1, ten-day, pronunciation: xún, radical: 吆, combination: ten-day day, ten-day announcement, ten-day new moon and ten-day year. Similarities: sentences, tick.
2, boil, pronunciation: á o, radical: á, combination: staying up late, suffering. Similar characters: pride, ao, ao.
3, garlic, pronunciation: suàn, radical: Mi, group words: garlic, garlic, sugar and garlic.
4, vinegar, pronunciation: cù, radical: unitary, group words: white vinegar, jealousy, jealousy. Form close group: borrowing, mistakes, measures and wax.
5, dumplings, pronunciation: Ji ? o, radical: Xun, group words: jiaozi, steamed dumplings, dumplings. Similar characters: comparison, glue, twisting and proofreading.
6, Fei, pronunciation: fěi, radical: feather, group word: jade. Similar characters: Fei and Fei.
7, mixing, pronunciation: bàn, radical: yi, combination: bickering, stirring, cold salad. Similar characters: companion, fat.
8, chestnut, pronunciation: Li, radical: wood, combination: chestnut, chestnut, trembling. Similarity character: millet.
9, hazel, pronunciation: zhēn, radical: wood, group words: hazel, hazel tree. Similarities: Zhen.
10, Zheng, pronunciation: zhēng, radical: bamboo, combination: guzheng, kite. Similar characters: Zheng, Zheng, Zheng.
1 1, whip, pronunciation: biān, radical: leather, combination: firecrackers, whip.
12, wheat, pronunciation: mài, radical: Ba, combination: wheat field, wheat fragrance, wheat.
13, Temple, pronunciation: si, radical: earth, group word: temple, temple.
14, stroll, pronunciation: guàng, radical: you, combination: ramble, go shopping, wander around. Similarities: Kuang.
Second, the original "Spring Festival in Beijing"
According to the old rules in Beijing, the Lunar New Year (Spring Festival) begins almost at the beginning of the twelfth lunar month. "La Qi La Ba, freezing to death in Western jackdaw", this is the coldest time of the year. However, in the severe winter, it will soon be spring, so people do not reduce their enthusiasm for Spring Festival and Spring Festival because of the cold.
On Laba Day, Laba porridge is cooked in people's homes and temples. This special porridge is for ancestor worship, but when you think about it, it is a kind of pride of agricultural society-this porridge is made of all kinds of rice, all kinds of beans, and all kinds of dried fruits (almonds, walnuts, melon seeds, litchi meat, lotus seeds, peanuts, raisins, water chestnut rice ...).
This is not porridge, but a small agricultural exhibition.
Laba will also soak Laba garlic on this day. Put the garlic cloves in high vinegar on this day, and seal them for eating jiaozi in the New Year. By the end of the year, garlic is soaked like jade, and vinegar has some spicy taste, which makes people want to eat more jiaozi. In Beijing, during the Spring Festival, every family eats jiaozi.
Since Laba, shopkeepers have stepped up their efforts to buy new year's goods on the ground, and more stalls have been added to the streets-those selling Spring Festival couplets, New Year pictures, honey supplies, daffodils and so on will only appear in this season. These stalls to catch up with the new year have taught children to beat their hearts very fast.
In hutongs, the voices of shouting are more complicated than usual, and some of them only appear in the twelfth lunar month, such as those selling constitutional books, pine branches, barley seeds, rice cakes and so on.
When there was an emperor, schoolchildren stopped going to school on the 19th of the twelfth lunar month and took annual leave in January. When children prepare for the Spring Festival, almost the first thing they do is to buy mixed food. This is made of all kinds of dried fruits (peanuts, dates, hazelnuts, chestnuts, etc.) mixed with candied fruit, the ordinary ones with skin and the advanced ones without skin. For example, ordinary hazelnuts with skins are used, and advanced hazelnuts are used.
Children like to eat these odds and ends. Even if they don't have jiaozi to eat them, they must buy mixed food. Their second big event is to buy firecrackers, especially boys. I'm afraid the third thing is to buy things-kites, diabolos, harmonicas and New Year pictures.
Children are in a hurry and adults are nervous. They must prepare food and drink for the New Year. They must also make new shoes and clothes for children, so as to show the new atmosphere of Vientiane in the New Year.
It's almost a "rehearsal" to celebrate the New Year on the 23rd. In the old society, every family in king of people sounded firecrackers as soon as it was lit, and the paper image of the kitchen king was incinerated with the sound of the firecrackers, which was euphemistically called sending the kitchen king to heaven. A few days ago, there were many people selling maltose and glutinous rice sugar in the street, and the sugar shape was rectangular or melon-shaped.
According to the old saying: stick sugar on the mouth of the kitchen king, and he will not report the bad things in his family to the jade emperor when he gets to heaven. Now, there are still sugar sellers, but only for everyone to enjoy, and no longer stick to the mouth of the kitchen king.
After twenty-three, everyone will be busier, and the New Year will be here in the blink of an eye. Before New Year's Eve, every family must put up the Spring Festival couplets and have a thorough cleaning, which is called house cleaning. We must prepare enough meat, chicken, fish, vegetables, rice cakes and so on, at least enough for a week. According to the old custom, most of the shops closed in Wutian Gate and didn't open until the sixth day of the first month.
If you don't prepare food for the next few days, it is not easy to supplement it temporarily. Also, in the old society, the old mother said that it was unlucky to cut everything that should be cut out on New Year's Eve, so as to save the knife from the first day of the first month to the fifth day of the first month. This implies superstition, but it also shows that people are really peace-loving, and they don't even want to move a kitchen knife at the age of one.
New Year's Eve is really lively. Every family is rushing to cook new year's dishes, and the smell of wine and meat is everywhere. All men and women, old and young, put on new clothes, put up red couplets outside the door, and put up all kinds of New Year pictures in the house. All the houses were lit up all night and the guns were fired day and night. People who work outside will come home to have a reunion dinner and worship their ancestors unless they have to.
This night, except for very young children, no one sleeps, but everyone has to stay up.
The scene of New Year's Day is very different from that of New Year's Eve: on New Year's Eve, the streets are crowded with people; On New Year's Day, all the shopkeepers put up boards, and the firecracker paper sheets set off last night were piled in front of the door, and the whole city was resting.
The men set out before noon to visit relatives and friends. Women receive guests at home. At the same time, there are many temples in and outside the city that are open for people to visit. Vendors set up stalls outside the temples, selling tea, food and all kinds of fun.
The Dazhong Temple outside the North City, the Baiyun Temple outside the West City and the Fire Temple (Changdian) in the South City are the most famous. However, the first two or three days after the opening of the temple were not very lively, because people were still busy celebrating each other's New Year, no time and the. On the fifth and sixth day of the fifth lunar month, the temple fair began to be beautiful, and the children were particularly enthusiastic to visit it, in order to see the wild scenery outside the city, ride donkeys and buy those toys unique to the New Year.
There are car races in the square outside Baiyun Temple; In the old age, it is said that there are camel races. These competitions do not strive for who is the first and who is the second, but perform the beautiful posture and skills of mules, horses and riders in front of the audience.
Most of the shops opened on the sixth day of the sixth month and set off firecrackers. From dawn to early morning, the sound of guns in the whole city continued. Although Zhang was opened, everyone was not very busy except the shop selling food and other important daily necessities. The guys in the shop could take turns to visit the temple, the overpass and go to the opera.
Yuanxiao (Tangyuan) is on the market, and the climax of the New Year is the Lantern Festival (from the 13th to 17th of the first month). New Year's Eve is lively, but there is no moonlight; What about the Lantern Festival? It happens to be the bright moon in the sky. New Year's Day is decent. There are bright red Spring Festival couplets in front of every house, and people are wearing new clothes, but it is not beautiful enough.
Lantern Festival, everywhere hanging lanterns, the whole street like a happy event, blazing and beautiful. Hundreds of lamps are hung in famous old shops, some are all glass, some are all horns, and some are gauze lamps; Some are of various colors, and some are all painted with all the stories of A Dream of Red Mansions or Water Margin. This was an advertisement in those days;
As soon as the light is hung, anyone can visit the shop; Candles are lit in the lights at night, and there are more viewers. This advertisement is not vulgar. Dried fruit shops have to do a batch of mixed food business during the Lantern Festival, so they often make all kinds of ice lanterns, or make one or two green dragons with wheat seedlings to attract customers.
In addition to hanging lights, there are also flowers in the square. In the Chenghuang Temple, a fire judge was lit, and the fire tongue was spit out from the mouth, ears, nose and eyes of the judge's clay statue. Put up sky lanterns in the park and fly to the sky like a superstar.
Men and women come out to step on the moon, watch lights and watch fireworks; The people in the street are crowded and motionless. In the old society, women didn't go out easily. They could get some freedom during the Lantern Festival. Children could buy all kinds of fireworks and set them off. Even if they didn't run into the street to be naughty, they could still play with sound and light at home.
There are also lights at home: lantern-the original movie-palace lanterns, various paper lanterns, and gauze lanterns, with small bells in them, which will tinkle when the time comes. Everyone must also eat glutinous rice balls. This is indeed a beautiful and happy day.
In the blink of an eye, we arrived at the Temple of the Remnant Lights. Students should go to school, and adults should go to work as usual. The New Year ended on the 19th day of the first month. The twelfth lunar month and the first lunar month are the most leisure time for everyone in rural society, and pigs, cattle and sheep are also growing up, so everyone has to kill pigs and sheep for a year's hard work.
After the Lantern Festival, the weather turned warmer, and everyone went to work again. Although Beijing is a city, it also celebrates the New Year with the rural society, and it is too lively.
In the old society, Chinese New Year was inseparable from superstition. Laba porridge, Guandong sugar and jiaozi on New Year's Eve must be offered to the Buddha first, and then people can enjoy it. To meet God on New Year's Eve; On the second day of the New Year's Day, the God of Wealth will be sacrificed, and Yuanbao soup (wonton) will be eaten. Moreover, some people will go to the God of Wealth Temple to borrow paper Yuanbao and burn the first incense. On the eighth day of the first month, they will give the old people luck and pray for their longevity. Therefore, the biggest waste at that time was the money for buying wax paper horses.
Now, everyone is not superstitious, so we can save this expense and use it in useful places. It is particularly worth mentioning that today's children are only happy to celebrate the New Year, not influenced by that superstition. They are only happy, but not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. Perhaps, the Spring Festival is not as lively as before, but how sober and healthy it is.
In the past, people celebrated the New Year with the blessing of ghosts and gods. Now it is the end of their labor, and everyone should celebrate the New Year happily.
Extended data:
First, the creative background
This article was written in 195 1 year 1 month after liberation, and published in the second issue of the first volume of New Observation that year.
At that time, just after the founding of New China, the author Lao She wrote "I Love New Beijing" and talked about the changes in Beijing from three aspects: sewers, cleanliness, lights and water. Almost at the same time, he wrote the article "Spring Festival in Beijing", describing the customs and lively atmosphere of Beijingers celebrating the Spring Festival, and expressing his praise for the new China and society.
Second, the famous comments
(1) Wu Xiaomei, a professor of Chinese Department of Lanzhou University and a doctoral supervisor of modern and contemporary literature in China, "Thirty-eight Lectures on Lao She's Prose";
"The Spring Festival in Beijing is about Beijing, which is actually the epitome of the Spring Festival in China, but it is more local customs and more local characteristics. What is worth appreciating is that when the writer elaborates on the customs and people's feelings of the Spring Festival in Beijing, he euphemistically conveys his own contradictory and complicated feelings with his own affirmation of praise and around whether this custom is superstitious. "
(2) Li Hongran, a professor at the Chinese Department of the College of Literature, Hainan University, On the History of Contemporary Minority Literature in China;
"Spring Festival in Beijing" can be said to have written all the Spring Festival customs in Beijing in the first half of the 20th century. From the eighth day of Laba to the 28th of the Lunar New Year, from New Year's Eve to New Year's Day, and then the opening of the sixth day shop and the grand occasion of the Lantern Festival for every household, the various festival activities and the festive atmosphere are clear, clear and meticulous in the works. "
(3) Xie Zhaoxin, Lao She's researcher and dean of Anhui Normal University's College of Literature, Ideas, Creation and Criticism, China Literature in the 20th Century;
"The Spring Festival in Beijing introduces the customs and people's feelings of the ancient capital, highlighting the changes in Beijing with the changes in people's mental outlook. Children are only happy for the New Year," and are not influenced by that superstition. They are only happy, but not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. " This is a sober, healthy and beautiful Beijing. Lao She sang the praises of the greatness and brightness of new China with "ecstasy". ”。
Third, the theme idea
This article is a folkloric chronicle. In plain language full of Beijing flavor, the author describes a folkloric scroll of the Spring Festival in old Beijing, showing the solemnity and excitement of the Spring Festival, showing the warmth and beauty of China's holiday customs, expressing the author's love for traditional culture, and showing the great power of changing customs in the new era through comparison. Finally, the author affirms the new fashion and praises the new society.
References:
Baidu Encyclopedia-Spring Festival in Beijing