Five years in Daliang, Wei Wuhou, the capital of Wei Huiwang (before 39 1). Wei defeated Chu in Dalianghe and occupied Daliang, and the country became prosperous. In the sixth year of Wei Huiwang (364 BC), in order to compete for the hegemony of the Central Plains, Wei Huiwang moved its capital from Anyi to Daliang (now Kaifeng). This is the beginning of Kaifeng's capital. ?
After Wei moved the capital to Fengze Liang, he made great efforts to enrich Qiang Bing. In the 26th year of Wei Huiwang (344 BC), Wei Yang stepped onto the crossbeam and persuaded Wang Wei to order Song, Wei, Lu and other small countries to unite with the northern Yan State, and strive for the Qin State, taking the imperial clothes first, and then seeking harmony. Wei Huiwang adopted it, built a palace, bought clothes for the emperor, and called himself king. At that time, Qin, Han, Song, Wei, Zou, Lu and other countries were invited to join the alliance in Fengze (now southeast of Kaifeng) in the name of visiting the Emperor of Zhou. After joining the alliance, we will go to court with Zhou. This alliance was the beginning of the King of the Seven Kingdoms in the Warring States Period. Because the alliance was caused by Hui Wang's pressure, it was strongly resisted by South Korea. ?
Wei Huiwang spent about ten years in Wei Huiwang (the first 360 years) to open this gap. The old road draws the Yellow River water from Xingyang to the north, passes through Zhongmou in the east longitude to Kaifeng in the north, turns south, passes through Tongxu East and Taikang West and enters Shui Ying to the southeast of Huaiyang. It connects major rivers such as Ji, Pu, Bian, Sui, Ying, Vortex, Ru, Si and He, and promotes water transportation, farmland irrigation and economic and cultural exchanges in the Huanghuai Plain. ?
In 342 BC, Wei was defeated by the "Battle of Maling", and the national situation declined gradually. As a rich country, Wei used a lot of money to recruit the world's wise men. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (3 19 BC), Mencius came to Daliang, Dewey (now Kaifeng) and was warmly received by Wang Hui. Mencius advised King Hui to change course and practice "benevolent government". Wei Huiwang didn't adopt it. The following year, King Hui died and King Xiang acceded to the throne. Xiang Wang also disagreed with Mencius' claim of seeking national reunification. Mencius was very dissatisfied with Wang Xiang and soon left Wei for Qi. ?
In 259 BC, a symbol was stolen to save Zhao. In this way, the generals of the State of Qin defeated Changping in vain, killed 400,000 soldiers, and successfully surrounded Handan in an attempt to destroy the State of Zhao, thus completing their unified hegemony. Zhao asked Wei for help many times, but Wang Wei was frightened by the pressure of Qin, and sent a general with 65,438+10,000 troops to Yecheng (now southwest of Linzhang) on the border between Zhao and Wei, waiting for death. Xin, the son of Wei, repeatedly expressed his righteousness and persuaded Wang Wei to send troops to save Zhao, but Wang Wei was indifferent. Xinlingjun stole the bugle from Hou Ying, his counselor, and Zhu Hai, a samurai, killed him, seized the military power, broke the siege of Qin and Han in one fell swoop, and Xinlingjun became famous all over the world. ?
In the 22nd year of Wang Ben (the first 225 years), Wang Ben, a general of the Qin Dynasty, attacked Wei, resulting in the destruction of Daliang City, the fall and death of Wei (this was the first catastrophic flood in Kaifeng). Qin established Junyi County in Daliang. ?
It belonged to the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu of Liang (202 BC), and named Peng Yue the King of Liang. In the eleventh year (before 196), Peng Yue was killed in rebellion, Liu Bangli and Liu Hui were Liang Wang, and Yi Jun returned to Liang. ?
Zu Ti, a famous Eastern Jin Dynasty star, vowed to recover the Central Plains when Zulu made a northern expedition to the Central Plains. In the second year of Daxing (3 19), he sent troops to the Northern Expedition, entered Qiu Yong and occupied Junyi. After the death of Zu Ti, it was in the first year of Yongchang, Yuan Di (322 years) that Junyi was reoccupied. ?
In 534 AD, in the first year of Tian Ping, Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Junyi became the governor of the state and established Liangzhou. Junyi became the state governor for the first time. Emperor Jiande of the Northern Zhou Dynasty occupied Liangzhou in the fifth year (576). Because the city is near Bianshui, it was renamed Bianzhou. ?
In the first year of Yang Di (605), in order to communicate with the north and the south, more than ten thousand people were recruited to build the collection canal, also known as the side canal. From Xiyuan in Du Dong (Luoyang) to the Yellow River, from Niukouyu in Xingyang to Bianshui and Huaihe River, connecting the Han River and reaching the Yangtze River. Since then, Bianzhou (Kaifeng) has further prospered. ?
In the third year (744), the three sages played Tang Tianbao and Li Baiyou, met Du Fu in Luoyang and went to Bianzhou (Kaifeng) together. On the way to Gaoshi, the three of them walked hand in hand, boarded the platform on impulse, drank wine and wrote poems, and recalled the past and the present. This left three immortal works: Li Bai's Liang Yuan Fu, Du Fu's Farewell and Gao Shi's Gu Daliang Xing. ?
Tang Limian extended Bianzhou City to Li Mian, our ambassador to Tang Yongping, and extended Bianzhou City in the second year of Dezong Jianzhong (78 1). After the expansion, the perimeter of the city is 20 miles, with 155 steps and 10 gates. In the first year of Dezong Xingyuan (784), Xuanwu Army moved Liu Xuanzuo (that is, Liu Qia) to Bianzhou. ?
In 783, Yan Zhenqing was martyred in Tang Dezong, Bianzhou, and Li Xilie rebelled against the Tang Dynasty and captured Bianzhou. Yan Zhenqing, a German sect minister and famous calligrapher, went to Bian Yu to advise him and was hanged in Bianzhou by Li Xilie. ?
In the first year of Kaiping (907), Zhu Wen, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was Bianzhou, and Zhu Wen, the capital of Bianzhou, replaced the Tang Dynasty and established the Liang Dynasty (known in history). Bianzhou was promoted to Kaifeng Prefecture. ?
After Bianzhou and Jindun were built in Shi Jingtang, Hou Liang in Tang Dynasty was destroyed, and Li moved to Luoyang, where Kaifeng was the headquarters of Xuanwu Army, still called Bianzhou. In the first year of Tianfu in the Late Jin Dynasty (936), the Khitan destroyed the Late Tang Dynasty and made Shi Jingtang the Emperor of Jin Dynasty (known as the Late Jin Dynasty in history), with the title of Biandu and Tokyo. Bianzhou was promoted to Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo. ?
Liu Zhiyuan built the capital of Han Dynasty, and Qidan Yelvdeguang captured Tokyo, and later Jin died. Liu Zhiyuan changed its name to Han (known as Hou Han in history), Dubian, and still called Tokyo. It was the twelfth year of Tianfu (947), and Liu Zhiyuan had not changed its name. ?
In the first year of Guo Wei (95 1), it replaced the Houhan Dynasty and changed its name to Zhou (known as Houzhou in history), which remained the capital of Tokyo. ?
In the second year of Zhou Xiande (955), Chai Rong built the outer city of Tokyo, and Chai Rong built the outer city of Tokyo, with a circumference of 48 Li and 2 13 steps. ?
In the spring of 960, in the seventh year of Zhou Xiande after the Chen Qiao mutiny, Emperor Zhou Gong sent Zhao Kuangyin to the north to fight against Liao. In Chen Qiaoyi, 40 miles north of Kaifeng, Zhao Kuangyin staged a mutiny and was proclaimed emperor. Then, return to Kaifeng. Gu Tao, a bachelor of Hanlin, took out a prepared imperial edict of Zen Buddhism, announced the abdication of the Duke of Zhou, and Zhao Kuangyin proclaimed himself emperor, thus establishing the Song Dynasty (known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history). ?
In order to correct the improper selection in the provincial examination of the Ministry of Rites, Song Taizu took 195 candidates in Wujiangtang in the sixth year of Kaibao (973) and enrolled 127 candidates, which was the first time to enroll candidates in the court examination. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial examination conducted textual research on two topics: poetry and fu. In the third year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1070), Wang Anshi reformed the imperial examination, abolished poetry, fu and other subjects, and changed the imperial examination policy in an attempt to make it long-term. Since then, China's imperial examinations have been shaped into three levels: township, province and temple. ?
When Song Taizong imperial academy was established, imperial academy was also established in the Imperial City of Tokyo. Famous calligraphers at that time were gathered in the academy, and calligraphy treasures from all over the country were collected. In the third year of Chunhua (992), Wang Zhu, the official of Hanlin, copied and engraved an ancient calligraphy book, which was named "The Secret Pavilion of Chunhua", with a total volume of 10, and half of the posts were the works of Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi. This cabinet position became the originator of China's legal position. After it was printed, Emperor Taizong handed it over to the ministers of the second government for study. During the Daguan period in Hui Zong (1107 ~110), another Daguan post was carved. Since then, legal posts have flourished and plagiarism has become a common practice. It played a great role in the popularization and improvement of calligraphy art in the Northern Song Dynasty. ?
Casting Acupuncture Copper Man In the fifth year of Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1027), Renzong ordered Wang, the medical officer of Taiyi Bureau, to design and cast two male copper men and set them in Suoguo Temple. Tongren's abdomen is cast with heart, liver, spleen, stomach and other organs, and the whole body is cast with meridians and acupoints. At that time, the bronze man was used as a model for teaching and examination, which was more accurate and easier to find than the original plan of human acupuncture points. Wang also wrote "Illustration of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Acupoints of Newly Cast Bronze Man", which was carved on a stone as a textual research on Bronze Man. 197 1 year, some stone fragments in the map were found in Beijing. ?
Bao Zheng, Kaifeng Prefecture, Quan Zhi City, Bao Zheng, is from Hefei, Anhui Province. Be honest and upright. Jia? In March of the following year (1057), I was authorized to know Kaifengfu. Although he has only been in office for one year and three months, he is strict in law enforcement, not afraid of powerful people, and the capital is orderly, which is praised by the people. Shi Jing proverb: "If you can't reach the joints, you will have Yamaraja to cover your old age." His deeds were widely circulated among the people and turned into novels and operas, and the image of an honest official had a far-reaching impact. ?
Wang Anshi reformed Song Shenzong Xining for three years (1070). After Wang Anshi accepted the task of writing a chapter in the Chinese book, he successively promoted new laws such as irrigation and water conservancy, young crops, total loss, easy market, armor protection, labor exemption, horse protection and farmland, with a view to enriching Qiang Bing. However, it was strongly opposed by conservatives supported by Empress Dowager Cao and Empress Dowager Gao, and it was difficult to fully implement them. Seven years (1074) in April, jiangning house. ?
During the reign of Zhezong (1086 ~ 1094), Su Song founded the waterway instrument observatory in Kaifeng. The total height of the instrument platform is 3 feet, 5 feet and 6 inches (according to Song ruler), which is divided into three layers, and the lower layer is the machinery for dripping water from waterwheels and copper pots; The middle layer is equipped with an elephant, which rotates once day and night, consistent with the movement of celestial bodies; The upper layer is called the terrace, which is equipped with an armillary sphere to observe the dim light of the stars and the movement of celestial bodies. The image platform is powered by water, which combines all layers of power machinery and transmission machinery into a whole, maintains a uniform speed, and shows the space-time operation of celestial bodies in various forms. It can display not only the sky, but also the time. Europeans call this instrument an astronomical clock. ?
During the period when the ancient Jews moved to Kaifeng Song Huizong (11~1125), a Jew trudged from Wan Li to the bustling Tokyo (now Kaifeng) with his family. They paid tribute to Hui Zong and presented western fabrics. Hui Zong treats each other warmly and generously: (1) Midsummer belongs to me; (2) observing the ancestral style; (3) stay in the capital of song dynasty. Since then, the Jewish family has settled in China, which continues to this day. ?
In the first year (1 126), the Jin army attacked the outer city of Tokyo. In December, Qin Zong went to Jinying to surrender his watch and announced his surrender. In addition to burning, killing and looting, Jin people also plundered gold and silver, silk, books, calligraphy and painting, cultural relics and treasures in the city. A large number of artisans and nobles in the city were plundered to the north, and countless asylum seekers moved south. This is a catastrophe in the history of Kaifeng City. ?
In March of the first year of Jianyan in Tokyo (1 127), Gionee Zhang Bangchang was the Emperor of Chu (only 33 days). In April, the nomads from the army won the emblem, and Qin Di returned to the north. In the Song Dynasty, Zong Ze stayed behind in Tokyo, and led the troops to refuse gold. In the eighth year of Jintianhui (1 130), Jin Bing was trapped in Tokyo again, and Liu Yu, an official who rebelled in Jinan in the Southern Song Dynasty, was appointed Emperor of Qi State, whose title is now Hebei. In the tenth year of Tianhui (1 132), he moved the capital to Kaifeng. ?
Yue Fei defeated Jin Bing in Shaoxing, Song Gaozong for ten years (1 140), and Yue Fei defeated Jin Wu in Yancheng and entered Zhuxian Town. ?
The Yellow River diverted and flowed through Mingchang, Kaifeng, Jin Zhangzong for five years (1 194). The Yellow River breaks in Wu Yang (now Yuanyang County, Henan Province), and the mainstream flows eastward to 20 miles north of Kaifeng. ?
Jin Xuanzong moved the capital to Nanjing (Kaifeng). Jin Xuanzong? In the second year (12 14), he moved the capital to Nanjing (Kaifeng) to escape the attack of the Mongolian army. ?
In March of the first year of Tianxing (1232), Mongolian troops attacked Nanjing (Kaifeng). The epidemic in May killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians. In September, nomads from the city searched for food, and the city was hungry, and the people ate each other. ?
In May (1358), Yuan Shundi, the capital of Longfeng regime, Liu Futong, the leader of the Red Scarf Army, led his troops to capture the capital of the Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng). After the band from Anfeng (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province) to Bianliang, the founding name was Song, the year of "Dragon and Phoenix", and it was the capital of the "Dragon and Phoenix" regime. In August of the following year, the capital of song dynasty was captured by Chahan Timur, the general of Yuan army, and Liu Futong and Han Liner retreated to Anfeng. ?
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), Kaifeng City was rebuilt, Kaifeng City Wall was rebuilt, and Tucheng was changed into a brick city. The circumference of the city wall is 20 Li 190 steps, 3 feet high and 2 feet wide, 1 foot. The city is 2 feet deep and 5 feet wide. ?
In the 20th year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (1387), in June, the Yellow River burst, and water entered the city from the north gate, which flooded many government offices and houses. In the first year of Huidi Wenjian (1399), the Yellow River burst and water entered the city from Fengqiu Gate. Many palaces and houses collapsed, resulting in long-term water accumulation in the city. In the autumn of the eighth year of Yongle (14 10), the Yellow River burst and destroyed the city by more than 200 feet. "The sick population14,000 people, not more than 7,500 hectares of farmland." In July (146 1), the Yellow River burst again, and water entered the city from the north gate, flooding most of the official and private houses, and countless residents died. ?
Li Zicheng attacked the city three times. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng led the rebels to attack Kaifeng three times. The first time was in February of the fourteenth year of Chongzhen (164 1). The rebels stormed the besieged city for seven days and nights, and then voluntarily retreated. The second time, from October/February of the same year to January of the following year, the uprising military artillery aimed at Kaifeng City for 20 days, and then retreated again. The third time was from April to September in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642). At the same time, the loyalist in the city raked two places on the Yellow River embankment north of Kaifeng in order to destroy the insurgents, making Wang Yang outside the city, and the water depth in the city was dozens of feet, floating like a fish. After the flood, except for a few fugitives, most of the original population of more than 370 thousand in the city drowned, leaving only more than 30 thousand people. ?
Kangxi rebuilt Kaifeng City (1662). On the basis of Kaifeng city wall in Ming dynasty, the city wall was rebuilt and five gates were set up, which was "as good as ever". The circumference of the city wall is 20 Li, with 65,438+090 steps, 3 feet 5 feet high and 2 feet 65,438+0 feet wide, just like the Ming system. ?
Lin Zexu participated in blocking and restoring the Yellow River breach and building dikes to clear the way for twenty-one years (184 1). In June, the Yellow River burst from Zhangjiawan (now Mi Town, Kaifeng City) and washed away the levee. Water entered the city from the south gate, and the water in the city was more than ten feet deep and flooded for eight months. On his way to be demoted to Yili, Xinjiang, under the sponsorship of Wang Ding, Lin Zexu was ordered to participate in blocking and restoring the Yellow River and building a 9-kilometer-long levee, which was called Lin Gongdi in history. Lin Zexu left the side branch in February of the following year. ?
Daoguang rebuilt Kaifeng city wall in the twenty-second year of Qing Daoguang (1842). Kaifeng city wall was rebuilt, with a circumference of 28 Li, a height of 3 feet and 5 feet and 4 watchtowers. This reconstruction has laid a foundation for Kaifeng to continue to be a political, economic, cultural and military center and its future development. ?
Taiping Army attacked Kaifeng and Xianfeng for three years (1853). On May 12, the Northern Expeditionary Army of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, led by Li and Li, entered the numerous towers 2 miles away from Kaifeng City and besieged Kaifeng City. On 13, they stormed again and left on 17. ?
The Tongwashi Yellow River burst in the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1855). Since then, the Yellow River has diverted again, not into the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River, but into the Bohai Sea from Lijin, Shandong Province. ?
The last examination in Qing Dynasty was held in the 29th year (1903) and 30th year (1904) of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty. Guimao Shuntian Township Examination and Chenjia Township Examination were held in Gong Yuan, Kaifeng, Henan. The two exams are still three times each, but the content has changed a lot. For the first time, there were five articles on Chinese political history; for the second time, there were five strategies for the study of political art in various countries; for the third time, there were two books in four books and one book in five classics, which stipulated that the format of eight-part essay was not allowed. After two exams, the number of candidates has been greatly reduced and the order is chaotic. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), the Qing court announced that it would stop the imperial examination. ?
In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Kaifeng founded the first modern school-Henan University Hall. Kaifengfu Middle School was founded in 1904. 1905, 15 Yi schools were reorganized into 10 government primary schools. ?
The establishment and revocation of Henan Copper Bureau In the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), Henan Governor Chen established Henan Copper Bureau in Kaifeng. Started casting "Guangxu Yuanbao" as a ten-article small copper coin; When Xuan Tong proclaimed himself emperor, he changed to casting "clear copper coins" into ten currencies. 1933 was cancelled due to copper cutting. ?
19 1 1 After the Kaifeng Uprising in (191), various provinces responded in succession. Zhang Zhongduan, a member of the League, was promoted to be the commander-in-chief of the Henan Uprising, which was scheduled to begin in the early morning of February 23rd, 65438. Unexpectedly, the news leaked out. On the night of 22nd, he was surrounded by a boy scout camp when he was gathering in the higher normal school. On the morning of 23rd, Zhang Zhongduan, Wang Tianjie, Zhang Zhaofa, Liu Fenglou, Dan, Xu Zhenquan, Zhang Decheng, Li Gangong, Zhang Xiangni, Li and Cui Deju were killed and the uprising failed. In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), Xiangfu county was changed to Kaifeng county, and Kaifeng county was changed to Kaifeng county, belonging to Yudong Road, Henan Province. It is still the capital of Henan. ?
Longhai Railway ran through the thirty-second year of Guangxu in Kaifeng (1906), and the Bianluo section of Longhai Railway was opened to traffic. The section from Kaifeng to Xuzhou was opened to traffic in June (19 15). ?
In the 7th year of the Republic of China (19 18), Feng Youlan and Ji founded a magazine in Kaifeng to publicize new culture and new ideas. ?
Founded the bimonthly Youth in the 9th year of the Republic of China (1920), Cao Jinghua, a student from Kaifeng No.2 Middle School in the province, founded the bimonthly Youth with four or five thousand copies in each issue and published five issues. ?
Li Dazhao came to Kaifeng on 1924. At the invitation of Hu Jingyi, Li Dazhao came to Kaifeng to guide the work. Under his guidance, Henan formed a situation of * * * cooperation, and established the Kaifeng prefectural committee of the * * * Youth League. The workers' and students' movements have also flourished. 1In July, 925, Li Dazhao came to Kaifeng for the second time, which prompted the establishment of the Yushan District Party Committee with Wang Ruofei as its secretary, and delivered a speech entitled "The History of British Imperialism's Aggression against China", which caused a sensation. Founded Zhongzhou Review 1925 In August, Xiao Chunv was appointed by the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League to work in Henan, founded Zhongzhou Review in Kaifeng, and published many important articles with Wang Ruofei to guide the revolutionary activities in Henan. 1926 released in January. ?
Kaifeng December 9th Movement In the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935)65438+ February 9th, a student patriotic movement broke out in Beiping (now Beijing). Kaifeng Water Conservancy Institute was the first to call for support in February 13. On 23rd, 13000 students from more than 30 schools including Kaifeng High School and Henan University gathered in front of the provincial capital to petition. On the 26th, more than ten thousand students petitioned on the sleeper track of Nanguan Railway Station for four days. ?
The liberation vanguard Kaifeng team headquarters was established in 25 years of the Republic of China (1936). 10 In June, the headquarters of Kaifeng Team, the pioneer of national liberation in China, was established. Deng Zijian (Deng Tuo), a student of Henan University, is the team leader. ?
The Fall and Recovery of Kaifeng1On June 6th, 938, the Japanese army invaded Kaifeng and established the Japanese puppet regime. Kaifeng people sank into hot water in the hands of the Japanese aggressors. 1in August, 945, the Japanese army surrendered, ending the suffering years of Kaifeng people. ?
Kaifeng Municipal People's Government was established1948101On October 24th, China People's Liberation Army captured Kaifeng again. 165438+1October 6th, the People's Democratic Municipal Government of Kaifeng Special City was established. 1949 1 was changed to Kaifeng Municipal People's Government, and was renamed as the Municipal People's Government in April. ?
195 1 year was approved by the State Council (now the State Council) to move the provincial capital to the west, 1954+00 year, the provincial capital of Henan province moved from Kaifeng to Zhengzhou, bringing about a population of 30,000-40,000 in various industries. Since then, Kaifeng has been changed to a prefecture-level city under provincial jurisdiction.