1) Understand that diabetes is a lifelong disease and must be treated for life. 2) Understand the importance of diet therapy and master the specific measures and requirements of diet therapy. 3) Understand the significance of physical exercise and master the specific methods and precautions of exercise. 4) Patients who need to be treated with insulin should be taught the correct injection method and observe the adverse reactions after injection. 5) Patients taking oral hypoglycemic drugs should understand the importance of taking drugs on time and according to dosage and observe the adverse drug reactions. 6) Understand the inducement and clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis, avoid mental stimulation and various stresses, and prevent infection. 7) Teach patients to use blood glucose meters and self-measuring blood glucose methods, and understand the requirements of treatment and control, and go to the hospital for regular review. 8) Understand the causes and clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia, and master the methods of prevention and self-help. 9) Pay attention to personal hygiene and foot care. 10) to make patients and their families understand the influence of emotional and mental stress on the disease.