Tuberculosis is a chronic, consumptive disease, the most common symptoms are low fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, wasting and weakness. The appetite of TB patients is generally particularly bad, in order to compensate for the consumption caused by the disease and enhance the resistance, it is of great importance to strengthen the nutrition in the diet.
High protein and calories should be given. Any symptoms of tuberculosis will make the tissue protein and caloric energy serious consumption, so in the food protein and caloric energy supply, should be higher than normal, protein daily supply is 1.5 ~ 2.0g/kg, to milk, eggs, animal offal, fish and shrimp, lean meat, soy products and other foods as a source of protein. Milk is rich in casein and calcium, which is a more ideal nutritional food for tuberculosis patients. Caloric energy supply to maintain the patient's normal body weight as a principle, can be 40 ~ 50 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight supply, carbohydrate staple food can be satisfied according to the amount of food supply, do not need to be restricted, but fat should not eat more, so as not to cause indigestion and obesity.
Vitamins and inorganic salts play a big role in promoting recovery from tuberculosis. Vitamin A, which has the effect of enhancing the body's ability to resist disease; vitamins B and C can improve the body's metabolic processes, enhance appetite, sound lungs and blood vessels and other tissue function; such as repeated hemoptysis patients, should also increase the supply of iron. Promote eating more green leafy vegetables, fruits, and miscellaneous grains.
Nursing:
1. Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease, the treatment time is long, slow recovery, in the work, life and other aspects of the patient and even the whole family will have a negative impact on the family, the family should correctly treat these problems, the patient can not be disliked, we must give the patient psychological support, create a good environment, so that it establishes the confidence to overcome the disease, rest at ease, and actively cooperate with the treatment, and finally to achieve a real cure.
2. Tuberculosis is mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract, followed by intestinal infections caused by food or eating utensils contaminated with tuberculosis bacteria, so it is necessary to do a good job of disinfection and isolation of tuberculosis patients. ① patients coughing, sneezing and loud speech can not be straight to the bystanders, at the same time to cover the mouth and nose with hands or handkerchiefs, handkerchiefs should be sterilized by boiling. ② do not spit, do a good job of disinfection of the patient's sputum, spit on the paper and wipe the nasal and oral secretions of the paper together with the burning, or spit in the sputum cup with 2% coal phenol soap solution disinfection once a day. Food utensils used by patients should be sterilized by boiling after meals. (4) Disinfect the indoor air 1 to 2 times a day if possible, and expose the bedding and books used by the patient to sunlight for 2 hours a day, which can kill tuberculosis bacilli. ⑤ People who are in close contact with the patient should be vaccinated with BCG vaccine.
3. TB patients should rest in bed during the progress period, especially those with fever, hemoptysis and pulmonary compensatory insufficiency; those without obvious symptoms of toxicity can carry out general activities, but need to limit the amount of activity, to ensure sufficient rest time; the transition from the improvement period to the stabilization period should be gradual, increase the amount of activity, and can participate in a certain degree of labor, should not be overexerted, to reduce the recurrence of the disease.
4. Tuberculosis is a chronic consumptive disease, the progress of the patient is often very weak, the diet should increase nutrition, increase the intake of high-protein, high-calorie, high-vitamin food, strengthen the body, increase its immune system function.
5. Blood in sputum or a small amount of hemoptysis is a common symptom of tuberculosis, nursing should pay attention to the following points. ① To be concerned and patient explanation, keep calm, eliminate the patient tension, fear. ② The patient should rest quietly, preferably to the affected side of the lying position. (3) careful use of cough suppressants, sedatives, guide the patient to cough effectively, to ensure that the airway is clear. ④ Diet should be fluid or semi-liquid easily digestible food, each meal should be warm and cool and should not be too much, at the same time, pay attention to keep the bowel movement smooth. ⑤ If the patient suddenly suffers from chest tightness, irritability, dyspnea or hemoptysis during hemoptysis, the patient should be immediately picked up by the feet in an inverted position, patted on the back to facilitate the discharge of blood clots, and the blood clots should be dug out or sucked out of the mouth and nose on the spot as soon as possible. Pharyngeal blood clots, while notifying the emergency center or community medical personnel as soon as possible, in situ rescue, to be stable before moving or transfer.
6. Tuberculosis application of anti-tuberculosis drug treatment, the principle is early, regular, the whole process, combined and appropriate amount of drugs, treatment time is longer, generally 1 ~ 2 years, the key to the success of the treatment lies in the regular use of medication within the specified time, to avoid omissions and interruptions. Therefore, it is very important for patients to adhere to the prescribed program of treatment, family members should play a role in assisting and supervising, and at the same time pay attention to the side effects of drugs: isoniazid is prone to cause peripheral neuritis, can be taken to prevent vitamin B1, vitamin B6; streptomycin is prone to hearing and renal damage, and should pay attention to whether there are changes in the patient's hearing, and regular rechecking of renal function; rifampicin causes gastrointestinal reactions; ethambutol produces retrospective bulb optic neuritis. . In addition, almost all of the anti-tuberculosis drugs have different degrees of damage to the liver, during the treatment period should be regularly recheck the liver function, report to the doctor in detail the response to the drug, in order to adjust the medication in time to improve the effectiveness of the treatment.
7. TB patients have poor resistance, should maintain a happy mood, gradual physical exercise to enhance physical fitness, pay attention to personal protection, avoid respiratory tract infections.
8. Older people suffering from tuberculosis, the symptoms are often less typical than young adults, fever is not obvious, more than moderate fever less than 1/4, hemoptysis only accounted for 1 / 4, and cough, sputum, panic, chest tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, anorexia, weakness, swelling and other symptoms and signs appear relatively more, easy to misdiagnosis. Recently, the proportion of tuberculosis in the elderly is increasing, and the mortality rate is also higher. Therefore, for the elderly who have suffered from tuberculosis, or whose family members or close contacts are suffering from tuberculosis, and who have symptoms such as low fever, unexplained emaciation, coughing, fatigue, shortness of breath and other suspected symptoms, they should be alerted to tuberculosis and take the initiative to go to the hospital for checkups. Once diagnosed should be in a timely manner under the guidance of the doctor, adhere to the regular, systematic treatment, must not think that the elderly do not need treatment, delay.
Prevention:
The prevention of tuberculosis focuses on the protection and enhancement of the body's resistance, and its specific measures are:
①Life is constant, that is, the rationalization of the way of life and regularity, prudent living, avoiding wind and cold, abstaining from smoking and alcohol, far from sexual intercourse, and moderation in work and leisure.
2 diet, rich in nutrients, avoid spicy.
3 often breathe fresh air.
4 Keep optimistic mood, because bad mood can affect the body's resistance.
⑤ Regularly participate in sports, exercise and strengthen the body.
6 As the infection of tuberculosis bacillus is the direct cause of the disease, the contact with tuberculosis patients, especially active tuberculosis patients, should be minimized