Contents 1 Pinyin 2 English reference 3 Overview 4 Latin name 5 English name 6 Alias ??of Sophora flavescens 7 Source 8 Origin 9 Meridian distribution of nature and flavor 10 Efficacy and indications 11 Contraindications for use 12 Incompatible compatibility 13 Chemistry of Sophora flavescens Ingredients 14 Pharmacological effects of Sophora flavescens 15 Sophora flavescens poisoning 15.1 Symptoms of Sophora flavescens poisoning 15.2 Treatment of Sophora flavescens poisoning 15.3 Prevention 16 Pharmacopeial standards of Sophora flavescens 16.1 Product name 16.2 Source 16.3 Properties 16.4 Identification 16.5 Inspection 16.5.1 Moisture 16.5.2 Total ash content 16.6 Extract 16.7 Content determination 16.7.1 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test 16.7.2 Preparation of reference solution 16.7.3 Preparation of test solution 16.7.4 Determination method 16.8 Sophora flavescens slices 16.8.1 Processing 16.8.2 Content Determination 16.8.3 Identification, inspection, extractables 16.8.4 Nature, flavor and meridians 16.8.5 Functions and indications 16.8.6 Usage and dosage 16.8.7 Notes 16.8.8 Storage 16.9 Source 17 References attached: 1 Chinese medicine bitter is used Ginseng prescriptions 2 Chinese patent medicines using the traditional Chinese medicine Sophora flavescens 3 Sophora flavescens in ancient books* Sophora flavescens drug instructions 1 Pinyin

kǔ shēn 2 English reference

kuhseng [兰道汉英 Dictionary]

radices sophorae flavescentis [Landau Chinese-English Dictionary]

Snphora angustifolia [Landau Chinese-English Dictionary]

Snphora flavescens Ait. [Landau Chinese-English Dictionary] English dictionary]

kuhseng [Xiangya Medical Professional Dictionary]

lightyellow sophora root [Xiangya Medical Professional Dictionary]

sophorae flavescentis,radix [Xiangya Medical Professional Dictionary]

sophorae,radix [Xiangya Medical Professional Dictionary]

Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (LA) [Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology Approval Committee. Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology (2004)]

lightyellow sophora root [Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology Approval Committee. Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology (2004)] 3 Overview

Sophora flavescens is the name of a traditional Chinese medicine, published in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica". It is the dried root of the leguminous plant Sophora flavescens Ait.[1].

"The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China" (2010 edition) records the pharmacopoeia standards of this traditional Chinese medicine. 4 Latin name

Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (La) ("Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology (2004)") 5 English name

lightyellow sophora root ("Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology (2004)") 6 Alias ??of Sophora flavescens

Bitter bone, ground bone, beef ginseng, Sichuan ginseng [2].

Mountain Sophora japonica, Wild Sophora japonica, Albus ginseng, Ground ginseng [3].

7 Source

Sophora flavescens is the leguminous plant Sophora flavescens Ait. The root[2].

It is the dried root of Sophora flavescens Ait.[1]. 8 Origin

Produced in all parts of the country[2]. 9. Meridian distribution of nature and flavor

Sophora flavescens is bitter in taste and cold in nature, and enters the heart, lungs, kidneys, and large intestine meridians [2]. 10 Efficacy and Indications

Sophora flavescens has the effects of clearing heat, drying dampness, dispelling wind and killing insects [2]:

Sophora flavescens can treat damp-heat dysentery, gastroenteritis, jaundice, fistula, and malnutrition. Accumulation, intestinal wind, hemorrhoids and blood, yellow and red urine, residual drainage from drowning, red and white vaginal discharge, scrofula: decoction, 3 to 9g [2].

Sophora flavescens can be used to treat eczema sores, itchy skin, scabies, ringworm, leprosy, and urticaria: decoction or oral administration [2].

To treat trichomonas inflammation, Sophora flavescens can be decoctioned and washed with water; for burns, grind it into powder and apply it with sesame oil [2].

Sophora flavescens is a commonly used medicine for clearing away heat and drying dampness in ophthalmology. It has the effects of clearing away heat and drying dampness, dispelling wind and killing insects, and being a diuretic. It is used for red and swollen eyes caused by damp and heat, sores caused by wind and redness, dizziness and redness of the eyelids, itching and nymphal infestation, etc. It can be used equally with Rehmannia glutinosa, red peony root and white fresh bark. 11 Contraindications for use

The internal dosage of Sophora flavescens should not be too large [2]. 12 Incompatibility

Sophora flavescens and Veratrum veratrum[2]. 13 Chemical composition of Sophora flavescens

Sophora flavescens contains Sophora flavescens saponin ⅠⅣ, soybean saponin Ⅰ, and also contains d-Sophora flavescens, d-oxysophora flavescens, d-sophoridol, and levo-sophora saponins , L-stinnoside, L-methyl gorse, and other biological agents, as well as Kurarinone, Kuraridinol, Kuraridin, and Kuraridinol. , trifoliolin, nordehydroicariin, isoanhydroicariin, etc. [2].

Sophora flavescens contains a variety of biological agents such as flavescens, oxidized flavescens, sophoraside, hydrogen sophoraside, and sophora root[3]. 14 Pharmacological effects of Sophora flavescens

Sophora flavescens has certain antiarrhythmic effects in both laboratory and clinical studies, and its properties are similar to quinine[2].

Oxygenated sophora flavescens has the effect of increasing white blood cells. Both it and Sophora japonica have anti-asthmatic, anti-arrhythmic and anti-cancer activities. The pharmacological effects of Stinky Tofu and Sophora japonica are similar to that of tobacco, and can reflexively excite breathing [2].

Stinky beans also have some curare-like effects [2].

Total flavonoids of Sophora flavescens have anti-arrhythmic effects [2].

Sophora flavescens and others have anti-cancer activity [2].

Alcohol extract still has anti-trichomoniasis effects in vitro [2].

Sophora flavescens has antiasthmatic effects in animals, and some have reported its diuretic effect [2].

Toxic doses of Sophora flavescens can cause excitement in the spinal cord of rabbits, leading to convulsions and eventually respiratory paralysis and death [2].

Sophora flavescens has first stimulating and then stimulating effects on the central nervous system, and can strongly constrict blood vessels and excite the spinal cord center. It can cause blood pressure to rise sharply, constrict blood vessels and cause tissue necrosis [3].

Matrine can cause a drop in blood pressure and respiratory depression; the LD50 of intravenous administration of oxymatrine to mice is 150 mg/kg, which is less toxic than matrine and matrine [3]. 15 Sophora flavescens poisoning

Sophora flavescens contains various biological agents such as Sophora flavescens, oxidized Sophora flavescens, Sophora flavescens, Hydrogen Sophora flavescens, Sophora Sophora flavescens and other biological agents [3].

Sophora flavescens has first stimulating and then stimulating effects on the central nervous system, and can strongly constrict blood vessels and excite the spinal cord center. It can cause a sudden increase in blood pressure, constrict blood vessels, and cause tissue necrosis [3].

Matrine can cause a drop in blood pressure and respiratory depression; the LD50 of intravenous administration of oxymatrine to mice is 150 mg/kg, which is less toxic than matrine and matrine [3]. 15.1 Symptoms of Sophora flavescens poisoning

The main symptoms of poisoning are salivation, unsteady gait, rapid breathing, and rapid pulse. Severe poisoning may also cause spasms, convulsions, slow and irregular breathing, and even respiratory depression, which is life-threatening.

[3] 15.2 Treatment of Sophora flavescens poisoning

The key points of treatment for Sophora flavescens poisoning are [3]:

1. Early induction of vomiting, gastric lavage and catharsis to excrete residues in the digestive tract Sophora flavescens.

2. Take egg white, milk, and tannic acid protein orally.

3. Inject 5% glucose saline intravenously.

4. People with convulsions or respiratory depression need prompt symptomatic treatment. 15.3 Prevention

Strictly control the commonly used oral dosage of Sophora flavescens, and use it with caution or not for those with weak constitution. [3] 16 Sophora flavescens pharmacopoeia standard 16.1 Product name

Sophora flavescens

Kushen

SOPHORAE FLAVESCENTIS RADIX 16.2 Source

This product is The dried roots of the leguminous plant Sophora flavescens Ait. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove the roots and small branches, wash and dry, or slice them fresh and dry. 16.3 Characteristics

This product is long cylindrical, often branched at the lower part, 10 to 30cm long and 1 to 6.5cm in diameter. The surface is grey-brown or brownish-yellow, with longitudinal wrinkles and long transverse lenticel-like protrusions. The outer skin is thin, often cracked and rolled up, and is easy to peel off. The peeling area is yellow and smooth. It is hard, not easy to break, and has a fibrous cross-section; the slice thickness is 3 to 6 mm; the cross-section is yellow-white, with radial textures and fissures, and some have special-shaped vascular bundles arranged in concentric rings or scattered irregularly. The smell is slight and the taste is extremely bitter. 16.4 Identification

(1) The powder of this product is light yellow. The cork cells are light brown, flat rectangular in cross-section, and the walls are slightly curved; they are quasi-polygonal in surface view, with irregular fine cracks on the surface of the flat peripheral wall, and intermittent pits on the vertical wall. Fibers and crystal fibers, mostly in bundles; the fibers are slender, with a diameter of 11 to 27 μm, thick walls, and are not lignified; the cells around the fiber bundles contain calcium oxalate cubic crystals, forming crystal fibers, and the walls of the crystal-containing cells are unevenly thickened. Calcium oxalate square crystals, in a bipyramidal, rhombus or polyhedral shape, with a diameter of approximately 237 μm. Starch granules are single, round or oblong, with a diameter of 2 to 20 μm, crack-shaped at the umbilical point, and large grain layer patterns are vaguely visible; there are many complex granules, consisting of 2 to 12 granules.

(2) Take a cross section of this product and add a few drops of sodium hydroxide test solution. The cork will turn orange-red, gradually turning into blood-red, which will not disappear after being left for a long time. The xylem shows no color reaction.

(3) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 0.3ml of concentrated ammonia test solution and 25ml of chloroform, leave it overnight, filter, and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Add 0.5ml of chloroform to the residue to dissolve. as test solution. In addition, take Sophora flavescens reference substance and Sophoraside reference substance, add ethanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.2mg each per 1ml, as the reference solution. According to the thin layer chromatography test (Appendix VI B of Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition), draw 4 μl of each of the above two solutions, and place them on the same silica gel G thin layer plate prepared with 2% sodium hydroxide solution. Use toluene-acetone methanol. (8:3:0.5) is the developing agent, unfold it to a distance of 8cm, take it out, dry it, and then use the upper solution of ethyl toluene acetate methanol water (2:4:2:1) placed below 10°C as the developing agent. Unfold, take out, dry, and spray with bismuth potassium iodide test solution and sodium nitrite ethanol test solution in sequence. In the chromatogram of the test product, the same orange spot appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the reference substance.

(4) Take the oxymatrine reference substance, add ethanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml, and use it as the reference solution. According to the thin layer chromatography (Appendix VI B of Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition) test, draw 4 μl each of the test solution and the above reference solution under [Identification] (3), and spot them on the same 2% sodium hydroxide solution. On the prepared silica gel G thin layer plate, use the lower solution of chloroform-methanol concentrated ammonia test solution (5:0.6:0.3) placed below 10°C as the developing agent, unfold, take out, dry, and spray bismuth iodide in sequence. Potassium test solution and sodium nitrite ethanol test solution. In the chromatogram of the test product, the same orange spot appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the reference substance. 16.5 Inspection 16.5.1 Moisture content

shall not exceed 11.0% (Appendix IX H of the 2010 edition of the Pharmacopoeia, Method 1).

16.5.2 Total ash content

shall not exceed 8.0% (2010 edition of Pharmacopoeia, Appendix IX K). 16.6 Leachables

According to the cold soak method under the determination of water-soluble leachables (Appendix 16.7 Content determination

Determine according to high performance liquid chromatography (2010 edition of Pharmacopoeia, Appendix VI D). 16.7.1 Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test

Use amino-bonded silica gel as the filler; use acetonitrile absolute ethanol 3% phosphoric acid solution (80:10:10) as the mobile phase; the detection wavelength is 220nm . The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 2000 based on the peak value of oxidized sophora flavescens. 16.7.2 Preparation of reference solution

Take an appropriate amount of Sophora flavescens reference standard and oxidized Sophora flavescens reference standard, weigh them accurately, and add a mixed solution of acetonitrile absolute ethanol (80:20) to prepare each solution respectively. 1 ml of solution containing 50 μg of Sophora flavescens and 0.15 mg of oxidized Sophora flavescens is obtained. 16.7.3 Preparation of test solution

Take about 0.3g of this product powder (passed through No. 3 sieve), weigh it accurately, place it in a stoppered conical flask, and add 0.5ml of concentrated ammonia test solution. Precisely add 20ml of chloroform, seal tightly, weigh, ultrasonicate (power 250W, frequency 33kHz) for 30 minutes, let cool, weigh again, use chloroform to make up for the lost weight, shake well, and filter , accurately measure 5ml of the continued filtrate, add it to a neutral alumina column (100-200 mesh, 5g, inner diameter 1cm), and elute with 20ml each of chloroform and chloroform-methanol (7:3) mixed solution. , combine and collect the eluates, recover the solvent, add an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol to the residue to dissolve, transfer to a 10ml volumetric flask, add absolute ethanol to the mark, shake well, and get it. 16.7.4 Determination method

Precisely draw 5 μl of each of the above two reference solution solutions and 5 to 10 μl of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and measure.

Calculated as a dry product, the total content of Sophora flavescens (C15H24N2O) and oxidized Sophora flavescens (C15H24N2O2) shall not be less than 1.2%. 16.8 Sophora flavescens slices 16.8.1 Processing

Remove the remaining roots, separate into large and small pieces, wash, soak until about 60% transparent, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick slices, and dry.

This product is in the form of round or irregular thick slices. The outer skin is grey-brown or brown, and sometimes long horizontal skin larvae-like protrusions can be seen. The outer skin is thin, often ruptured, curled up or peeled off. The peeling area is yellow or brown and smooth. The cut surface is yellow-white, fibrous, with radial textures and fissures, and concentric rings can be seen in some cases. The smell is slight and the taste is extremely bitter. 16.8.2 Content determination

For the same medicinal materials, the total content of Sophora flavescens (C15H24N2O) and oxidized Sophora flavescens (C15H24N2O2) shall not be less than 1.0%. 16.8.3 Identification, inspection, and extractables

Same as medicinal materials. 16.8.4 Nature, flavor and meridians

Bitter, cold. Guixin, liver, stomach, large intestine, bladder meridians. 16.8.5 Functions and indications

Clear away heat and dampness, kill insects, and be a diuretic. It is used for heat dysentery, blood in the stool, jaundice and anuria, redness and leukorrhea, swollen and itchy vulva, eczema, eczema, itchy skin, scabies and leprosy; external treatment of trichomonas infection. 16.8.6 Usage and dosage

4.5~9g; appropriate amount for external use, decoct and wash the affected area. 16.8.7 Note

It should not be used together with Veratrum. 16.8.8 Storage

Store in a dry place. 16.9 Source

"The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China" 2010 Edition 17