A courtyard surrounded by houses on all sides is the basic unit of a quadrangle, which is called a courtyard with one entrance, two courtyards are two courtyards, three courtyards are three courtyards, and so on.
Beijing's large quadrangles (such as Wangfu) can have as many as seven or nine courtyards. In addition to the main courtyard in the middle road, there are east and west courtyards on both sides, which can be described as "deep house courtyard".
According to the situation in Rizhao, it is best to have a house facing south on all sides. Therefore, Beijing is the main room of the quadrangle, with east and west wings on both sides, and the south room opposite the north room is called the inverted room. The last row of main rooms of medium-sized or large quadrangles is the back cover room.
The back cover room is sometimes built into a two-story building, which is called the back cover building.
Siheyuan with more than two courtyards are generally divided into inner houses and outer houses, which are connected and communicated by two doors-hanging flower doors or screen doors.
Between the main rooms and the wing rooms of the quadrangle, the veranda of the manuscript is generally connected and communicated.
Handwriting Gallery is an open accessory building, which can be used for people to walk and sit and enjoy the scenery in the courtyard.
The architectural colors of quadrangles are mainly the colors of the materials themselves, such as blue bricks and gray tiles, jade steps and danju, and the walls are polished and jointed, with exquisite craftsmanship. Although it is made of muddy water, it is like a masterpiece of craftsmanship.
The quadrangles in Beijing are divided into large, medium and small specifications.
Big quadrangle: the main room is the front porch and the back building, and there is a cover room behind it. There is a hanging flower door in the middle of the flower wall in the south of the east and west wing, and there are four wooden screens in the door. Both the east and west wings have a veranda that communicates with the hanging flower door. Some flower walls are on both sides of the hanging flower door, with two or three leaking windows.
The round moon gate separates the main room from the wing, and you can go to the backyard through the road, and some have halls, so you can walk through them.
In the outer court, there is a flower wall in the east and west, with the moon gate in the middle, and four wooden screens painted in green, which set off the red square characters. In the east, there is a "moving wall book" and in the west, there is a "West Garden calligraphy". You can go to the cross yard from this gate.
There is a mountain corridor in the south room, which is a corridor connected by gables. In this way, several courtyards are formed, which are interconnected from east to west, from north to south. The Wangfu (in Goldfish Hutong) and Gongwangfu (Shichahai West Street) in the Qing Dynasty are the most typical large quadrangles in Beijing, with spectacular style and gardens.
Chinese quadrangles: Chinese quadrangles usually have five or seven main rooms, with wooden partitions or floor coverings in the rooms, and some main rooms and wing rooms with porches.
The five rooms are three main rooms and two wing rooms, and the wing room is a single door, so-called "three straight ears".
Seven rooms, between the main room and the wing room, there are two suites (open on the gables) communicating with the main room. There are three east and west wing rooms, and between the wing room and the wing room, there is an aisle that can lead to the backyard.
On the south side of the east-west wing, there is a courtyard wall that divides the courtyard into an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard, all of which are brick fields without water. There is a moon gate in the middle of the courtyard wall, and a brick or wooden screen wall is erected behind the moon gate to prevent people from the outer courtyard from seeing the inner courtyard at a glance. Some put a few pots of flowers in the yard, put a big fish tank, set up a ceiling in summer and enjoy the cool in the yard.
Old Beijingers say: ceiling, fish tank, pomegranate tree. This is the beautiful scenery of quadrangles in summer.
In the outer court, there is one or two deer roofs in each thing. The house at the top of the deer is a little smaller than the wing, and it is used as a kitchen or for servants to live in.
In the pattern of seven rooms in the south room, one in the east is the gate hole, the other in the west of the gate is the porter, and the door opens on the western wall of the gate hole.
Do a garage or a side door at the head of the west.
The whole house, pay attention to grinding bricks to seam, yellow pine wooden frame, double eaves of wind and fire, square brick floor in the house, bright windows. Except for the deer roof, the wing room and the garage, all the windows are supported from the top and removed from the bottom. The so-called "upper support and lower support" means that there are two windows pasted with Korean paper on the top, and the one outside can be supported by two thin iron bars. In summer, the window inside is changed into cold cloth for ventilation. In winter, the one outside will be exhausted, sheltering from the wind and cold. A window at the bottom is a whole big glass. There is another window guard outside. Hang it at night and take it off in the morning.
In the early days of liberation, most residents in Beijing lived in this kind of house. After liberation, quadrangles were distributed to several families to live together. Now Beijing's population is increasing year by year, and high-rise buildings are emerging one after another. There are fewer and fewer such houses. ......
Small quadrangle: This kind of quadrangle has a simple layout. Generally, there are three rooms in the north room (also called the main room), and there are partitions in the room. There are two rooms in the east wing and three rooms in the south wing (also called inverted seats), all of which are tile-roofed houses with bricks lying to the top and ridges. There are also some small quadrangles with chessboard hearts, or with gray stalks.
It is very suitable for a family of two or three generations to live in a small quadrangle with a single house. The elders live in the main room (upper room, upper room), the younger generation lives in the wing room, and the south room is used as the living room and back study room. There is a brick-paved cross road in the yard, which leads to the door of the east, west, north and south rooms, and there are steps in front of the door.
Street gates are all in the southeast, and rarely open in the south, because the temple gates are all in the middle of the south, all of which are gates with clear water ridges. The two street gates facing the customs each have a small iron ring to knock on the door.