audi automobile group, aiming at reviving the traditional foundation and brand established by the old automobile alliance company in Saxony.
When the new automobile alliance started its business, people's lives were generally difficult and they could only use economical and practical means of transportation. In the first few years, only dkw motorcycles and cars with two-stroke engines were produced in Staten, Ingall. 1949 the formal establishment of the new automobile alliance is actually the second step of the post-war revival of the old automobile alliance. The first step was to set up the Auto Union Parts Supply Center in Stat, Ingall after the "Zero" incident in June 1945+February19, which was responsible for supplying parts for all the pre-war vehicles produced by the old auto union that survived the war for six years. In the occupied western region, there are more than 6,000 such vehicles.
Why did the New Auto Alliance choose Staten and Ingall? Ingall is located in the center of Bavaria with convenient transportation, which is one of the reasons for choosing it as the spare parts supply center of automobile alliance. Statistics from the municipal authorities in Staten, Ingall show that the establishment of the center has promoted local employment. However, the key reason for rebuilding the automobile alliance in Staten is that Ingall is its century-old military "legacy" as a military center: vast land, countless barracks, garages, turrets and so on. These are priceless to a company that has no money to build a new factory.
Starting from the headquarters of the munitions supply station in Shilanen Street, the company gradually took over some buildings, such as "friedenskaserne", the new armory, the sergeant building, the vehicle hall, the armory, the riding training hall and the wide parade square. The company's facilities are distributed all over the city, and it is almost impossible to carry out formal and organized production. The workers laughed at this company as a "shack company".
Rocker
1954 On August 9th, a general strike broke out in the metal processing industry in Bavaria, which is still fresh in the memory of many residents in Tatham, Ingalls. This is one of the earliest large-scale labor disputes in the young Federal Republic of Germany, and the companies in the metal processing industry call it "the most important event after the war".
At that time, the new automobile alliance had 5000 employees. As Stated, one of Ingall's largest manufacturers, many employees also threw away their production tools. Workers demand shorter working hours, higher wages and better working and living conditions. The strike lasted until August 3 1 954. Through arbitration, employers and employees reached an agreement and the strike in Bavaria ended. As a result of the strike, the workers' wages increased by a little more than 4%.
earthquake
Due to the strike in Bavaria, the New Auto Union spent an extra 920,000 Deutsche Mark. 1954 is the company's first profit year (about 400,000 DM). In the same year, Friedrich Flick, the major shareholder of the steel giant Eisenwerk-Gesellschaft Maximilian Shü tte Mbh Sulzbach-Rosenberg, acquired a part of the shares of Automobile Union AG. A few years ago, he realized that Ingall, a car manufacturer in Statham, would one day need a partner with a lot of money.
1957, flick suggested that Daimler-Benz merge with Auto Alliance AG. At that time, he owned 40% of the shares of the new automobile alliance and 25% of Daimler-Benz. His idea was supported by Swiss tycoon ernst ghner, who owns 4 1% of the shares of the new automobile alliance. Daimler-Benz accepted this proposal. Considering the increasing competitive pressure from abroad, Daimler-Benz wants to expand its shrinking market share by increasing product varieties. Fleek also hinted to Daimler-Benz that he was negotiating with Ford.
1On April 24th, 958, Daimler-Benz bought 88% of the shares of Auto Union with only 4 1 million marks. A year later, 1959, the remaining shares of the new automobile alliance were also sold to Daimler-Benz. Fritz k, spokesman of Daimler Management Committee? Neck summed up the merger of Germany's second-largest and fifth-largest automakers: "We married a beautiful family." On April 9th, 1958, handelsblatt wrote: "In terms of sales and taxes, this acquisition has an annual turnover of about 400 million German marks and 10000 employees, making Daimler-Benz once again the largest automobile manufacturer in the Federal Republic of Germany."
New factory
When it was acquired by Daimler-Benz, only motorcycles and dkw express trucks were produced by the New Automobile Alliance in Statt, Ingol. The automobile assembly was concentrated in the factory in Dü sseldorf, and 1950 was put into production.
In order to obtain funds, the company postponed the production of low-priced small cars. This small car has been developed since the mid-1950s, and will be put on the market under the name of "dkw junior" in due course. Although the acquisition of Daimler-Benz ensured the funds needed to delay the project, the company still lacked the necessary production capacity.
Another reason for choosing Ingall Statt is that the operation of two-wheeled vehicles is facing paralysis: due to the sharp decline in motorcycle demand, the company plans to reduce the production of dkw motorcycles in a short time. Compared with zon, there were many skilled workers in Stat in Ingall in the late 1950s, which was one of the main factors for the company to decide to build a new factory here. 1959, the company invested 76 million DM here, 1960 added 510 million DM. Donaukurier, a local newspaper, commented on the new factory: "The largest and most modern automobile factory in Europe will be built near Staten, Ingall."
The second change
1at the end of 958, the new automobile alliance had 3,700 employees in Staten, Ingall; A year later, the number of employees increased to 5700. The establishment of the new factory not only dramatically increased the number of employees, but also prompted the New Automobile Alliance to move its production base to Stat, Ingall in 196 1, and also moved its headquarters to the city of 1962, which realized the rational allocation of the plan and reduced the cost. However, since 1962, at the peak of production and sales of the head office, the production and sales of the new automobile alliance have been sluggish.
Especially in 1964, the new automobile alliance faced a serious financial crisis. Although Daimler-Benz has a good reputation, its financial problems are difficult to solve because its subsidiaries can't cooperate happily with its parent company. So the new automobile alliance was resold to Volkswagen. This is an amazing business transaction. "friedrich flick, the largest shareholder of Daimler-Benz, spent more than a year designing, thinking and pondering the biggest corporate restructuring plan of his career," the news magazine Der Spiegel wrote in the 45th issue. According to the commentary, flick not only planned "1964' s biggest commercial activity", but also helped to list the details of the activity.
Starting from 1964, the ownership of the new automobile alliance was sold to Volkswagen in several stages. Volkswagen spent 297 million German marks on this transaction. As of 1966, Volkswagen owns all the shares of the new automobile alliance.
good times don't last long
The new automobile alliance was acquired by Volkswagen and avoided bankruptcy. The once popular two-stroke engine came to an end, and about 30 thousand unsold dkw cars became garbage. At this time, Volkswagen's Beetle Series has become the savior of the new automobile alliance: from May 1965 to July 1969, about 348,000 Volkswagen Beetle Series cars were assembled in Statt, Ingall.
From August 1965, after Audi's new car went on the market, the new automobile alliance began to slowly get out of the predicament. This four-stroke engine car made in Statter, Ingall attracted great attention in the market and successfully laid the foundation for the new model series. However, the good times did not last long. /kloc-After the seemingly unimpeded economic recovery in 0/5 years, 1966 and 1967, Germany suddenly suffered from the Great Depression, and the new automobile alliance was hit hard, so it had to cut production a lot, and the speed was very fast.
1in March, 969, the new automobile alliance signed a merger agreement with nsu automobile company. The new company Audi-Ensu Automobile Co., Ltd. was established in 1969 65438+ 10/0, with its headquarters in Kassoum. From the beginning, the company adopted a set of development and expansion policies, and the output of Audi and nsu cars increased steadily until the oil crisis of 1973. From 65438 to 0974, the global economic recession also had a negative impact on the automobile market, and the company had to cut its automobile production from 400,000 in the previous year to 330,000. Such a big move made it inevitable for the company to lay off a large number of employees: 1974, the total number of employees decreased from 33,800 to 28,600; In 1975, statistics alone showed that 1700 workers were unemployed.
New scale 70-80
1at the end of 975, the automobile industry began to pick up, which was reflected in the sales of Audi cars. 1March, 1977, the last nsu r80 car rolled off the assembly line, marking the completion of the mission of the nsu brand with a history of more than 100 years. Since then, all the cars produced in Kassoum are "Audi" brands.
1980, with exclusive Audi technology-quattro? The application of permanent four-wheel drive system, the first batch of full-time four-wheel drive caused a sensation. Subsequently, Audi tested the quattro by participating in racing activities. Performance of permanent four-wheel drive system. 1983, Hannu Mikkola became the world rally champion driving an Audi four-wheel drive car; 1984 Audi won the world championship of automobile manufacturers and drivers.
(Classic car: Audi quattro: the legendary classic of four-wheel drive: Audi four-wheel drive has brought a revolution in off-road vehicle racing. As early as 198 1, Audi first chose a four-wheel drive model to attack the world rally championship and won three championships. Only one year later, 1982, Audi quattro won the world brand championship again, and 1984 won the championship again. 1983, Hannu Mikkola (pictured) won the world championship with an Audi four-wheel drive, and Stig Blomkvist also won this honor in 1984. The application of all-wheel drive system in later series products has played an important role for Audi to rank among the top automobile manufacturers in the world. 1982, Audi set another record: the drag coefficient of the third generation Audi 100 racing car dropped to 0.30, making it the best aerodynamic car in the world. In the era of increasingly demanding environmental protection and energy saving, Audi has led the trend.
1 985 65438+1October1,Audi-Ensu Automobile Co., Ltd. was renamed as Audi Automobile Co., Ltd., and its registered address was moved from Inner Kassoum to Ingolstatten. In the mid-1980s, with the heated discussion about speed limit and exhaust emission reduction, Audi and other German automakers felt the market impact. From 65438 to 0985, domestic automobile sales decreased by 7.5% and exports increased by 9.4%.
From 65438 to 0985, Audi's total investment reached10 billion Deutsche Mark, the largest investment in the company's history, which was mainly used to improve production equipment and research and development of new technologies.
1988, Audi's first 3.5-liter v8 engine and four-valve luxury car, the V8 sedan, made its debut, marking Audi's return to the top luxury car market.
Audi's slogan is "breaking through technology and enlightening the future". This slogan is once again confirmed by tdi turbocharged diesel engine technology. The low fuel consumption of this technology is impressive. 1992, a standard Audi 80 TDI car traveled around the world with a journey of 40,273 kilometers, with an average fuel consumption of only 3.78 liters per 100 kilometers and an average speed of 85.8 kilometers per hour.
1990s
The world market is relatively weak, but the collapse of the Berlin Wall in Germany and the unification of the German currency have promoted the demand in the German domestic market. 199 1 year, Audi's sales in the domestic market exceeded148 billion Deutsche Mark. But by 1993, this prosperity can only delay the recession trend of the German economy a few years ago.
At the Tokyo Motor Show in the autumn of 1993, Audi showed the world's first car with all-aluminum body frame structure (asf), announcing the beginning of a brand-new automobile era. 1March, 994, as an improved model of Audi v8, the all-aluminum Audi a8 made its first public appearance. With the appearance of Audi a8, Audi's naming of automobile series began to change. In the summer of the same year, Audi a6 went on the market, and in June of the same year, the new Audi a4 also went on the market. The brand-new Audi a4 was a great success: 1995 and120,000 vehicles were sold in Germany alone.
1in the autumn of 995, Audi showed another trump card-TT sports car. A year later, two compact Audi A3s went on the market, attracting more customers. 1997, Audi showed a brand-new Audi a6 and al2, both of which are all-aluminum body models manufactured according to the second generation asf technology. Audi tt coupé and roadster were put on the market in 1998 and 1999 respectively.
1998, Audi also successfully acquired Lamborghini, a famous Italian sports car manufacturer, and Cosworth, a British racing engine company. Audi also "won" the highest record of historical sales and profits during the centennial celebration of 1999. Audi, her ups and downs, heroes, reached an unprecedented peak. She has enough reason to convince the world that in the face of the future, Audi, a century-old automobile kingdom, will rewrite the immortal myth of 2 1 century with passion and vitality.
New Millennium
Audi entered the new millennium with its attractive future-oriented models. In June 2000, Audi a2 was put on the market, which once again consolidated Audi's competitiveness in light aluminum body. In June of the same year, 5438+ 10, another flagship model of the company, Audi a8w 12, was unveiled at the Paris Motor Show. The new Audi roadster and the new Audi a8, which were put on the market in 2002, highlight the sports characteristics of Audi cars, which is even more prominent in the Audi rs6 model.
Audi R8(7 pieces)
The good news that Audi people should be proud of in the new Millennium has come. In the 24-hour car endurance race held in Le Mans, France on June 12, 2000, the first Audi R8 convertible won the third and fourth place, which proved the quality of Audi. The 24-hour car endurance race in Le Mans, France is called "the biggest race in Europe" and is a traditional long-distance race. It not only tests the driver's skills, but also has quite high performance requirements for racing cars equipped with modern high technology. The success of the first battle of Audi R8 once again proves to the world that Audi has been pursuing the promise of leading technology.
In 2003, Audi A4 and Audi A8 both beat the two main competitors in this class to win the championship in the "Best RV of 2003" selection activity organized by German automobile professional magazine "Automobile and Sport", and Audi A4 won the championship in succession. In April 2004, it was published by Auto Stra, an authoritative German automobile magazine. In the "Autonis 2004" automobile design award jointly organized by enverkehr and its sister publication MOT, Audi A8 and Audi A4 won the first place in this class respectively, and both won the championship for the second time. For the first time, the two brothers of the Audi family congratulated each other on the top of the mountain they climbed. In addition, the new Audi A8 also beat two main competitors in the "test comparison" of the top models conducted by Autozeitung and Auto Illustrated in Germany.