1. Cultivation Techniques of Spring Black Tomato in Open Field

(1) seedling raising

After the planting period is determined, sow and raise seedlings 60 ~ 70 days in advance. Seeds need to be disinfected before sowing. The seed coat of black tomato is thin, and thermal disinfection is easy to burn seeds, so chemical disinfection should be the main method. Sowing should not be too dense. It is advisable to sow 25 ~ 35g seeds per square meter and 300 ~ 450g seeds per hm2.

Black tomato is resistant to transplanting, but because of the continuity of flower bud differentiation, it is not suitable to divide seedlings many times in the process of seedling raising. It is suggested that the seedlings should be divided as early as possible, and at the latest before 2 ~ 3 true leaf flower buds begin to differentiate, using plastic nutrition pots or paper tubes.

It is best to divide the seedlings in containers. After the black tomato is divided into seedlings, the temperature and ground temperature should be appropriately increased by 2 ~ 3℃ to promote the slow seedling. After delaying seedlings, the growth of seedlings gradually accelerated. In order to prevent overgrowth, the temperature of seedbed should be 2 ~ 3℃ lower than that of slow seedlings, but it will get angry at night.

The temperature should not be lower than 10℃. It is advisable to keep the bed soil dry and wet, and the light green leaves of seedling heart indicate normal water content.

Before sowing, the seedlings should be exercised to gradually reduce the temperature of the seedbed, especially at night. In the process of hardening seedlings, it is not advisable to control too much water to ensure that the seedlings will not wither obviously at noon on sunny days, otherwise the seedlings will easily age.

(2) Soil preparation and base fertilizer application

Choose deep, loose, fertile and well-drained soil to plant black tomatoes. In order to promote the deep development of black tomato root system, deep tillage must be carried out. In winter leisure plots, 25 ~ 30 cm deep ploughing can be done before freezing, and no harrowing can be done after ploughing, which is beneficial to soil weathering. Deep tillage should be combined with increasing base fertilizer, generally 667m2.

Apply 5000 ~ 7500 kilograms of organic fertilizer. At the same time of applying base fertilizer, it is best to mix calcium superphosphate with organic fertilizer, every 667m2.

Apply 30 ~ 40 kg of calcium superphosphate. Black tomatoes can be planted in flat land or high border. Flat border is suitable for early-maturing cultivation in arid areas or high-density cultivation in the north. The general boundary width is 1.2 ~ 1.5m, and the boundary length is 8 ~ 10m. High border cultivation should be adopted in the south and irrigated land or low-lying waterlogged land with sufficient water resources.

(3) Planting and density

The planting period of spring black tomato in the open field should be determined according to the local climate conditions. Generally, it should be planted after late frost when the daily average temperature is above 15℃ and the ground temperature is stable above 10℃.

The planting density of spring black tomato depends on many factors, such as variety, pruning method, growth period and so on. The suitable close planting density of early-maturing varieties is 2800 ~ 3000 plants /667 m2, and that of middle-late-maturing varieties is 2000 ~ 2500 plants /667 m2.

(4) Tillage, topdressing and irrigation

Black tomato should be cultivated in time after planting. Early tillage and deep tillage are beneficial to raise soil temperature, promote rapid rooting and slow down seedling growth. The intertillage should be carried out continuously for 3 ~ 4 times, and the depth of each intertillage is shallow, so it can be cultivated properly to promote adventitious roots at the base of the stem and expand the root group.

Black tomato needs a large amount of fertilizer, so besides basic fertilizer, it should also be applied with quick-acting fertilizer as needed. When the first ear of fruit begins to swell, combined with watering, topdressing 1 time is needed to promote emergence and fruiting. Every 667 square meters

Urea 15 ~ 20kg, calcium superphosphate 20 ~ 25kg, or diammonium phosphate 20 ~ 30kg can be applied, potassium sulfate 10kg should be applied when potassium is deficient, and decomposed human excrement 1000kg vegetation can also be used.

Ash is used instead of chemical fertilizer. Second, topdressing 1 time when the three-spike fruit begins to swell rapidly. In addition to soil topdressing, topdressing outside roots can supplement 0.2% ~ 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at full fruit stage, or

0.2% ~ 0.3% urea, or 2% calcium superphosphate aqueous solution, foliar spraying, or spraying multi-element compound fertilizer. You can also spray 50 ~ 100μ l/L greenhouse acid or zinc sulfate and other trace elements outside the roots.

Black tomato has a certain drought tolerance, but in order to obtain high yield, we must pay attention to the supply and regulation of water. 5 ~ 7 days after planting, 1 times slow seedling water can be poured, then intertillage and moisturize, control watering and squat seedlings properly. Mid-late maturing varieties bloom.

Fruit bears late, nutrition grows vigorously, and water should be controlled before fruit production. The water absorption of black tomato reached its peak in the full fruit period, and during this period, it was irrigated 1 time for 4 ~ 6 days to keep the soil relatively uniform and moist throughout the full fruit period.

Stop drying and wetting to reduce the occurrence of fruit cracking and top rot. Black tomatoes have strict requirements on soil ventilation conditions, and should be drained in time after rain to prevent root rot.

(5) Factory supervision

Black tomato has the characteristics of lush stems and leaves, strong branching, rapid growth and development, and easy to drop flowers and fruits. In order to adjust the balanced growth of various organs and improve the light and nutrition conditions, a series of plant control measures should be taken in the cultivation process.

Applications, such as scaffolding, tying vines, pruning, forking, sharpening, flower and fruit protection, flower and fruit thinning, etc. Except for a few erect varieties, black tomatoes need scaffolding cultivation. In general, tapered frames (triangular tapered frames or quadrangular tapered frames) are used more than.

Simple and firm.

There are many pruning methods for black tomatoes, each with its own characteristics. Common pruning methods for open field cultivation include single stem pruning, improved single stem pruning and double stem pruning. Single stem pruning, only the trunk is reserved, and all the side branches are removed. This method is suitable for close planting.

Higher yield per unit area can be obtained under short-term conditions, but the disadvantages are more seedlings per unit area, limited root development and premature senescence of plants. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, an improved single stem pruning method can be implemented, that is

On the basis of single stem pruning, one side branch under the first inflorescence is reserved, and one ear of fruit is reserved for topping. There are many improved single stem pruning methods, which can be applied flexibly according to the cultivation needs. Double stem pruning, in addition to retaining the main branches,

Leave a side branch under the first inflorescence and remove all other side branches. The early yield of this pruning method is not as good as that of single stem pruning, and the fruit is late, so it is suitable for middle and late maturing varieties with long growth period and vigorous growth potential.

In the process of pruning, remove the redundant side branches, that is, hit the right one. Lodging too late will consume too much nutrients. In the early stage of plant growth, it will affect the development of root system, especially the early-maturing varieties with weak growth potential, and the lateral branches should be 3 ~ 6 cm long.

For a long time, it was cleared in stages.

For infinitely growing varieties, when they grow to a certain ear, it is necessary to remove the top of the plant, which is called coring or topping, to ensure that the fruits produced in the limited growth period can fully expand and mature. Picking should be based on the cultivation method. When cultivated in the south, leave 3 ~ 4 layers of ears; When cultivated in the north, leave 4 ~ 5 layers of spikes for coring.

In principle, the cultivation of black tomato does not need to pick leaves, so as to maintain a large assimilation area of the plant. Only after the fruiting period, can the diseased leaves and yellow leaves at the base be removed one after another, improve ventilation conditions and reduce respiratory consumption.

(6) flower protection and fruit protection

The phenomenon of black tomato flowering is quite common, and there are two main reasons for flowering: ① Malnutrition flowering. Due to insufficient soil nutrition and water, excessive plant damage, poor root development, untimely pruning and harrowing,

Under the high temperature at night, excessive nutrient consumption, excessive plant growth, unbalanced nutrient supply and other reasons lead to falling flowers and fruits. ② Flowering due to reproductive development disorder. Too low or too high flowering temperature, too rainy or too dry will affect the elongation of pollen tubes.

When pollen germinates, deformed flowers (such as long style flowers or short style flowers) are produced, which leads to falling flowers. The main reason of early flowering of spring black tomato in open field is low temperature or plant injury; The main reason why black tomatoes bloom in summer is high temperature and high humidity.

Preventing flowering and using plant growth regulators can effectively prevent flowering and stimulate fruit development, forming seedless fruits with the same or even more size as pollinated fruits. Common growth regulators are: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid).

, the concentration is 10 ~ 20μ l/L, which is used for dipping or painting flowers; The concentration of PCPA (p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, also known as anti-falling and black tomato essence) is 25 ~ 30μ L/L, which can be used for flower spraying treatment.

(7) Physiological diseases and their prevention and treatment

Physiological diseases of black tomato fruit development are one of the main problems in cultivation. Common physiological diseases include deformed fruit, hollow fruit, top rot, cracked fruit, tendon rot and sunburn, which have great influence on product quality.

① Deformed fruit: Deformed fruit is mainly produced in the flower bud differentiation and development period, that is, under the conditions of low temperature, excessive fertilization (especially nitrogen fertilizer), sufficient water and light, the growing point accumulates too much nutrition, and the developing flower bud cells divide.

There are too many carpels, and there are too many carpels. After flowering, the carpels are unevenly developed, resulting in multi-locular malformed fruits. The top-cracked or transverse-cracked fruits in deformed fruits are mainly due to the unfavorable conditions in the development of flower buds, which inhibit the flow of calcium to flower organs.

Caused by the operation of. In addition, because fruit growth is mainly longitudinal,

Later, it will gradually grow sideways and become hypertrophy. Therefore, the fruits developed by plants under malnutrition conditions are often deformed fruits with sharp tips. In order to prevent the occurrence of abnormal fruit, the temperature should not be controlled too low when raising seedlings, and the water and nutrition must be properly adjusted.

Suitable.

② Hollow fruit: that is, the fruit pulp is not full, the placenta tissue is not full, and the seed cavity becomes hollow, which seriously affects the weight and quality of the fruit. Improper fertilization, high concentration of growth regulators, etc. , are prone to tooth decay.

Fruit. In addition, during the fruit growth period, the temperature is too high, the sunshine is insufficient, or there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, too much nutrient growth, and less carbohydrate accumulation in the fruit. , will also form a hollow fruit. Management should be strengthened in aquaculture to improve the environment.

Control technology to create suitable conditions for fruit growth and avoid empty fruit.

(3) Top rot: also known as navel rot and hip rot, dark brown spots appear on the top of the fruit, which rot in rainy weather or when the air humidity is high. It is a physiological disease caused by calcium deficiency in fruits. Lead to calcium deficiency in fruits.

Reasons: First, the soil lacks calcium; Second, the soil is dry, and the concentration of soil solution is too high, especially potassium, magnesium and ammonium nitrogen, which affects the absorption of calcium by plants; Thirdly, the movement speed of calcium in plants is slow under high temperature and drought conditions.

In order to prevent top rot, more organic fertilizer can be applied, and lime should be applied to the acidic soil for adjustment, so as to maintain the appropriate concentration of soil solution and properly control the amount of ammonia nitrogen. Try to avoid excessive soil temperature and drastic changes in soil temperature. The water supply should be uniform,

Prevent dryness and humidity. At the fruiting stage, 0.5% calcium chloride can be sprayed on new leaves and newly grown inflorescences to supplement the calcium content.

(4) Fruit cracking: Fruit cracking is easy to occur in the later stage of fruit development. Fruit cracking includes ring cracking and radial cracking. The main causes of fruit cracking are: dry soil in the early stage of fruit growth, slow fruit growth, and pulp damage when it is rained or watered.

The tissue expands rapidly, and the peel can't adapt to the growth, which leads to cracking. In order to prevent fruit cracking, we should pay attention to the selection of varieties that are not easy to crack, and pay attention to the application of organic fertilizer, rational watering and water supply in cultivation management

Evenly, avoid the fruit from direct sunlight.

⑤ Tendon rot: It is a physiological disease during fruit expansion. According to the symptoms, it can be divided into two types, browning type and albinism type. The vascular bundles and their surrounding tissues in the former fruit turn brown, while the peel or fruit wall of the latter becomes hard and white. Two types of

The onset conditions are similar, and it is a disease induced by many unfavorable conditions. In order to prevent the occurrence of tendon rot, we should pay special attention to the use of fertilizers, appropriately increase potassium fertilizer, and take nitrate nitrogen as the main nitrogen fertilizer.

⑥ Sunburn: In the hot summer season, due to direct sunlight, the temperature of the fruit shoulder part rises, and some tissues are burned and withered, resulting in sunburn. The harm of sunburn varies from species to species. Small leaf area, exposed fruit or fruit

Varieties with thin skin are prone to diseases. In order to prevent sunburn, it is best to use cone-shaped frame or herringbone frame to prevent sunburn in fruit bearing period, and the ear of fruit should be arranged in the shade of leaves in the frame when planting seedlings. Appropriate application of potassium fertilizer can enhance its resistance.

2. Conservation tillage

(1) Black Tomato in Spring in Solar Greenhouse

① Selection of suitable varieties: Early-maturing or middle-maturing, low-light and cold-resistant varieties or hybrids should be selected for black tomatoes in greenhouse in spring.

② Early planting: The time of early planting is determined according to the lowest temperature in the greenhouse. When the soil temperature at the depth of 10cm in the morning reaches above 5℃ and the lowest temperature no longer appears at 0℃, early planting should be carried out as soon as possible. Seedlings should be planted in the morning when the cold weather has just passed and the sunshine and warm weather have begun. Generally, the density of early-maturing varieties is 667m2.

3500 ~ 4000 strains; The density of middle and late maturing varieties is 2800 ~ 3100 plants per 667m2.

③ Temperature change management: After planting black tomatoes, the daily temperature should be managed by "four-stage temperature change". That is, the temperature of a day is divided into four sections for management. After seeing the light before noon, the temperature should be quickly increased to 25 ~ 28℃

Promote the photosynthesis of plants; In the afternoon, with the gradual weakening of photosynthesis, the temperature was reduced to 25 ~ 20℃ by ventilation. In the first half of the night, in order to promote the transportation of photosynthetic products in leaves to their organs, the temperature should be kept.

At17 ~14℃; In order to avoid respiratory consumption in the second half of the night as much as possible, the temperature should be reduced to 12 ~ 10℃ and not lower than 6℃. Due to the low outside temperature in the early stage of planting, various insulation and covering measures should be taken (covering grass curtains,

Paper quilts, hanging awnings, setting small arch sheds, etc. ), in order to improve the air and ground temperature in the protected area, and promote the rooting, seedling delay and normal growth and development of plants.

(4) Increase the illumination: When the temperature permits, uncover and cover the multi-layer thermal insulation covering layer as soon as possible, and often remove the pollutants on the transparent covering material. Reflective curtains (films) can be hung on the back walls and gables on both sides of the solar greenhouse to increase the illuminance in the greenhouse. In the later stage, the diseased leaves, old leaves and yellow leaves in the lower part should be knocked out in time to increase the ventilation and transparency of the population and promote the fruit to turn color and ripen as soon as possible.

⑤ Rational fertilization and irrigation: When the first ear of fruit grows to the size of walnut, fertilization and irrigation will be started. Every 667 square meters

Urea 12 ~ 15 kg, 20kg of superphosphate or 20kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and potassium sulfate 10kg can be topdressing, but urea alone is not allowed. Ternary compound fertilizer 15 ~ 20kg is also acceptable. After the first ear is harvested, it can

Then topdressing according to the above amount 1 time. Every topdressing should be combined with irrigation. The frequency and amount of irrigation should be determined according to plant growth and weather conditions, with disease prevention as the premise. Should choose sunny morning watering, irrigation under the film.

Water in case the air humidity is too high.

6. Erecting vines and tying vines: After planting black tomatoes for about 2 weeks, the vines will be erected. In order to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, it is best to hang vines with nylon wires.

⑦ Pruning and raking: for the limited growth type of black tomato, the main method is to improve single stem pruning; For the infinite growth type of black tomato, single stem pruning is the main method, and some people use continuous pruning or multiple head-changing pruning for pruning.

8. Fruit ripening: In order to promote fruit ripening and early listing, ethephon can be used for ripening. Prepare 40% ethephon into 400 ~ 800 times aqueous solution (500 ~ 1000μ l/L), and then use soft brush or coarse

When the solution is coated on the green ripe fruit with a brush, it can be put on the market 6 ~ 7 days earlier; You can also ripen the fruit after picking, dilute 40% ethephon with water to 200 times (2000μl/L), and put the black tomato into the solution.

Soak 1min, take it out and put it in a closed condition of about 25℃ to ripen, and it will turn red in 4 ~ 6 days.

(2) Black tomato in greenhouse in autumn

The key of autumn cultivation technology of black tomato in greenhouse is to prevent virus disease. We should choose middle and late maturing varieties with strong disease resistance (especially antiviral disease), heat tolerance, vigorous growth potential, large fruit and unlimited growth types.

To determine the seedling raising period, it is appropriate to have a seedling age of 25 ~ 30 days. The physiological seedling age should be 15 ~ 20 cm with 3 ~ 4 leaves.

When raising seedlings, prepare a seedbed that can prevent high temperature and rain, and build a shade shed on it. When sowing, it is best to directly sow seeds in nutrient clods or seedling containers such as plastic bowls, paper bags and plastic bags, and sow 3-4 seeds in each bowl (bag) until seedlings emerge.

Remove the weak seedlings again, leaving 1 plant in each pot. To prevent overgrowth, 0.05% ~ 0. 1% chlormequat chloride or 0. 15% ~ 0.20% B9 can be sprayed for 2 ~ 3 times when 2 ~ 3 true leaves of seedlings are unfolded.

At seedling stage, aphids should be prevented, and plant quarantine or virus A should be sprayed to prevent virus diseases.

When planting, it is still in the season of strong sunshine, high temperature and rainy, so it is necessary to prepare for shade and rain. The roof of the greenhouse is rainproof and sunshade, and the surrounding area is ventilated. In the later stage of growth, with the decrease of temperature, the light is weakened, so we should give priority to warming, moisturizing and brightening, gradually reduce the outdoor air, strengthen the thermal insulation coverage, remove the shade from the plastic film, wipe it clean and increase the light transmittance.

In autumn, black tomatoes are pruned with one stem, leaving 3-4 ears to remove the core, with 4-5 ears per ear. It is necessary to dip or spray flowers with auxin during flowering. When the fruit grows to the size of walnut, every 667m2

Top-dressing 20 kg of diammonium phosphate, and then irrigation. After each irrigation, intertillage and ridging should be done in time. As the temperature drops, the irrigation frequency should be reduced. In the later stage, the lower leaves of the plant can be knocked off, and attention should be paid to avoid the excessive relative humidity of the air and the water on the film dripping on the plant.

(3) Black tomato in solar greenhouse in winter

In winter, the black tomato in solar greenhouse should choose infinite growth variety, and the planting density can be slightly sparse from early August to early September, and the management measures are similar to the above stubble. But we should do a good job of uncovering the straw curtain,

Manage temperature, light and water, hang vines and vines in time, and pay attention to protecting flowers and fruits and ripening. The management of this crop in 65438+ 10 is very important. Ventilation, irrigation and fertilization should be properly strengthened after spring, and special attention should be paid to disease prevention when the temperature is high.