gingkgo
winter squash
Latin scientific name
Zucchini
Another name
Bear (male) melon, white melon, pumpkin, pumpkin, cucumber, nettle muggle
boundary
plant kingdom
door
Vascular endothelial cell
summary
Magnolia
subclass
synaptosome
eye
Hulu order
The branch of academic or vocational research.
cucurbitaceae
nationality
Pumpkin family
belong to
cucurbita
grow
Green-skinned zucchini
Distribution area
Native to India, it is widely cultivated in northern China, such as Shandong, Hebei and Peking.
catalogue
Geographical distribution of 1
2 morphological characteristics
leaf
flower
3 growth habits
Four main types
zucchini
zucchini
Green zucchini
Zucchini without seed coat
5 Cultivation techniques and disease control
Seed selection and seed soaking
sow seeds
Seedling growth
Tiantuan management
gray mold
Cotton rot
Fruit deformity
6 main value
Medicinal value
Edible
7 food guide
The right crowd
Matters needing attention
8 common recipes
Zucchini gluten soup
Ketchup zucchini
Zucchini cake
Zucchini roll
Zucchini bread
1 geographical distribution editor
Originated in India and widely cultivated all over the world; China was introduced from Europe in the Qing Dynasty, and now it is cultivated all over the country. [ 1]
plant morphology
China Plant Image Library (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) provides and participates in editing.
Whole plant of zucchini (1 plant)
Pumpkin branches and leaves (1)
Pumpkin flowers and Fruit (2 pieces)
2 morphological feature editing
Green-skinned zucchini
Zucchini (18)
Zucchini is an annual creeping herb, which has three strains: dwarf, semi-creeping and creeping. Most varieties have obvious advantages of main vines, but few advantages of lateral vines. Stems stout, cylindrical, with short white bristles. Stems with furrows, short bristles and translucent rough hairs.
leaf
Petiole stout, short setose, 6-9 cm long; The leaves are hard, erect, triangular or ovoid, sharp at the apex, with irregular sharp teeth at the edge, heart-shaped at the base, curved in a semicircle, 0.5- 1 cm deep, 3-4 cm wide, dark green at the top, light at the bottom, slightly convex veins on the back, and rough hairs on both sides. Tendrils are slightly stout, pilose and multifaceted.
flower
Monoecious. Male flowers are solitary; Pedicel stout, angular, 3-6 cm long, short yellow-brown bristles; Calyx tube has obvious five angles, calyx lobes are linear-lanceolate, corolla is yellow, often bell-shaped, tapering to the base, 5 cm long and 3 cm in diameter, splitting to the near middle, lobes are erect or slightly enlarged, and the top is sharp; 3 stamens, filament length 15 mm, anthers connivent, length 10 mm. [2]
3 growth habit editor
Plate 64: 8- 10[2]
The optimum temperature for the growth period is 20-25℃, and the growth is slow when it is lower than 65438 05℃, and stops when it is lower than 8℃. It grows slowly above 30℃ and is easy to get sick. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30℃, and it can germinate at 65438 03℃, but it is very slow. Germination at 30-35℃ is the fastest, but it is easy to cause overgrowth. The flowering and fruiting period needs a higher temperature, and generally it is best to keep it at 22-25℃. Early-maturing varieties are more tolerant to low temperature. The lowest temperature of root growth is 6℃, and the lowest temperature of root hair generation is 65438 02℃. The fertilized fruit can develop normally at night at 8-65438 00℃.
The light intensity is moderate, and it is resistant to weak light, but insufficient light is easy to cause virtual length. Plants with short photoperiod are beneficial to the growth of stems and leaves under long-day conditions, and bear fruit earlier under short-day conditions.
Zucchini likes wet, but it is not drought-tolerant, especially in the fruiting period, the soil should be kept wet to obtain high yield. Viral diseases are easy to occur under high temperature and drought conditions; But high temperature and high humidity are also easy to cause powdery mildew. The requirements for soil are not strict, sand, loam and clay can be cultivated, and loam with deep soil layer is easy to obtain high yield.
Four main editing types
zucchini
Also known as Algerian zucchini. Widely cultivated in the northern region. Vines are short, erect and few branches.
zucchini
The plants are compact and suitable for close planting. Leaf blade palmately parted, long and narrow, with gray spots near veins. The fifth to sixth nodes of the main vine bear the first female flower, and each plant bears 3-5 melons.
Melon is oval, with dark green skin, irregular yellow-green stripes, green-white flesh, dense meat, less fiber and good quality.
Single melon weight1.5-2.5. It takes about 50-60 days from sowing to harvest, the harvest period is about 60 days, and the yield per mu is more than 4000㎏.
zucchini
Plants are creeping, with stems and vines about 2.5m long and medium branches. The leaves are triangular, lobed, green and hairy on the back. owner
zucchini
Melons begin to bear fruit after the ninth vine, with 2-3 melons per plant. The melon is cylindrical and slightly thinner in the middle. The skin of melon is white, slightly ribbed on the surface, the weight of single melon is about1.5, and the pulp is thick, tender and sweet, with good quality. Medium maturity, harvesting 60-70 days after sowing. Heat, drought and disease resistance. The yield per mu is 3000-4000.
Green zucchini
This vine is 3 meters long and 2.2 centimeters thick. The leaves are heart-shaped, dark green, with irregular serrated edges. The first female flower is inserted in the fourth to sixth section of the main vine. Melon is oval, with smooth skin, green and white, and 6 edges. Generally, a single melon weighs 2-3 ㎏. The tender melon is crisp and light in taste. The growth period is about 100 days, and the yield per mu is more than 2000㎏.
Zucchini without seed coat
The seed has no seed coat, so it is an edible seed. The plant is creeping, and the vine length is1.6m. The first female flower is inserted in the seventh to ninth nodes, and a female flower appears every 1-3 nodes. Melons are short columns, and tender melons can be eaten as vegetables. The ripe melon skin is orange, and the weight of a single melon is 4-5 ㎏. Seeds can be harvested every1001.5. The seed is gray-green, without seed coat, with 1000-grain weight 185g. Seeds are used for frying or making cakes.
5 cultivation techniques and disease control editor
Sowing and breeding, spring sowing or autumn sowing, mainly spring sowing. Cultivation methods are divided into open field, simple ground cover and protected field cultivation (also divided into small arch shed and greenhouse cultivation), each with its own characteristics. Here is a brief introduction to the general culture methods:
Seed selection and seed soaking
Remove impurities, select clean and plump seeds with a thousand-grain weight of about 200g, put them into a clay pot or other oil-free container, soak them in cold water first, then blanch them with warm water at 50-55℃, keep stirring constantly, keep 15-20 minutes, naturally cool them to 20-30℃, soak them for 4-6 hours, and take them out and use 65438. Air-drying, heating to accelerate germination when semi-drying, and the appropriate temperature is 25℃. If the seed quantity is large, it can be turned over during germination to promote orderly germination, but it will not be turned over after germination.
sow seeds
When the bud length is about 1.5cm, we should choose sunny and warm weather for sowing. If you can't sow in rainy days, you can put the seeds in a cool place to control the growth of buds.
Sowing nutrient soil should be prepared 20-30 days before sowing. Selecting disease-free soil and farmyard manure without planting melons and vegetables for preparation. Usually, 6 parts of garden soil are mixed with 4 parts of rotten horse manure or manure. Put it in a seedbed, paper bag or plastic bowl (9- 10 ㎝) with a thickness of 8-9 cm. Cover the soil about 2 cm after sowing.
Seedling growth
Seedlings are easy to grow in white, so temperature and humidity should be strictly controlled.
After sowing, the seedlings should be kept at a high temperature before coming out of the soil layer, with the daytime temperature of 25-30℃, the nighttime temperature of 18-20℃, the ground temperature of 22-24℃ and the relative humidity of 80-90%, and the seedlings will emerge in about 3-4 days. After the seedlings come out, they should be properly cooled and ventilated. The daytime temperature is about 25℃, and the nighttime temperature is 13- 14℃. After the first true leaf is unfolded, the nighttime temperature drops to 12℃. 8- 10 days before planting, the ventilation rate should be gradually increased, and the seedlings should be exercised by cooling down, generally at 15-25℃ during the day and 6- 10℃ at night.
Tiantuan management
After 30-35 days of seedling management, 3-4 true-leaf seedlings can be cultivated and planted.
Sufficient base fertilizer should be applied before planting. Apply 3000-5000 ㎏ of high-quality farmyard manure per mu, as well as horse manure and sheep manure.
After land reclamation, ridges with a spacing of 60-65 ㎝ will be formed, with a spacing of 40-50 ㎝, and 2000-2500 plants will be planted per mu. It can also be made into flat beds with a width of 1.3m, with two rows for each bed.
When planting saplings, sit in the water and plant them. When the water seeps down, seal them up and straighten the seedlings.
The ground temperature is above 13℃ in the safe planting period, and the night temperature is not lower than 10℃.
Topdressing (cake fertilizer150-200, or ternary compound fertilizer 50-60) after delaying seedling, and watering "seedling promoting water".
Green-skinned zucchini
However, due to the low ground temperature, it is not advisable to water too much. After that, intertillage and loosen the soil in time without applying water and fertilizer, and water the first melon when it grows to 10- 12 ㎝. Water melons every 5-7 days, keep the topsoil moist, and drain in rainy season.
2-3 times topdressing is appropriate at the fruiting stage. Apply manure1000-1500/mu or ammonium carbonate10-15/mu each time.
Pay attention to the management of water and fertilizer, the first female flower is easy to grow white if there is too much fertilizer and water at seedling stage or fruit-setting stage; If water and fertilizer can't keep up in the later stage, the yield will drop. In addition, too much fruit in the early stage is easy to cause poor seedling development and affect the total output.
Artificial pollination is also needed for early maturity and high yield (especially when there is no insect pollination). Every morning at 6-8 o'clock, pick the blooming male flowers, peel off the corolla, expose the stamens, and smear them on the stigma of the female flowers several times.
If you need to keep seeds, you should generally choose melons harvested in the later stage, otherwise the yield will be affected; Plants specially reserved for seeds are not subject to this restriction.
gray mold
Pathogenic characteristics
The disease mainly harms flowers and fruits. The damaged flowers and fruits were waterlogged in the early stage and then softened gradually, and the surface of the affected area was covered with gray-green mold.
Eventually, flowers and fruits will rot. In the later stage, black sclerotia sometimes grows on the diseased part.
Occurrence law
The pathogen is botrytis cinerea. Pathogens overwinter in patients and disabled people or in soil, and are spread by airflow. Pathogens like high humidity and low temperature, the optimum temperature is 18-23℃, and the relative humidity is above 90%, which is suitable for onset. Protected cultivation, cloudy in winter and spring, low temperature, high density, poor ventilation and light transmission, high humidity, so the disease is more serious.
Prevention and cure method
(1) Strengthen site management. Clean up the sick and disabled, keep the site clean, prevent the spread of germs and control the temperature.
(2) Infiltration irrigation or drip irrigation is used for water, and the humidity at night is less than 80%. When the humidity is high, measures should be taken to reduce the humidity.
(3) In the later stage of production, the old leaves should be cleaned in time to increase ventilation and light transmission, so that the plants can grow healthily and increase disease resistance.
(4) chemical control. Use 1000- 1500 times of 50% chlorpheniramine wettable powder and 400 times of 50% mancozeb wettable powder, spray 1 time every 6-7 days for 2-3 times continuously.
Cotton rot
Pathogenic characteristics
The disease mainly harms fruits and sometimes leaves, stems and other parts. Fruit disease at the beginning, oval, dark green, soaked in water. Under the condition of air drying, the lesion is slightly depressed and does not expand rapidly, only the subcutaneous pulp is rotten and the surface is covered with white mold. When the temperature is high and the humidity is high, the diseased spots spread rapidly, and the whole fruit becomes brown and soft rot, and the surface is covered with a white mold layer, which leads to the rot of the diseased melon in the field. When the leaves are damaged, they are dark green and round, forming irregular water-soaked lesions. When the humidity is high, they are as soft as boiling water.
Occurrence law
Cucurbita pepo cotton rot is caused by pythium cucurbitae infection. The pathogen overwinters in the soil in the form of oospores, and germinates under suitable conditions in the following spring, producing sporangia and zoospores, or directly growing bud tubes to invade the host, then producing sporangia and zoospores on the diseased remains, which are spread by rain or irrigation water to invade the fruits, and finally forming oospores in the diseased tissues for overwintering. Bacteria are mainly distributed in topsoil, and increase rapidly after rain or when humidity is high. Low soil temperature and high humidity are beneficial to the occurrence of diseases.
Prevention and cure method
(1) Adopt high border cultivation to avoid flooding, drain water in time after heavy rain, and pad melons after fruits to prevent wet damage.
(2) Increase antibiotic bacteria in the soil, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and reduce the harm.
(3) Chemical control: At the initial stage of the disease, spray 20% agricultural soil solution every 1000 days/time for 2-3 times continuously.
Fruit deformity
Improper control of water and fertilizer. The lack of water and fertilizer in the early stage of zucchini is easy to form pointed-billed melon, the lack of water and fertilizer in the middle stage is easy to form thin-waisted melon, and the lack of water and fertilizer in the later stage is easy to form slender crooked melon. But in the medium term, too much water and fertilizer is easy to form a big belly melon;
Poor pollination and uneven distribution of pollen make the parts with insufficient pollination sag and form deformed melons;
Too high or too low temperature will affect photosynthetic efficiency, make nutrition insufficient and inhibit the normal development of fruits; Fourthly, the female flowers of zucchini are defective or bisexual to form fruits, which become deformed melons. [3]
1. Dwarf type This type of variety has short vines and short internodes, which is earlier. The vines are 30 ~ 60 cm long. The female flowers of 1 are born in the 3rd to 8th nodes, and then appear every 1 ~ 2 nodes or every node. The main varieties are mosaic zucchini, upright zucchini and a nest of monkey zucchini.
2. Semi-creeping type: The internodes of this variety are a little longer, the vine length is 60 ~ 100 cm, and the main vine 1 female flower is planted at the 8th ~1node, which is a medium-mature variety. Most of these varieties are local varieties. For example, the flower-skinned zucchini in Linyi, Shanxi Province, and the semi-sprawling naked zucchini newly bred by the Vegetable Research Institute of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences. This kind of zucchini is rare. However, with the continuous improvement of zucchini cultivation techniques, the proportion of semi-trailing zucchini planted in greenhouse will increase.
3. The creeping type plants have strong growth potential and long internodes, and the main vine can reach more than 150 ~ 400 cm. The female flowers of the main vine usually appear after 10, and belong to late-maturing varieties. Zucchini has stronger disease resistance and heat resistance than dwarf type, but weaker cold resistance. The fruit is partly scattered, the maturity is not concentrated, the harvest period is longer, the pulp is tender, the fiber is less, the quality is good, the weight of a single fruit is 2 ~ 2.5 kg, and the total output is higher. Suitable for summer cultivation. The main varieties are stupid zucchini, pulling zucchini and creeping zucchini in Jiaocheng, Shanxi.
Zucchini also has two varieties: pearl melon and stirred melon. The growth and development of zucchini is similar to that of pumpkin, with strong growth potential and short, upright and open plant type. The fruit is spherical, with dark green skin and bright gray-green spots. The fruit grows fast and the growth period is short, and the weight of a single melon can reach 300 grams 5-7 days after flowering. One plant can bear three commercial melons at the same time, and the number of fruit set and picking per plant is more, and the continuous fruit performance is good. Planting requires fertilizer and water.
Pumpkin mixing is another variety of zucchini. Shandong, Hebei and other places are planted. This variety has strong growth potential, small leaves, deep cuts, oval fruit and single melon weight of 0.7 ~ 1 kg. Mature melons have dark yellow skin, light yellow skin, orange background and dark brown longitudinal stripes. The flesh of melon is thick and light yellow, and the tissue of melon flesh is fibrous. Old melons are often used as food. Generally, after the whole melon is cooked or steamed, it is cut horizontally, and the melon meat is stirred into vermicelli or jellyfish skin with chopsticks. When it is cold, it can be eaten, so it is called stirred melon. [4]
6 main value editor
Medicinal value
Zucchini contains more nutrients such as vitamin C and glucose, especially calcium. no
The content of nutrients per 100g edible part (fresh weight) of the same variety is as follows: protein 0.6-0.9g, fat 0. 1-0.2g, cellulose 0.8-0.9g, sugar 2.5-3.3g, carotene 20-40g, vitamin C 2.5-9mg and calcium 22.
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that zucchini has the functions of clearing away heat and promoting diuresis, relieving vexation and thirst, moistening lung and relieving cough, reducing swelling and resolving hard mass. Can be used for adjuvant treatment of edema, abdominal distension, polydipsia, sores, nephritis, liver cirrhosis and ascites. Has the effects of relieving vexation, quenching thirst, moistening lung, relieving cough, clearing away heat and promoting diuresis, and relieving swelling and resolving hard mass. Can be used for adjuvant treatment of polydipsia, edema, abdominal distension, sores, nephritis and ascites due to liver cirrhosis. Can enhance immunity, and has antiviral and antitumor effects; It can promote the secretion of human insulin, effectively prevent diabetes, prevent liver and kidney diseases, and help to enhance the regeneration ability of liver and kidney cells.
Edible
Zucchini is rich in protein, minerals, vitamins and other substances, without fat, but also contains citrulline, adenine, aspartic acid and other substances, and the sodium content is very low. Has the effects of clearing away heat, promoting diuresis, relieving restlessness, quenching thirst, moistening lung, relieving cough, relieving swelling and resolving hard mass.
7 Edible Guide Editor
The right crowd
Edible: suitable for patients with diabetes, liver disease and kidney disease; Patients with lung disease should eat white sugar zucchini.
Avoid eating: zucchini should not be eaten raw. People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should eat less.
Matters needing attention
Fried vegetables at high temperature will release carcinogens: fried zucchini steak is the first carcinogen. "Pumpkin, garlic, onions and other vegetables, once fried at high temperature, will produce acrylamide that may cause cancer."
8 common formula editing
Zucchini gluten soup
Materials:
Zucchini, amaranth, monosodium glutamate, salt, soy sauce, balsamic vinegar, sesame oil and pepper.
Exercise:
1, peeled and sliced fresh zucchini.
2. Boil water in an empty pot. When the water boils, put gluten, gourd slices and amaranth into the pot at the same time, bring to a boil, and add monosodium glutamate, salt, soy sauce, balsamic vinegar, sesame oil and pepper.
Ketchup zucchini
Materials:
1 tender zucchini, 1 tomato, 1 green pepper, 2 cloves of garlic, salt, monosodium glutamate and vegetable oil.
Ketchup zucchini
Exercise:
1, washed zucchini, cut into four pieces along the length, and then sliced.
2. Blanch the tomatoes with boiling water, peel them and cut them into small pieces.
3. Cut the green pepper into pieces and slice the garlic for later use.
4. Heat the vegetable oil in the pot, add the tomato slices and stir-fry to get the juice.
5. Add zucchini, green pepper slices and garlic slices and stir fry.
6. Put some salt and a little monosodium glutamate when it is cooked quickly.
Zucchini cake
Materials:
Flour, egg 1, half zucchini, salt, pepper powder, chopped green onion, garlic paste, soy sauce and vinegar.
Zucchini cake
Exercise:
1, add flour to an egg, pour a proper amount of water, and mash it with chopsticks.
2. wake up the noodles that have been reconciled for a while, in order to strengthen muscles and prevent bumps that cannot be reconciled.
3. Add shredded vegetables: the zucchini should be tender, washed and shredded for later use.
4. Put shredded zucchini into flour, add a little water to make thick flour water, and add appropriate amount of salt, pepper powder and chopped green onion.
5. Mash garlic into mashed garlic, add a little soy sauce, proper amount of vinegar and salt, and splash the juice with burnt pepper oil for later use.
6. When baking the cake, put a little oil in the pot, let the oil spread all over the pot, and use a small fire.
Zucchini roll
Zucchini roll
Materials:
3 zucchini (about 1/2 lb each), 1 tbsp olive oil, 1/8 tsp salt, fresh black pepper, 1/2 oz soft goat cheese, 1 tbsp fresh parsley leaves, 1/2 tsp.
Exercise:
1, zucchini is sliced vertically, each slice is about 1/4 inch thick (I'm not so precise, as long as it's not too thick), and the outermost layer is not used. Brush both sides of sliced zucchini with olive oil and sprinkle with a little salt and pepper.
2. Preheat the grill or baking tray for about 4 minutes, add zucchini slices and fry for 4 minutes on each side. The original side used a pot with a bottom protruding like a grill. I don't have that kind of high-grade pot, so I use it to spread cakes. It's the same, except there are no baking marks on it.
3. At the same time, stir goat cheese, parsley leaves and lemon juice with a fork and mix well.
4. Put a few spinach leaves and a small basil leaf on the fried zucchini slices, then put about 1/2 teaspoons of cheese mixture and roll it up.
Zucchini bread
Zucchini bread
Materials:
3 1/4 cup of common flour, 1/2 teaspoons of salt, 1 teaspoon of nutmeg powder, 2 teaspoons of baking soda, 1 teaspoon of cinnamon powder, 1.5-2 cups of brown sugar, 1 cup of vegetable oil and 4 eggs.
Exercise:
1, preheat the oven to 350 degrees.
2. Put all the dry ingredients (mixed with flour, salt, nutmeg powder, baking soda, cinnamon and sugar) into a large bowl and stir well.
3. In another bowl, put oil, eggs, water, zucchini and lemon juice and stir.
4. Put the dry material and wet material together, add the shredded zucchini and stir.
5. Spray 2 standard bread baking pans or 5 bun baking pans or pad wax paper with spray to prevent sticking.
6. Bake for about 1 hour, insert a toothpick in the middle, and it will be fine when the toothpick comes out.
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Zucchini (18)
Zucchini (10)
Whole plant of zucchini (1 plant)
Pumpkin branches and leaves (1)
Pumpkin flowers and Fruit (2 pieces)
Banana zucchini (5)
Biyoute Zucchini (20 pieces)
Green-skinned zucchini (5 pieces)
Zucchini with black skin (5 pieces)
Biyoute Zucchini (6 pieces)
Selected zucchini pictures (26 photos)
Photo of the competition (1 1)
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cucurbita
winter squash
pumpkin
Green-skinned zucchini
All the above species are distributed in China.
reference data