Memory should be based on attention. Concentration, leaving a deep mark on the cerebral cortex, is characterized by firm memory, profound understanding and good learning effect. Just like taking pictures, you must first aim the lens at the object and the light to get a clear image.
First, the general characteristics of adolescent memory development
The biggest feature of the development of teenagers' memory is that the memory in middle school is the best memory in one's life. A study in China once pointed out that in the same long period of time, the number of learning materials memorized by senior one and senior two students is almost four times that of primary school students and 1 times that of junior high school students, reaching the "peak" of memory. If it is assumed that the memory score from high school graduation (18 years old) to 35 years old is 100, then the average memory score of 35-60 years old is 95, and that of 60-85 years old is 80-85.
1. The characteristics of adolescent memory
Teenagers are in the "heyday" of memory, so people often say that "young people don't work hard, but old people are sad", which means asking teenagers to seize this period. However, the natural decline of memory is not obvious from the above research figures, and because of rich knowledge, rich experience and strong understanding, it is also conducive to memory, so there is no need to be "sad." But teenagers must seize this "heyday" and study hard to lay a good foundation for their future study and work.
Psychologists in Taiwan Province Province, China summarized several experimental studies on memory. If the highest score of "reproduction" is 10, then after various experimental tests of all ages, the following conclusions are drawn:
The influence of (1) on the memory of various materials develops with age. By the age of 16 (senior one and senior two), memory tends to mature. From 16 years old to 18 years old, the memory performance has basically not changed. Therefore, from the age of 16 to the age of 18, the memory of teenagers (high school students) has become the "heyday" or "golden age" of memory development.
(2) Students of the same age have different memory effects on different materials. Intuitive physical stimulation materials have better memory than abstract language stimulation materials; It is also stimulated by language materials, and the memory of visual language materials is better than that of other senses receiving information. It can be seen that the difference of memory is not only influenced by the difference of subjects, but also restricted by the material property-information.
Memory, there are various classifications. Generally, it can be divided into three ways: ① for the purpose of memory, it can be divided into conscious memory and unconscious memory; ② From the method of memory, it can be divided into mechanical memory and understanding memory; ③ From the content of memory, it can be divided into image memory and abstract memory.
2. The development of unconscious memory and conscious memory
The so-called unconscious memory is an unconscious memory without a predetermined purpose or task. The so-called conscious memory is the memory of conscious and purposeful tasks. We can't generally say which of these two memory methods is better. Comparative memory effect can only be carried out under the same conditions, but when remembering the same thing, the effect of conscious memory is better than that of unconscious memory. However, these two kinds of rote memorization are indispensable, because people can't stay in nervous and conscious rote memorization for a long time. In daily life, unconscious memory is often used a little more. At the same time, the development of conscious memory and unconscious memory often complement each other.
The method of studying intentional memory or unintentional memory is mainly to give the subjects a certain memory task, and after a certain period of time, check their recognition or reproduction. This achievement is the effect of this recitation. Research shows that:
(1) With the increase of age, the stimulation of learning motivation, the development of learning interest and the clear learning purpose, conscious memory plays an increasingly important role in learning. In general, this dominant position is obvious from the third grade of primary school, but the conscious memory task of primary school students is often put forward by teachers.
In the middle school stage, the outstanding feature of conscious memorization is that students gradually learn to put forward the purpose and task of memorization according to different teaching materials, which is an appropriate long-term memorization task. From the second and third grades of junior high school, they can gradually check their memory effect consciously and independently, and actively choose a good memory method according to the specific content of the task and their own specific characteristics.
(2) In middle school, not only conscious memory is developing, but also unconscious memory and its effects are developing.
Whether consciously or unconsciously, the memory effect mainly lies in the degree of thinking activities in the memory process, that is, whether the memorized things or materials can be used as the content or object of intellectual activities.
Teachers and parents should not only cultivate students' conscious memorization in a planned way, but also cultivate their unconscious memorization, especially teachers. If the lectures are lively and interesting, which can stimulate students' emotions and hold their heartstrings, the effect of students' unconscious recitation will be quite remarkable and can be improved rapidly.
3. The characteristics of mechanical memory and understanding memory
The so-called rote learning means memorizing word by word, and you don't understand, understand little or can't understand. For example, the endorsement and memory of international phonetic symbols are based on this memory method. The so-called understanding and memory is to remember according to the understanding of materials and combined with your own experience. For example, students can understand texts and memorize teaching materials by segmenting and writing outlines. Mechanical memorization often reflects the individual and external relations of things, while understanding memorization is based on the understanding of materials and reflects the essential characteristics of things.
With the development of thinking, the understanding and memory ability of young students has developed obviously. Although the mechanical memorization at this time is still very developed and occupies a fairly dominant position, the dominant position of mechanical memorization will be transformed into the dominant position of understanding and memorization.
With the growth of age and grade, in the middle school stage, the teaching content reflects the essential characteristics of things more deeply. Therefore, higher requirements are put forward for students' understanding and memory, and they are required to process the memory materials logically. In addition, their knowledge and experience are increasingly rich, and their speech and thinking are further developed. Therefore, middle school students constantly master learning methods and skills in the learning process, and develop understanding and memory. Experimental research shows that the higher the grade, the more understanding memory components and the less mechanical memory components. For middle school students, with the growth of grade, mechanical recitation is used less and less, and the effect of mechanical recitation is getting worse and worse; On the contrary, understanding mnemonics is their main memory method, and the effect is getting better and better.
It can be seen that it is very important to cultivate middle school students' understanding and memory ability. But many middle school students are still "good" at memorizing mechanically because:
(1) As a memory method, mechanical memory is indispensable in middle school. Such as names, places, years, foreign words, etc. We must use mechanical memory.
(2) Students have to use mechanical rote memorization when they don't understand or understand textbooks.
(3) Limited by knowledge, experience and intelligence level, it is difficult to carry out a series of intellectual activities such as skills, techniques and application methods, and it is easy to adopt mechanical rote learning. From this perspective, the level of understanding and memory often reflects the level of intellectual activity.
(4) Some middle school students, especially high school students, are unwilling to actively engage in intellectual activities, or have low enthusiasm for intellectual activities, that is, they are unwilling to use their brains and adopt mechanical memory; On the contrary, mechanical memory is "easier".
Teachers and parents should use and guide the mechanical memory of middle school students. Make use of the good mechanical memory effect of junior high school to make them remember more knowledge and become necessary wealth in the knowledge treasure house; At the same time, in mechanical memory, we should guide the use of understanding methods to find out the internal relations of things in order to improve the memory efficiency. For example, the Revolution of 1911 took place in191,while the China * * * Production Party was founded in 192 1. If we link these two years together, we will find that there is a difference of "10" in these two years. If we do this, students will remember the time when the Revolution of 1911 took place.
4. The development of image memory and abstract memory
The so-called image memory is the image representation of specific things or activities that have been perceived in the past. The so-called abstract memory is to remember abstract materials or vocabulary materials such as concepts, formulas, laws and theorems.
In the process of learning, middle school students must master a large number of scientific concepts and make logical judgments, inferences and proofs. In this way, with the development of middle school students' speech and thinking, the abstract memory ability of words is also developing day by day.
Some people read specific words (such as house, cup, etc.) ) to middle school students and ask them to reproduce what they remember; Later, I read abstract words (such as movement, relationship, etc.). ) Give it to them and let them reproduce what they remember.
The experimental results show that the number of students' memorizing abstract materials in middle school has increased faster than that of specific materials since the first day of junior high school. However, the image memory of middle school students is still developing, and there is a slight downward trend after grade three. We can't regard image memory as memory below the level of abstract memory. Image memory and abstract memory are both essential for middle school students.
Second, the cultivation of teenagers' memory.
How to cultivate teenagers' memory? Mainly to let them learn memory methods and master the essentials of "remembering fast, remembering firmly and remembering accurately". Specifically, the following points are 10:
1. Improving concentration is the premise of enhancing memory.
It is necessary to cultivate their "concentration". Focusing "attention" on an object to achieve a high degree of concentration is "concentration". At the same time, in classroom teaching, teachers must eliminate the stimuli unrelated to the teaching content so that they will not be distracted, so as to understand what the teacher said accurately and as much as possible, which is the basis for maintaining memory.
2. Improve teenagers' interest in memory content.
Strong interest and optimism have a certain relationship with long-term solid memory and not forgetting; If you are not interested in the content of memory, or if you are worried, bored and have a headache as soon as you study, you often can't learn, let alone remember. Therefore, the cultivation of memory should start with the cultivation of interest, especially learning interest.
3. The purpose of cultivating learning and memory knowledge
For the same material, conscious memory with purpose is better than unconscious memory without purpose. Therefore, we should always inspire teenagers to clearly understand the purpose and task of their activities, let them consciously put forward long-term memory tasks, and cultivate them to learn to independently and consciously check the effect of their memories, thus improving their memory ability.
Understanding is the wing of memory.
The deeper the understanding of the memory content, the more active the thinking activity and the more remarkable the memory effect. If middle school students don't have a deep understanding of the content and only rely on rote memorization, it is difficult to develop and improve their understanding and memory ability.
5. Be good at comparing materials
By comparing and analyzing the similarities and differences of things, understanding the essential characteristics and internal relations of things is not only conducive to the development of understanding and memory ability, but also can improve the accuracy of memory.
6. Learn how to classify, segment and draft subheadings (or outlines) of memory materials.
There are many materials that need to be memorized, which can be classified, segmented and subtitled (or outlined), which can make the content of memory focused, give memory a strong pillar and enhance the memory effect.
7. Review in time
The purpose of review is to fight against forgetting. Forgetting is regular. The famous "Forgetting Speed Curve" created by German psychologist H. Ebbinghaus shows the relationship between forgetting variables and time variables, that is, the materials that have just been remembered are forgotten quickly in the first few hours, and then slow down in two days. In a word, "fast first, then slow down". Therefore, if middle school students want to consolidate what they have learned, they must review it in time, so that the memory content will leave a deep trace in their minds and will not be forgotten.
8. "Try to remember"
For the content that must be remembered or recited, let the middle school students read it repeatedly or silently for several times, and then recite it as much as possible, that is, recite it as early as possible, check the forgotten places, and then review it emphatically. Stick to this method and become a habit, and you will form a good memory ability.
9. Interval memory
Instead of reciting for a long time at a time, it is better to pause or take other classes after reciting for a while. Because of reciting for a long time, brain cells tend to play an inhibitory role and affect the function of memory. Therefore, when teachers and parents arrange students to review, it is best to stagger the courses. According to the above situation, the methods of "breaking the whole into parts" and "breaking them one by one" can be adopted for long and complex materials.
10. mobilize all kinds of sensory organs to participate in learning and review activities
It is an effective way to consolidate memory and reduce forgetfulness to concentrate on "annihilation war" and mobilize multiple sensory organs to engage in a memory activity at the same time. No matter whether you recite Chinese words or foreign words, you should listen, read, write and use them at the same time, so that the ears, eyes, mouth and hands can participate together and communicate with each part of the cerebral cortex to deepen the traces, that is, the depth of memory.
The important task of teachers and parents is to teach these methods to young students, and gradually form their own memory methods with the improvement of their consciousness and initiative, thus developing their memory.