Buoy, refers to a kind of navigational mark floating on the water surface, is anchored in the designated position, used to mark the scope of the channel, indicating shoals, obstructions, or indicate the special purpose of the water surface navigational aids. Floating buoys are the most numerous and widely used among the navigational markers, and they are set in places where it is difficult or inappropriate to set up fixed navigational markers. Buoys, its function is to mark the channel shoals or obstacles that jeopardize navigation safety. Buoys equipped with lamps are called light buoys, which are used to help navigation in navigable waters day and night. Some buoys are also equipped with radar transponders, radio pointers, fog warning signals and marine survey instruments and other equipment.

Basic introduction Chinese name ：浮标 Foreign name ：Buoy pinyin ：fú biāo 注音 ：ㄈㄨˊ ㄅㄧ ㄠ Basic explanation, citation explanation, basic concept, system history, basic explanation 1. [float]: A floating indicator that marks the position of an object under the surface of a body of water (e.g., a basket basket used for catching lobsters). 2. [buoy; floating mark]: A light buoy that is used to indicate the position of an object under the surface of a body of water (e.g., a basket basket used for catching lobsters). 2. [buoy; floating mark]: A floating object moored in a fixed place to guide or warn mariners, or to moor a ship instead of anchoring. Cite explanation: A metal or wooden vessel, tied at one end to the bottom of the water, which itself floats on the surface of the water. It is used to indicate the limits of a channel, obstacles to navigation and dangerous areas. Patent Information of Buoy Fixture Tang Chen Zi'ang "Preface to Hongyazi": "Sending lonely Xing in the dewy moon, sinking the buoy in the mountains and the sea." Guo Moruo 《中国史稿》第一编章第三章第二节："In their ruins, they found wooden paddles about two meters long, as well as pottery and stone net pendants, wooden buoys, and bamboo fish traps." Xinhua Monthly, No. 3, 1950: "With regard to the duties of managing navigational aids such as seaport rivers, lighthouse buoys, weather reports, etc. ...... All of them were transferred to the Central People's *** Ministry of Transportation or the city's port authorities." Basic concepts Buoys have different types and specifications, according to the deployment of the water can be divided into sea buoys and inland waterway buoys. The basic shapes of the body of the sea buoy are can-shaped, conical, spherical, columnar, rod-shaped and so on. Due to the buoy by the wind, waves, tide, the standard body has a certain floating range, can not be used to determine the ship's position sign. If the use of living knot type rod buoy is accurate position, can be reset after impact. Inland waterway buoys include drum-shaped buoys, triangular-shaped buoys, rod-shaped buoys, cross-current buoys and left and right navigable buoys. The shape of the buoy, the color, the top mark, the light quality (light rhythm, light color, flash cycle), etc. are all made according to the prescribed standards, all have a specific meaning. UFZ-4 type buoy The buoys in the sea area are international in nature, and the buoys systems in the world have not been unified. 1971 the technical committee of the International Association of Navigational Markers (IAF) categorized all kinds of buoys in the sea into two systems: A and B. The A system is the combination of the side marking (facing the port with the red color on the left) and the direction marking; the B system is the side marking system (facing the port with the red color on the right). In November 1980, at the 10th International Conference on Navigational Marking held in Tokyo, the A and B systems were combined into a unified system, including five types of marks: side markers, azimuth markers, isolated hazards markers, safe waters markers and special markers. Side markings are opposite in A and B systems, while the other 4 types of markings are the same. Orientation mark is in the hazard or hazardous area as the center of the true direction of the northwest to northeast, northeast to southeast, southeast to southwest, southwest to northwest in four quadrants, respectively, set up the northern position mark, the eastern position mark, the southern position mark, the western position mark, mark navigable waters in the orientation mark the same name side. Isolated danger markers are located on or as close as possible to the danger, indicating that the ship should avoid navigation. Safe water mark is located in the center of the channel or on the center line, all navigable around the mark. Specialized signs are used to mark a particular water area or feature, such as quarantine anchorage, no-navigation zone, maritime operations, etc. European countries, African countries and the Gulf region, as well as some Asian countries and Australia and New Zealand adopt the A system, known as Area A; American countries, Japan, South Korea and the Philippines adopt the B system, known as Area B. On the basis of the principle of Area A of the International Sea Area Aids to Navigation, China formulated the national standards of China Sea Area Aids to Navigation and China Inland Waterway Aids to Navigation in 1984 in the light of the Chinese situation, and put them into practice (see China Sea Area Aids to Navigation and China Inland Waterway Aids to Navigation). The buoys and light buoys are floating beacons, which are anchored at the designed position with a certain radius of maneuver, not fixed in their own position, and easy to leave the position, with relatively poor reliability, and can only be used for navigational aids. First, the buoy system history (a) Customs management period Qing Guangxu eight years (1882), the Customs and Excise Department of the Customs and Excise Department under the jurisdiction of the water navigational aids signs had made uniform provisions, including 8 items, more simple, no river and sea points. At that time, the water navigation aid signs called the police ship floats, piles, this system specifies the relationship between the sailing ship and the waterway on both sides of the boundary, in order to be imported from the sea by the direction of the division of the left side of the mark and the right side of the mark, that is, the left black and right red. The sea buoy system used is a single side system. (ii) naval management period In 1960, the Navy Command Navigation Guarantee Department, the Ministry of Transportation, the Ministry of Fisheries, with reference to the Soviet Union about the experience of the sea area water navigation signs, combined with China's specific conditions, *** with the research and development of the "sea area water navigation signs system (draft)", in September of the same year, by the Naval Command Navigation Guarantee Department announced the trial implementation. The system uses different colors and light quality to distinguish the role of signs, clear "left red and right black" principle, red buoys flash red at night, black buoys flash white. At the same time, it stipulates: three types of side markers, i.e., left marker, right marker, and branch convergence marker; five types of orientation markers, i.e., north marker, east marker, south marker, west marker, and isolated obstacle marker; four types of specialized markers, i.e., shipwreck marker, quarantine marker, survey marker, and fishing operation marker; and the central marker, as a separate category, ****four categories and thirteen types. October 19, 1960 to 24, according to the new "system", the Navy North Sea Fleet Command Navigation Guarantee Division of the Qingdao Harbor and the nearby 14 water-based navigational aids to the reform of Qingdao Harbor Supervision of the Zhongsha light buoys (No. 5). (III) Ministry of Transportation and Communications Management Period From June to October 1983, the Ministry of Transportation and the relevant units, based on the principle of equivalent adoption of the International Association of Navigational Standards (IANS) sea buoys system, combined with the specific conditions of China, drafted the national standard of "China's sea area water-based navigational aids to navigation markers" (GB4696-84) for the approval of the National Bureau of Standards, which was released on October 1, 1984. The reform was implemented in China's sea area from August 1, 1985 onwards. The reform adopted the principle of "left red, right green", red buoys flash red, green buoys flash green, so that the sea water navigation aid signs into the international unified buoy system. 2000 April 11, "China's sea area water navigation aid signs" (GB4696-1999) implementation (the original GB4696-84 standard repealed). The national standard on the side signs, orientation signs, isolated hazards signs, safe waters signs, special signs, new hazards signs and other formulas, features have made new provisions. Second, the buoys, light buoys set

Shandong sea area buoys set to start in the early days of Yantai and Qingdao ports. Qingdao port in the German occupation period, in the Dagang import, Huiquan Angle, Horseshoe Reef and other waters near the deployment of more than 10 buoys. Later, with the expansion of the old port and the opening of the new port, the buoys are increasing, and most of them are light buoys. Before the founding of the PRC, there were 15 buoys and 4 light buoys in Qingdao harbor area, and 4 buoys in Yantai harbor area. 1982, the Navy transferred 15 light buoys to Qingdao and Yantai beacon area, of which 13 light buoys were in Qingdao and 2 light buoys were in Yantai, and in 1995, the total number of light buoys in Qingdao and Yantai beacons was 41. By 2005, the total number of buoys in Shandong sea area reached 255 (248 light buoys, 7 buoys), of which 153 (147 light buoys, 6 buoys) were under the jurisdiction of Yantai Beacon Office, and 102 (101 light buoys, 1 buoy) were under the jurisdiction of Qingdao Beacon Office.