Geyao
Porcelain produced in Ge Kiln is fine in tire quality and solid in performance, and generally heavier. The utensils are mainly bottles, stoves, washes, bowls and cans.
Mainly win by glaze color, and the glaze color is mainly moonlight, grayish yellow, pinkish blue, grayish blue, putty, beige, bean green and beige. Even and smooth, crystal clear and moist.
In particular, it pioneered the use of patterns as decoration, which is characterized by cracks in the glaze with reticular openings, or overlapping ice cracks, or fine small openings (commonly known as "caviar patterns"). The notable feature is that the glaze color is thick and delicate, and the luster is bright and moist, just like congealing fat; If placed under a microscope, it can be seen that the bubbles contained in the porcelain glaze are like foam beads, and there are ice-cracked reticulates with different sizes, or dense or sparse. The light yellow reticulates are like gold wires, while the fine black ones are like iron wires, and the two are intertwined, so they are called "gold wires" and "iron wires".
In Song Dynasty, Geyao's tire quality was firm and thin, and the edge of porcelain was narrow, so thick glaze could not remain at the edge of porcelain. The hanging glaze mostly formed a slightly protruding annular belt at the lower part of the edge of the mouth, which was called "iron foot purple mouth" because the tire bone at the edge of the mouth was slightly dark, which means that the glaze on the edge of the mouth was weak, showing the tire color and exposing the tire at the bottom of the circle. Where there is no glaze, the color is as red as tiles, and the glaze color is extremely thick and pure, and it is still as bright as new after thousands of years.
This is one of the unique porcelain of Song Ge Kiln. Although there are many imitation Song Ge Kilns in the later dynasties, they failed to achieve this unique skill in firing. 1992, Christie's in Hong Kong auctioned a "Eight-sided Ear-piercing Bottle" from a Ge kiln in the Song Dynasty. Although there were still people in the collection circle who held different views at that time, the auction price was still as high as10 million yuan.
However, the existence of Ge Kiln still needs more evidence. The name of Ge Kiln was not found in the literature of Song Dynasty, and it was said in Zhi Zheng Ji of Yuan Dynasty. According to Xu Zhiheng's "Talking about Porcelain in Drinking Liuzhai" in the Qing Dynasty, there were two brothers named Zhang in Longquan County (now Zhejiang Province) in the Southern Song Dynasty. The elder brother Zhang Shengyi's porcelain burning was characterized by fine and hard tires and broken pieces, so it was named Ge Kiln, the younger brother Zhang Shenger and the younger brother Kiln were also called Longquan Kiln. This seems to be worthy of the name.
/kloc-archaeological excavations in Longquan county since 0/956, that is, Longquan celadon with black tire green glaze and fine thread patterns was discovered. However, people still have doubts, because in the Ge Kiln handed down from ancient times in Song Dynasty, the shape of the cutters was mostly like bronze wares, just like the court porcelain style, and it should have come from the official kiln. As mentioned above, Zhang Shengyi's Ge kiln is obviously just a private folk kiln.
In order to solve this question, 1964 Beijing Palace Museum specially invited Shanghai Silicate Research Institute to test the samples provided by Songge Kiln, and the results showed that their chemical composition, color and form of stripes were different from Longquan celadon. Therefore, the researcher concluded that Song Ge Kiln seems to have originated from the official kiln of Xiuneisi in the Southern Song Dynasty, but its kiln site has not been found so far because the official kiln at that time kept secrets from the people and was treated when it was abandoned. This batch of famous porcelain, which was named after Shengyi Zhang's Ge Kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty because of its great fame, should have the elements of piercing and attaching.
Ge Kiln in Song Dynasty was favored by people in later generations. There were many imitators in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and each had its own style. It was called imitation Ge Kiln or Ge Glaze, but its manufacturing technology was not comparable to that of Ge Kiln in Song Dynasty. Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty was especially fond of enjoying Ge Kiln in Song Dynasty.
There are only about 300 pieces of famous Geyao porcelain collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing and the National Palace Museum in Taipei in the past dynasties, plus those scattered at home and abroad, and even some broken pieces of famous Geyao porcelain are regarded as treasures, such as the broken pieces at the bottom of the round washing of Geyao collected by the Palace Museum in Beijing, which shows the preciousness of Song Geyao porcelain.
Ruyao
Ruyao is a kind of China porcelain full of charm and mystery, and its value is immeasurable. Ru kiln tires are clean and glazed, with meticulous patterns, foot-binding and fine production. It is highly praised by people for its pure azure glaze color, dense manual cutting and excellent firing technology.
In recent years, archaeological excavations have found the burning area of Ru Guan porcelain, thus revealing that the royal French porcelain is later than the civil celadon. Unlike previous excavations, which mainly unearthed civil celadon, most of the newly excavated porcelain pieces were imperial Ru Ci, and it was found that imperial Ru Ci was superimposed on civil celadon. A copper coin of "Yuanfeng Tongbao" was unearthed in the accumulation layer of the imperial Ru Ci, which also proved that the upper limit of the imperial Ru Ci would not be earlier than the Yuanfeng period of Song Shenzong, and its burning age could be determined in the late Northern Song Dynasty.
Ru Kiln is used to burn imperial porcelain for the court. Because of the short firing time, there are not many porcelain handed down from generation to generation. Zhou Jun in the Southern Song Dynasty said in Qingbo Magazine: "Burning is forbidden in Ruyao Palace, and agate is used as glaze, which can only be sold if it is picked up by the royal family. It is especially rare recently." Ru kiln was a rare product in the Song Dynasty, not to mention future generations. There are only over 70 pieces of Ru kiln handed down from ancient times in the world, which are mainly collected in China's Beijing Palace Museum, Taibei Palace Museum and Shanghai Museum, as well as Britain, the United States, Japan and other places. In recent years, there have been 0.2 meters thick layers of porcelain pieces in excavations, and the unearthed artifacts are complete, far more abundant than handed down products. In addition to porcelain for display such as bottles, bottles, washing utensils, stoves and pots, there are many household utensils such as bowls, plates, pots, dishes, notes, lamp holders and boxes. Some watches are also decorated with carved flowers, and decorations such as dragon bodies and bird heads are found, which is really rare in Ru kiln handed down products that win by glaze color.
official ware
There are many styles of official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty. Because they are specialized in burning palace porcelain, the output is very small, so there are very few products.
1986 The site of Guanru kiln was discovered in Qingliang Temple, Daying Town, Baofeng County, Henan Province, and was partially excavated the following year, thus unveiling the mystery of Guanru kiln. It turns out that Baofeng County belonged to Ruzhou in Song Dynasty. It should be said that kiln porcelain in Ruzhou area, including Linru County and Baofeng County, can be collectively referred to as "Ruyao". Ru kiln was fired by the court, so its products are very exquisite, which can be collectively called "Guan Ru kiln".
Guanru Kiln was burned by the court of Northern Song Dynasty, and its age was very short, about 20 years during the reign of Song Huizong Zhao Ji (AD 1 100 to 1 125). Ru kiln ware is extremely precious, and only inscriptions can be seen. One is "Fenghua", and all court porcelain with the inscription "Fenghua" is the special product of "Fenghua Hall" at that time. There is also an inscription with the word "Cai", which is written in black glaze. There is no doubt that the word "Cai" bears the surname of the owner of the cultural relic. It was probably Cai Jing, the then Taishi, who was able to collect Ru kiln porcelain in the Song Dynasty. Another kind of inscription is a poem written in gold: "Elegant Huai Su, whose posture is in the middle of the sky, is in harmony with the romantic style ...". It can be seen that Ru kiln and Xiuneisi kiln specialize in burning palace porcelain, which can be collectively referred to as the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. In addition to the above descriptions, the official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty also have the word "official", which also has three forms: engraved "official" and raised "official", both of which are regular script and a raised official seal character. In a word, the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty refers to the official kiln in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the styles of porcelain used in the court include "repairing the internal kiln", "making it in the official kiln", "serving China", "Cai" and "official", all of which can be collectively referred to as the porcelain style of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The official kiln is characterized by:
The shapes are exquisite, and the varieties and shapes of porcelain include palace furnishings porcelain and daily-use porcelain, such as stringed three-legged furnace, ear-piercing bottle, gourd bottle, jade pot spring bottle and fancy washing, dishes, bowls and dishes. The official kiln is elegant and upright in shape, imitating ancient jade; Daily necessities are very particular, exquisitely made and distinguished.
The tire mud is fine, and the tire quality is fine and moist. Because the mud contains an iron component, there are many tire colors, such as light gray, gray, pink cyan, azure blue, light yellow, etc. The glaze has been handed down for a long time, and it is not very bright. Generally, there are fine slices, and no streaks are rare. Palace kiln ware is very particular, and the glaze of official kiln uses agate chips as raw materials, which are generally not used by the people. The official kiln ware is famous for its beautiful glaze color, exquisite porcelain-making technology and special burning method.
There are two main methods of Ru kiln firing and auspicious in the glazed official kiln, one is Zhi Ding firing; A kind of pad burning with gasket and cake pad. The wares made in Zhi Ding are full of glaze, and there are tiny Zhi Ding marks on the bottom. Zhi Ding burn is mostly 3, 5 or 6. It can be considered that all the porcelain objects handed down from ancient times in the Northern Song Dynasty have traces of Zhi Ding at the bottom, without exception.
Bianjing official kiln: a porcelain kiln located in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) in the late Northern Song Dynasty and directly operated by the official government, hence the name. Official kilns are designed to serve the court, which can be divided into north and south. In the Song Dynasty, Gu Wenjian's Miscellaneous Records of Negative Noisy recorded that "the imperial kiln was built by the capital during the Xuanzheng period, and it was called the official kiln". In the Ming Dynasty, "Things" and "Liuqing" followed this theory. This kiln fires porcelain for the court after Ru kiln, and its shape, quality and technology are similar to those of Ru kiln. Most of the utensils are antique, the fetal bones are dark gray or purple, the glaze color is pink and white, the enamel is crystal clear and moist, there are stripes, there are purple iron mouth characteristics, and there are nail burn marks at the bottom. The specific kiln site has not yet been found.
Dingyao
Ding Kiln is one of the five famous porcelain kilns in ancient China. "Its former site is located in Lingshan Town, Quyang County, Hebei Province (belonging to Dingzhou in Song Dynasty). From Tongtian River to the west, the porcelain kilns in Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties gradually extended. The 600-year period from AD 607 to 1279 laid the historical position of Ding Kiln.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln reached its peak. At that time, the five famous kilns ("Ding Ru Guan Ge Jun") were famous all over the world, and the first one was Ding Kiln. The modeling, decoration and firing methods of Ding Kiln are imitated by porcelain kilns all over the world, and Jingdezhen is deeply influenced by it. Among them, Song porcelain, which is shipped overseas, is widely circulated abroad. There are Song Ding porcelain in cultural relics sites in Egypt, Europe and Southeast Asia, and famous museums all over the world are proud of having Ding ware, thus establishing the status of Ding kiln, ranking first among the five famous ancient kilns. According to historical records, on the west side of Tongtian River, there were "3,600 official kilns, but the folk kilns were not counted".
Ding kiln is famous for its white porcelain, which is known as "white as jade, as thin as paper, and as loud as a chime". The representative work of Dingyao is the "Song Dynasty Baby Pillow", which has been handed down all over the world. The "Song Dynasty Baby Pillow" is now in the Palace Museum. The baby pillow is 40 cm long, 14 cm wide and18.3 cm high. It is in a lying shape with the back of the baby as the pillow surface. Baby's eyes are bright, and there are two locks of baby's hair on both sides of his head. He is dressed in a silk robe, and the flowers are faintly discernible. He is supported by a long round couch with embossed decorations on the side.
The original site of Dingyao is located in the western mountainous area of Quyang County. When Ding Kiln gradually disappeared with the war, people almost forgot it. Nearly 700 years have passed, and there are fewer and fewer cultural relics left by Dingyao. Over the years, Dingyao has lost a lot of cultural relics. Decades ago, large disks with various patterns and characters could be found on the old site, but now it is hard to see them. The only small disks left on the old site are 13 "hills".
Junyao
The glaze of Jun kiln porcelain has five colors, the kiln has become strange and colorful, and it is favored by the world with its unique artistic strength. It has written a glorious chapter in the history of ancient ceramic technology in China, and said to the later generations that Jun kiln is "the product of the northern Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty for more than 100 years." It is based on the place name of the kiln, "the name of Junzhou", which began during the reign of Jin.
In the past Junzhou, Henan Province, now Yuxian. There are countless colors of Jun kiln porcelain, the most famous of which are azure, rose purple, begonia red, eggplant skin purple, sky blue, carmine, vermilion and so on. Some of them have red, purple, deep or shallow, patchy or radial changes, which can be said to be complex and subtle and indescribable. In the past, some people in our country had a poem "The sunset is green and suddenly becomes blue" to describe its beauty. The fetal ashes are white, and the glaze is fine and moist with tears. Another feature of Jun kiln porcelain is that irregular flowing thin lines often appear on porcelain, which are shaped like a "worm-like mud pattern", which often becomes a standard for future generations to identify the authenticity of Jun kiln porcelain. When firing, it is the hanging firing method (Zhi Ding firing) that has enough engraved numbers at the bottom, and the odd number is better. Generally, it is just to mark the numbers in yin on the bottom of exquisite objects such as statues, pots and pots holders, ranging from one to ten. In the past, there were various speculations about this kind of Jun porcelain.
For example, in the book Notes on the South Kiln written by Wu Ming-shi in Qing Dynasty, it was mentioned that the Jun kiln ware "...... has a number of two words between the feet, and the mark of the cover is matched with that of the vice".
Some people think that the odd number at the bottom is the symbol of red and purple objects, while the even number is the symbol of cyan objects. Some people think that the number on the bottom of the device is to distinguish the genuine products.
The recent excavation of Juntai Kiln has basically solved the mystery for many years. According to the analysis of the arrangement of unearthed objects, a rule is obtained: the larger the number, the smaller the caliber of the objects, or the lower the body.