Chinese name: alcohol mbth: the harm beyond moderate drinking or social drinking standard: drinking standard, metabolic mode, background, main harm, fat increase, decreased vision, osteoporosis, menstrual period loss, skin injury, increased pain, liver cirrhosis, digestive function loss, hypertension loss, fetal loss, social harm, muscle influence, intelligence influence, precautions, treatment methods and drinking standard. Drinking alcohol exceeds the standard of moderate drinking or general social drinking. Heavy drinking is often judged by drinking more than a certain amount per day (for example, 3 standard cups per day) or drinking each time (for example, 5 standard cups per time, at least once a week). Same as: alcoholism See: excessive drinking; Standard cup. Alcoholism includes "alcohol abuse" and "alcohol dependence". Generally speaking, if a person drinks too much and can't control himself, which leads to obstacles or influences in cognition, behavior, body, social function or interpersonal relationship, and he knows it well and can't control it, he will reach the degree of "alcoholism". If it becomes more and more serious, and drinking is more important than anything else, you must spend a lot of time or energy to drink or give up drinking, or you must drink to feel comfortable (psychological dependence), or you must increase your alcohol intake to achieve the expected effect (tolerance), otherwise you will have alcohol withdrawal syndrome and reach the degree of "alcohol dependence". Metabolic model The catabolism of alcohol in human body mainly depends on two enzymes: one is alcohol dehydrogenase and the other is acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol dehydrogenase can remove two hydrogen atoms from alcohol molecules and decompose ethanol into acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase can remove two hydrogen atoms from acetaldehyde and decompose acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide and water. If there are these two enzymes in the human body, it can quickly decompose alcohol, and the central nervous system is less affected by alcohol, so even if you drink a certain amount of wine, you can do nothing. In the general human body, alcohol dehydrogenase exists, and the number is basically equal. But there are more people who lack acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Due to the lack of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, alcohol can not be completely decomposed into water and carbon dioxide, but acetaldehyde remains in the body, which makes people feel sick, unconscious and uncomfortable after drinking. Therefore, the above-mentioned people who are not good at drinking and drink less than a reasonable standard belong to those who are deficient or completely deficient in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. For people who are good at drinking, if they drink too much and too fast, which exceeds the decomposition ability of two enzymes, they will also get drunk. In reality, people's alcohol consumption can be improved through exercise, but the increase is generally not large, because human enzyme system has genetic factors, and the number and proportion of the above two enzymes are a foregone conclusion. Therefore, "drinking capacity" will also be inherited. There are differences in alcohol consumption among different races. In recent years, American scientists have conducted a series of studies, confirming that alcoholism is also related to genetic factors. Many babies in Telford Hospital in the United States were born as "alcoholics", and the parents of these "little alcoholics" were all alcoholics without exception. Researchers at Texas State University in the United States also found that alcoholics lack a substance called neffei phthalein in their brains without exception, and drinking can make up for the deficiency of this substance, so alcoholics often find it difficult to hold themselves after seeing alcohol. Alcoholism According to the determination, alcohol will enter the blood after drinking white wine for about 5 minutes. With the blood flowing all over the body, human tissues, organs and various systems will be poisoned by alcohol. Drinking heavily in a short period of time can lead to alcoholism. After poisoning, it first affects the cerebral cortex, causing short-term excitement and nonsense in the nerves; Then the cerebral cortex is in a state of anesthesia, abnormal words and deeds, groggy and unconscious. If it develops further, the life center will be paralyzed, the heart will stop breathing and die. Background Many people are weak and can't resist the tendency to avoid problems. They don't want to face the problem, they just run away. People avoid problems in different ways, and some people choose to drink too much. Alcoholism may be due to genetic damage. Many people have the bad habit of drinking. Excessive drinking will not only have a negative impact on their health, but also easily lead to family conflicts, which is one of the unstable factors in society. But why do some people drink? According to Xinhua News Agency, after long-term research, genetic experts from the University of Oppio and the University of Turku in Finland found that the variation of a gene in the human body can lead to excessive drinking and alcoholism. The mutation of this gene will cause protein defect of neuropeptide in human central nervous system, which will lead to depression, and this kind of melancholy and unhappy mood often makes people have to vent with the help of things in the cup. The research results of Finnish experts show that Finnish men with abnormal neuropeptides are more likely to drink alcohol than normal people, and drink more. In addition, the lack of neuropeptide protein will have a wider impact on their eating habits. Popova and ivanova, experts from the Institute of Cell and Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences, believe that the damage of monoamine oxidase gene may be the main reason for some alcoholics to drink too much. Ordinary people will get drunk after drinking a certain amount of wine, such as numbness and drowsiness, but alcoholics usually drink a lot and are not prone to these drunkenness. According to the Russian newspaper Information, popova and ivanova found that when the monoamine oxidase gene of mice was damaged and could not function, mice would binge drink. Further research on the body parts affected by alcoholism shows that monoamine oxidase gene can produce a protein, which can control the concentrations of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in mice. Therefore, after drinking a certain amount of alcohol, the nervous system of ordinary mice will be excited first, then inhibited, and then drunk. However, the concentration of nerve mediators in mice with monoamine oxidase gene damage is much higher than that in ordinary mice. Therefore, mice with gene damage can still be excited for a long time after drinking a lot, and will not get drunk for a long time. In addition, this kind of mouse is also very aggressive. Alcoholism is the main culprit that causes, induces and aggravates oxidative stress diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia (such as hypertriglyceridemia), gout and other diseases. For 97% people, alcohol is the main social way-a leisure way, a good way to get rid of and avoid the pressure of daily life. It is harmless, isn't it? More importantly, you may have read that a little hard liquor is good for you. But the benefits of alcohol are not as boasted. Of course, a glass of red wine every night has been proved to be good for the heart, but if it exceeds two glasses, you will start to destroy your liver, dehydrate your skin and kill the scarce brain cells. This is what alcohol does to the body: increase fat and grow more fat. Three glasses of wine and the potato chips/pizza/kebabs you ate on your way home will add 0.25 kg (1/2 lbs) of fat to your body. Because your body will consume useless calories (contained in alcohol) first, and then store the rest as fat, which will affect your vision and blur your vision. Alcohol will paralyze your eye muscles, which means that your eyes can't focus and calculate the distance correctly. At the same time, it also disturbs the normal operation of the brain coordination system, which means you can easily fall down. Osteoporosis alcohol is related to osteoporosis (brittle bone disease), because excessive drinking leads to accelerated loss of nutrients in the body, which means that your bones are losing. Fragile bones-it is harmful to slow down the activity of bone growth cells in the body. Women who drink heavily during menstruation are very likely to have premenstrual discomfort because of the high sugar content of alcohol. This will disturb your blood sugar level and take away the nutrients you use to fight premenstrual discomfort. Alcohol may make you look older, because alcoholism will dehydrate you, make your skin lose elasticity, accelerate aging and make you look like an old witch with more wrinkles. Increasing the pain of alcohol is a sedative, that is to say, it first takes you to an almost perfect pink supreme illusory realm, and then suddenly pulls you back to the present, followed by depression. Sclerosing liver is also called cirrhosis. When hepatocytes die, the liver tissue begins to form a hard scab, and then the liver gradually hardens. This is the direct result of long-term alcoholism. If you've been drinking almost every day since your 2 1 birthday, it's time to stop. Fortunately, the liver can repair itself, but only if you give it enough time to do so. According to the timetable of human aging (oxidation), the liver should start aging after the age of 70, but because people's drinking directly affects the liver, the life span of alcoholics will be greatly shortened. According to the theory of Huangdi Neijing, the liver system mainly stores blood, and binge drinking at night (especially at 65438+ 0: 00-3: 00 a.m., when the clown is on duty, the blood should be filtered back to the liver) makes the blood retrograde all over the body, which is more harmful than drinking during the day, and the liver ages (is oxidized) faster. If it is cirrhosis, the effect is irreversible. Theoretically, we can only use antioxidants such as vitamin E, astaxanthin and β -carotene to protect the "residual cells" of the liver and prolong its life. First of all, women are more likely to get drunk than men of the same weight, because our liver produces less enzymes to help alcoholization than men. Moreover, women's body fat content is higher than men's 10% (this is the result of genetic inheritance, so there is no need to panic), but their water content is less than men's, which means that we can't solve the alcohol problem as easily as men. A large number of clinical trials have confirmed that ethanol in alcohol is the most direct and greatest harm to the liver. It can lead to degeneration and necrosis of liver cells. Drinking a lot at a time will kill a large number of liver cells and cause a sharp increase in transaminase. Long-term drinking can easily lead to alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and even alcoholic cirrhosis. According to a scientific research report from the Disaster Prevention Research Office of Shanghai Institute of Environmental Economics, in recent seven years, the number of patients with alcoholism caused by a large number of long-term drinking of strong liquor has increased by 28.5 times, and the number of deaths has increased by 30.6 times. Affecting digestion and drinking can lead to stomach problems. Alcohol has a strong effect on the digestive tract mucosa, so drinking a lot may make your chest and throat feel sick and burning, make it difficult to swallow, and even cause nausea or acid reflux. Because alcohol can make the digestive tract inflamed and even fester. Alcohol affecting esophagus and gastric mucosa has a great influence on the mucosa of esophagus and stomach, which will cause congestion, swelling and erosion of mucosa, leading to esophagitis, gastritis and ulcer. Alcohol is mainly metabolized in the liver, which has a great influence on the liver. The incidence of liver cancer is directly related to long-term alcoholism. Studies have shown that 75% of people who drink 160 grams of liquor every day will have serious liver effects within 15 years, and will also induce acute cholecystitis and acute pancreatitis. Increased blood pressure and alcohol consumption lead to increased blood viscosity. It can lead to cardiovascular disease, and the possibility of heart attack is very high, because alcohol will increase the content of a bad fat called triglycerides in the blood. Drinking a little more than the minimum amount, or even a few drinks after work, may improve your blood pressure level. If you often drink a lot, your blood pressure level will remain high until you stop drinking. Alcohol-induced stroke affects fat metabolism and increases blood cholesterol and triglycerides. Drinking a lot will make the heart rate and blood pressure rise sharply, which is easy to induce a stroke. Long-term drinking can also cause fatty degeneration of the heart, which seriously affects the normal function of the heart. Alcoholic psychosis will make people emotional when the alcohol concentration in blood reaches 0. 1%; When it reaches 0.2%~0.3%, people will behave abnormally; Long-term alcoholism can lead to alcoholic psychosis. Malnutrition and long-term alcoholism can also cause malnutrition in the body and cause multivitamin deficiency. Because alcohol contains no nutrients, frequent drinkers will lose appetite and eat less, which will inevitably lead to the lack of various nutrients, especially vitamin B 1. Vitamin B2. Vitamin B 12 also affects the absorption of folic acid. Women who affect the fetus drink more alcohol. Studies have found that women's brains shrink faster than men's after relying on alcohol. Alcohol also has toxic side effects on * * and eggs. Whether father or mother drinks too much, it will cause the next generation to be stunted and mentally retarded. When pregnant women drink alcohol, alcohol can directly poison the fetus through the placenta, affecting its normal growth and development. In families where husbands often drink alcohol, the average number of induced abortions is much higher than that in other families. Harm to Society Alcoholism is also extremely harmful to society, because alcoholism is a pathological or abnormal behavior and can constitute a serious social problem. Alcoholics usually regard alcoholism as an important way to vent the powerful psychological potential produced by inner conflicts and psychological contradictions. Alcoholics often drink to eliminate their troubles and relieve their psychological feelings such as emptiness, timidity, guilt and failure. If the whole society turns a blind eye to alcoholism and does not take effective measures to persuade it, drunkards may endanger social order and make us suffer theft, murder and divorce after domestic violence. This is not sensational. There are as many as 4 million accidents caused by drinking in China every year. In China, 654.38+million people die in traffic accidents every year, and more than one third of traffic accidents are related to alcoholism and drunk driving. Long-term alcoholism can lead to muscle weakness. American researchers recently reported in the Journal of Cell Biology that they have cracked the secret of alcoholism at the molecular level. Long-term alcoholism will affect a key mitochondrial protein, resulting in mitochondria unable to repair themselves and affecting muscle regeneration. Mitochondria mainly provide energy for human cells. In cells of various tissues, the damaged mitochondria will repair themselves by fusing with other mitochondria for material exchange. Skeletal muscle also relies on mitochondria to provide energy, but most researchers think that skeletal muscle has no such self-repair mechanism before, because muscle cells are very crowded and the space of mitochondria is over-squeezed, so that mitochondria basically have no chance to contact and fuse. In order to study whether the mitochondria in muscle can really be fused and regenerated, researchers at Thomas Jefferson University in the United States first designed a method to mark the skeletal muscle mitochondria of experimental mice with two different colors. Specifically, the researchers cultivated an experimental mouse model, whose mitochondria always showed red, but the mitochondria damaged by laser turned green. The observation results show that the green mitochondria not only exchange contents with the red mitochondria, but also can move to other areas where there were only red mitochondria before. The researchers said that these results are exciting, and they "show for the first time that mitochondrial fusion occurs in muscle cells". Further research shows that the most important mitochondrial fusion in skeletal muscle cells is a protein called Mfn 1, but long-term alcoholism will destroy it. The level of Mfn 1 in experimental mice who often drink alcohol is reduced by as much as 50%, and the mitochondrial fusion is obviously reduced, thus affecting the muscle regeneration ability. Once the Mfn 1 level returns to normal, so does mitochondrial fusion. The researchers said that the Mfn 1 protein involved in mitochondrial fusion can be influenced by alcohol, which provides a new drug target for treating alcohol-related muscle weakness. This fact also shows that other environmental factors may also change the fusion and repair of mitochondria. Influence * * * Drinking alcohol leads to * * * poisoning, destroying eggs and making fertilization difficult. * * * is an important part of male * * *, but the amount of * * * only accounts for a very small part, and more than 90% is seminal plasma. Seminal plasma is secreted by accessory gonads such as prostate, seminal vesicle, urethral bulbar gland and paraurethral gland. Its main components are water, as well as fat, protein granules, pigment granules, lecithin bodies, enzymes and fructose. The color of * * * is determined by the composition of * * *. Normal people's * * * is grayish white or slightly khaki. If abstinence lasts for a long time, the color will turn yellow due to changes in physical and chemical properties. This is all normal. With the change of environment, the quantity and quality of * * * are quietly affecting the birth rate and quality of the population. It is necessary for men of childbearing age to understand these "weaknesses" of * *. Smoking and drinking are the enemy of * *. Some men's bodies are very sensitive to the toxins in cigarettes, and nicotine in cigarettes can kill * * *. If adult men smoke 30 cigarettes a day, the survival rate of * * * is only 40%, and the deformity rate of * * * increases. It can be seen that long-term heavy smoking is one of the important factors leading to infertility. Excessive drinking will not only lead to the decline of gonadal function, but also make the chromosome in * * * abnormal, thus leading to fetal malformation or dysplasia. In addition, the growth of * * * needs the supply of nutrients. Some men are monotonous in diet, partial to food, picky eaters, and do not like animal food (such as meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, etc.). As time goes on, the zinc content in the body will decrease. Trace element zinc is known as "harmony between husband and wife". Zinc deficiency in men will reduce sexual function and the number of * * * by 30% ~ 40%, and even make people lose their fertility. * * * growth process needs low temperature, otherwise * * * will die. Keep this physiological state, when the temperature is too high, expand the heat dissipation area, and when it is cold, it will wrinkle and reduce the heat dissipation area, thus keeping the scrotum temperature lower than the abdominal cavity temperature. If men have a hobby of taking hot baths, it may reduce the number of times and even lead to infertility. In addition, if sexual intercourse is too frequent and excessive sexual behavior occurs, it may not only lead to male dysfunction, but also reduce the amount of * * * contained in each * * *. Sedatives, antineoplastics, Maryland chemicals, hormones, etc. are often used. It will also cause * * * growth disorder, as well as the influence and breakage of * * * chromosomes; A large amount of radiation exposure can also lead to chromosome aberration. Therefore, men in reproductive period should try to avoid long-term contact with such harmful substances and not abuse drugs at will. In addition, if the husband and wife blame each other because of family chores, both sides are worried and troubled all day. These unhealthy mental states can directly affect the functions of nervous system and endocrine, make testicular spermatogenesis dysfunction, and may also lead to infertility. Andrology experts remind that in the past 50 years, the number of men has decreased by almost half on average. After 90, the proportion soared to 15%. More seriously, the quality of * * * decreased, the proportion of abnormal and inferior * * * increased, and the vitality, permeability and pregnancy rate decreased. In the 1970s, the ratio of male and female infertility was 3:7, but before 10, this ratio rose to 1: 1, and the situation of male and female infertility was equally serious. Therefore, male friends of childbearing age must "recharge their batteries". As we all know, alcohol is harmful to the body, but the influence of alcohol on the brain rarely attracts the attention of Brewmaster. Why does heavy drinking easily damage the brain and lead to dementia? The reason why alcohol affects healthy brain tissue is that alcohol can be directly absorbed into the blood through the gastric mucosa and quickly enter the brain through the blood-brain barrier. Alcohol is a neurotropic substance with neurotoxic effect, which can directly kill brain cells and make them dissolve, disappear and decrease. Long-term drinkers will have faster brain cell death and more severe brain atrophy. With the decrease of cerebral blood flow, the glucose metabolism rate in the brain and the activity of brain nerve cells decrease, and the brain function decreases accordingly. Chronic alcoholism will not only affect the brain, but also the accompanying malnutrition and liver dysfunction will aggravate the damage to the brain. Patients with chronic alcoholism seldom eat when drinking, which will accelerate the absorption of alcohol and make the influence of alcohol on the brain more serious. Clinical studies have confirmed that alcoholism itself can inhibit appetite, reduce diet, affect gastrointestinal function, interfere with digestion, absorption and metabolism, and cause malnutrition. In addition, alcohol can inhibit the synthesis of protein. The less patients with chronic alcoholism eat, the less protein they consume, the more obvious protein deficiency, and the more serious brain function and brain atrophy. Some scholars have studied the cerebral blood flow of patients with chronic alcoholism with abnormal liver function. The results show that the decrease of cerebral white matter blood flow is related to abnormal liver function and will affect brain functional activities. To compare patients with chronic alcoholic cirrhosis with patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis. The CT scan of the head showed that the brain of the former had atrophy. This shows that liver cirrhosis has no obvious toxic effect on the brain, but the abnormal liver function accompanied by chronic alcoholism will aggravate the impact on the brain. Note: You don't drink much because you will never get drunk. If you can drink 10 without getting drunk, it doesn't mean that your body is better at handling alcohol than others. This may be because your body is used to dealing with a lot of alcohol. Face it, it's not a good sign! "Hangover is a sign that you poison yourself" Legend says: You won't get fat, because you never eat when you drink. If you choose drinking instead of eating to lose weight, don't waste time. Drinking three pints of beer is equivalent to drinking 600 calories, which may be equivalent to the calories of a dinner. And the energy value is almost zero, because you can't get any nutrition from wine, only calories. It doesn't matter much that you only drink two glasses on weekends. It has been proved that binge drinking on weekends is as harmful to health as daily drinking. Weekend revelers drink more wine in one night than most people do in a week, which makes the effect more destructive and the possibility of alcoholism greatly increases. Alcohol is good for your health. Perhaps research shows that a glass of wine a day is good for your heart, and it can also increase the content of a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) called benign cholesterol in your body, but once you drink more than two glasses of wine, this beneficial protection will soon disappear. The inside story of your favorite four kinds of spirits: Red wine provides trace elements such as potassium and iron and different antioxidants, but also contains a compound called tyramine (commonly known as β-aminoethyl phenol), which may cause hangovers and headaches. German lager contains antioxidants, magnesium, folic acid and vitamin B, but a pint contains nearly 200 calories, so you will have a beer belly. The chemical composition of gin is very low because it is a relatively pure liquor, but it also lacks any minerals and vitamins. Bailey tastes like chocolate alcohol and contains the fat equivalent to two chocolate snacks, which means you only drink a small glass. Since you are not an alcoholic, what is there to worry about? Being a problem drinker and being a person with drinking problems are two different concepts. If you wake up more than once a week, you have a headache and discomfort after drunkenness, and you have to vomit to recover, and there are symptoms of depression caused by alcohol-then there is something wrong with the wine you drink and you need to clean it up. Because you never mix wine, it is safe to mix fruit wine with cereal wine. Because beer and wine are different (a chemical found in alcohol can make your brain), it will make you sick and have a headache, but there is no evidence that it can make you drunk faster. The only reason why bartending makes you feel bad when you are drunk is that you drink too many servings, not because of bartending. Treatment If you haven't reached the level of alcohol dependence, from now on, set yourself a maximum of one bottle of beer a day. With the decrease of alcohol intake, the liver is likely to return to normal naturally. At the same time, although we can't revive the dead brain nerve cells, as long as there is no large amount of alcohol, the memory function of the brain will gradually recover. Originally, moderate drinking can reduce people's fatigue, make people forget their troubles, make people feel comfortable, and increase the gathering and festive atmosphere in social activities and festivals. However, excessive drinking or even addiction to alcohol will not only endanger one's own health and family happiness, but also cause various hazards to society. To get rid of alcohol addiction completely, the key is that the parties concerned must really realize the harm of excessive drinking and make up their minds to give up drinking. Psychotherapy can also be used to give up alcohol addiction. These methods mainly include: cognitive therapy combined with aversion therapy. First, realize the dangers of excessive drinking in your mind and list them on paper, preferably in the form of cartoons. For example, draw these pictures: in the first picture, a man is drinking, touching his bulging abdomen with one hand, and it says: excessive drinking will harden the liver; The second picture shows a man cursing his wife with a wine bottle. The child sat on the ground crying, with the words: the husband drank too much and the family was not harmonious; In the third picture, you can see a man lying on the ground after being drunk, and others cast a mocking and contemptuous look, next to which is written: drunkards have no respect. When the drinker's drinking idea is very strong, take out these pictures and have a look, and gradually establish an aversion to alcohol. System desensitization combined with reward reinforcement. It does not require the parties to get rid of bad habits at once, but gradually reduce the daily drinking. So the pain is low and the success rate is high. In this process, abstainers should give themselves or their relatives some small rewards to consolidate and strengthen the results if they have completed the "indicators" that should be reduced that day. In order to avoid the painful feeling of psychological loss, abstainers should actively engage in other interesting things and offset the loss of old satisfaction with the acquisition of new satisfaction. Group psychotherapy. It refers to the technology and measures to give full play to the psychological function of the group to the individual to treat mental illness. The effect of drugs is temporary, but it is very difficult to really correct drinking. Therefore, only after subjective psychological correction can the drinking correction be posted. The maximum alcohol consumption of women in a week is 14 unit. The standard unit is based on the measurement standard of the stick. If you drink at home, you will probably drink more than you think.