Saffron
Alias:
Saffron, saffron, etc.
Overview:
Saffron has a long history of medicine.
This product is the dry stigma of crocus sativus L. It is included in People's Republic of China (PRC) Pharmacopoeia (1990 edition).
In the Tang Dynasty, saffron was introduced into China from India, mainly for medicinal purposes. There are two medical prescriptions recorded in the Yuan Dynasty's "Eating is Right", which are used to roast sheep's hearts, treat heart palpitations and relieve depression; Roast lamb loin, cure lumbago and leg pain, all have saffron. After that, the nature, taste, function and indications of saffron were recorded in herbs of past dynasties. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Distribution of origin:
Crocus is native to Greece, Asia Minor and Persia. During the period of 1979, China introduced seed stems from Japan and successfully planted them in Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. In addition, Liaoning, Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan and other places also have sporadic cultivation. Location: Baoshan, Chongming, Nanhui and Shanghai (county), Shanghai; Zhejiang Jiande; Jiangsu Wuxian, Jiangyin, Wuxi and Haimen; Jimo, Shandong. Shanghai has the largest output, accounting for more than 90% of the country's total output. (Commonly used Chinese herbal medicines) [Edit this paragraph] Morphological characteristics Perennial perennial herb with no aboveground stems. Underground bulbs are oblate and plump like onions, surrounded by several layers of brown membranous scales, with milky white solid meat inside, and many brown joints and buds on the nodes. Each bud is covered by multiple layers of membranous scales, and the terminal bud (main bud) is 1-4, which is large and obvious, located at the top of the bulb, and the lateral buds are numerous and small, distributed on each node. The leaves are clustered, linear, sessile, with a length of 15-45 cm, occasionally more than 50 cm, and a width of 0.2-0.4 cm. The apex is sharp, smooth and entire, and the cross section is inverted, with 2- 13 pieces per plant and 2- 15 pieces per cluster. The flowers are terminal, 4-6 cm in diameter, 6 perianth, obovate, lavender, slender tube, 3 stamens, large anthers, yellow, arrow-shaped at the base, carpels 1, carpels united, lower part of ovary, slender and light yellow style, 3-lobed stigma, funnel-shaped and 2-3 cm long, hanging outside the tube. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Ecological environment:
Crocus sativus is mainly planted in sandy loam with warm climate, abundant sunshine, loose soil and fertile plain. [Edit this paragraph] Biological characteristics 1 and growth characteristics germinated in early September. Buds can be divided into flower buds and lateral buds, and flower buds germinate before lateral buds. Leaves and bud sheaths grow synchronously. 65438+ 10 blooms in late October, and lavender flowers are pulled out from the bud sheath, and each bud blooms 1-8. The size of bulbs determines the number and yield of buds and flowers. The bigger the bulb, the more buds and flowers there are. The flowering period is about 20 days, 2-5 days for each flower and 2-8 days for each plant. The flowering period is concentrated, and the yield of the whole flowering period 10 day accounts for about 60% of the total output. The flowering period is sooner or later due to the influence of climate.
1 1 In the middle and late stage, bulbs take root and leaves are pulled out from the bud sheath. In the first ten days of June, 5438+the following year 10, the daughter bulbs formed and the old bulbs gradually shrank. Sometimes, a white, tender cone-shaped "vegetative transformation root" is formed between the daughter corm and the old corm, which consists of conducting tissue and parenchyma cells. The transportation organization is developed, which plays the role of nutrient storage and transformation. In February, the bulbs grew vigorously, and the "vegetative transformation roots" gradually shrank. In late March, the leaves stopped growing. In early April, the leaves turn yellow from top to bottom. In early May, all the aboveground parts were yellow and bulbs were renewed. The late May is the reproductive growth period, with flower bud differentiation, which is slow in the early stage, accelerated in August and prominent in the early September.
2, the requirements of external environmental conditions, saffron likes warm and humid climate, cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging, avoid water accumulation; Suitable for planting in warmer areas in winter. In colder areas, the growth is poor, and it can still bloom in the same year, but it will not bloom after the second year. Sandy neutral loam with fertile soil, good drainage and rich humus.
In the late growth stage (February-April), the temperature is between 15-20℃, and the longer it lasts, the more favorable it is for bulb growth and development.
When saffron is moved indoors, the requirements for external conditions are more stringent. The suitable temperature for flower bud differentiation is 24-27℃, which requires a temperature change process from low to high and from high to low, but it cannot be lower than 24℃ or higher than 30℃. The peak of flower bud differentiation, such as continuous low temperature, directly affects flower bud differentiation and flowering; High temperature appeared in the later stage, which delayed flowering. In the indoor storage stage, after early high temperature treatment and gradual cooling, the flowering was advanced and the yield was increased. Temperature has a great influence on flowering, and the flowering temperature is continuously at 15- 18℃, which not only leads to vigorous flowering, good flower quality, but also high yield. In case of low temperature (below 10℃) or high temperature (above 20℃), it will inhibit flowering, not blossom or die and rot. The germination and flowering of bulbs depend on their own nutrition and water. Therefore, in the process of storage and culture, the culture room should maintain a relatively high humidity, generally above 80%. However, in the late stage of flower bud differentiation, it is necessary to prevent excessive humidity, so as not to take root in advance and affect bulb reproduction. In the storage and culture stage of bulbs, before flower buds germinate, they should be protected from light to achieve the effect of moisturizing and cooling. After flower buds germinate, light can obviously adjust the length of flower buds. When the flower bud is 3 cm long, the scattered light is sufficient, and the flower bud length can be controlled at 12- 15 cm, and the flower bud is short and stout, which is beneficial to flowering. Insufficient light, slender flower buds, easy to die and rot, affecting yield and quality. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Growing habits:
Saffron likes warm and humid climate, is cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging and avoids water accumulation; Suitable for planting in warmer areas in winter. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Growth cycle:
Perennial herbs.
Harvesting and processing:
Bulbs germinate and bloom for about 50 days, and begin to bloom in late June of 10. Take it off when the petals are slightly open, take the crimson part of the upper part of the pistil, and remove the petals and stamens. Flowers should be picked in time, otherwise flat flowers will easily appear. The flowering period is in autumn and winter, so it is necessary to do a good job of cold protection and heat preservation, put a coal stove to boil water indoors or cover the shelf with plastic film. If the flowering period is delayed, in order to ensure the proliferation rate of bulbs, the flowers should be planted in the field as soon as the flowering peak is over, and the remaining flowers should be picked in the field.
Concentrate the picked fresh saffron in the drying room. At present, it is common to dry flowers in an electric oven and dry them in a tray at 50℃. In Shanghai, the chicken hatchery is used for drying, with complete equipment for temperature adjustment and dehumidification, reasonable hot air flow, consistent upper and lower temperatures, less investment and good results. Solar drying and vacuum freeze drying can also be used. Different processing methods lead to great differences in product quality. The sun-dried products are dark in color and poor in quality. Vacuum freeze-drying, good quality, but high cost. [Edit this paragraph] Saffron is stored and maintained in a fixed iron drum, sealed in a dry, cool and dark warehouse, with a temperature below 65438 05℃ and a relative humidity of no more than 70%.
This product changes color and taste easily.
During storage, it should be kept by special personnel and checked frequently. Generally, the storage period does not exceed two years. [Edit this paragraph] The medicinal properties of saffron are classified as loose thread by most stigma. Stigma 3 branches, about 3 cm long, dark red, wider and slightly flat at the upper part, irregularly toothed at the top edge, with short cracks inside, and sometimes short yellow style remains at the lower end. Light weight, soft texture, no oily luster, fragile and easily broken after drying. Qi is single-minded, slightly irritating and slightly bitter.
Specification standard:
Unified installation. Dry goods. The style is slender and curved, reddish brown, rarely yellowish brown, bright and oily, and full of fragrance. (Commonly used Chinese herbal medicines) [Edit this paragraph] Sexual and taste efficacy Saffron is flat and sweet. Heart tropism and liver meridian. Has the effects of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, cooling blood, removing toxic substances, relieving depression and tranquilizing mind. It is used for amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, warm toxic macula, depression, and panic.
Main ingredients: carotene compounds, mainly containing crocin and dimethyl crocetin. In addition, it also contains crocin and volatile oil, and the oil mainly contains crocin aldehyde.
Main pharmacological effects: the decoction has exciting effect on isolated uterus and in situ uterus of mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and cats, and pregnant uterus is more sensitive; The decoction can reduce the blood pressure of anesthetized dogs and cats for a long time. Have an exciting effect on breathing; It can also prolong the estrous cycle of mice. Modern medical research shows that saffron is the richest source of riboflavin, and crocetin contained in saffron can compensate for the decrease of oxygen diffusion rate caused by the increase of plasma protein and cholesterol. Intramuscular injection of crocetin can find that the cholesterol level of rabbits has dropped by about half. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Distinguish authenticity:
Crocus sativus, also known as crocus sativus and crocus sativus, is the dry stigma and upper part of the style of Crocus sativus, a perennial herb of Iris. Sweet and cold in nature, similar in efficacy to safflower, and basically the same in clinical application. It also has the function of cooling blood and detoxifying, and can be used for diseases such as fever, heat entering the blood, macula fever, etc. This product is produced in southern Europe and Central Asia, and also cultivated in China. Because this product is scarce and expensive, there are many fakes, so we should pay attention to identification.
The dry stigma of crocus sativus is slightly tubular and exists alone or three stigma are connected into a style. The total length is about 3cm, and the top of the stigma is wide and gradually tapers down. Purple or crimson, yellow in style. Immersed in water, the water dyed yellow, straight down, the stigma flared, with irregular teeth at the top and cracks on one side. Light, fragile, with special fragrance, slightly irritating, slightly bitter and irritating. It is best to be long, purple in color, few in yellow style, shiny, soft in body, heavy in oil and spicy and cool in taste.
If the fake is a water lily leaf, it can be soaked in water to make the water red, but it is not linear, columnar or trumpet-shaped, but flaky. There are also Indian Xilang grass seedlings pretending to be imitations. The stripes are thick and hard, not stylized, and the colors are purple but dull. Chemical pulp can also be used to make imitations similar to saffron. This imitation will not be trumpet-shaped when immersed in water, but it will turn blue if iodine solution is added.
Confused varieties:
Among the commodities, lotus root and day lily are shredded and dyed, all of which are red, with no yellow part. They are flaky or filamentous in water, not trumpet-shaped, and red in water. There is also chemical pulp made into filaments, coated with starch and dyed with a little oil. It's all fake. Some also dye the stamen filaments of crocus sativus or the tongue-shaped flowers of Carthamus tinctorius in Compositae or the inferior products extracted from crocin.
In recent years, obvious sweet substances have been found in Shanxi, Guangzhou and other places. (Commonly used Chinese herbal medicines) [Edit this paragraph] Planting techniques Saffron can be cultivated directly in the field with bulb seeds. In order to improve the yield and quality, bulbs can be cultivated in the field first, and then moved indoors to cultivate flowers after the new bulbs are mature.
(1) land selection and preparation
Choose sandy neutral loam with abundant sunshine, fertile soil, good drainage and rich humus. Too much acid and alkali, poor drainage is not suitable, avoid continuous cropping. The depth of ploughing is generally more than 20 cm, and 6000 kg of pig and cattle manure, 200 kg of vegetable cake and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate are used as base fertilizer per mu. The flat harrow is carefully cultivated, with a width of 130cm, a width of 30cm, a depth of 15cm, and a horizontal ditch and a vertical ditch with a depth of 30cm, to be planted. In order to prevent "burning" and root rot, base fertilizer should be applied to the ground one month before planting.
(2) Planting method
1. After transplanting bulbs and picking flowers, plant them in the middle and late period of 1 1. Dig a ditch 8- 10 cm deep at the border and plant it in strips. The row spacing between plants depends on the bulb size, and the bulb size over 30g is 20× 14 cm. 18-30g bulb is15×12cm; Bulbs below 18g shall be covered with soil according to 10× 10cm. Early planting affects flowering, and late planting affects bulb proliferation. In some places, flowers are planted immediately after the flowering period, and the rest are harvested in the field, with good results.
2. Choose a culture room for indoor culture: whether the culture room is suitable or not has a great influence on the morning and evening of flowering, yield and quality. Generally, houses with low terrain, close to rivers or paddy fields, and no concrete floor indoors or outdoors are selected. The front and back of the house are spacious, facing the sun, with a grass roof and large windows in the north and south, which is convenient for ventilation and adjustment of temperature, humidity and brightness.
Bulb harvesting: in mid-May, the overground part of crocus sativus wilted, new bulbs matured, emerged, the residual leaves were cut off, the mother bulbs were taken out, moved indoors, classified according to size, and stored in a muddy and ventilated place. Light bulb holder: The holder is generally made of bamboo, not too high. The highest floor should be 35 cm below the window frame, the distance between the upper and lower floors should be 40 cm, and the lowest floor should be more than 30 cm from the ground. The number of floors should not exceed 5. Wooden pallet can be made of waste wood, the size depends on the material and the width of the house, and the four borders are 5 cm high to prevent the light bulbs from being inverted. At the beginning of August, the buds were arranged neatly according to the size and specifications before germination, with the buds facing upwards, stored in wooden pallet and put on shelves.
(3) Site management
1, field management (1) topdressing: After planting for about 10 days, when the leaves are scattered, topdressing dilute human excrement or urea for 3-4 times according to the weather conditions to promote the growth of the leaves. When topdressing, the impurities in the fertilizer are removed to prevent the sticky leaves from affecting photosynthesis.
⑵ Intertillage weeding: Weeding is an important work in field management, especially after March, weeds grow rapidly, so weeding should be done in time, otherwise it will affect photosynthesis and growth and development. At the same time, break off the remaining lateral buds.
⑶ Pay attention to moisture retention: Crocus sativus likes moisture, so it is necessary to keep the soil moist frequently during bulb regeneration. Bulbs consume a lot of water after flowering, so they should be watered in time after planting. There is less precipitation in winter and early spring, so pay attention to drought resistance and promote growth. In the vigorous growth period, it is necessary to maintain the coordination of soil water and fertilizer and enhance soil fertility.
2. Indoor culture management When stored indoors in mid-May, the scales on the bulb surface were not dry, the water content was high, and it was rainy season. Doors and windows should be open day and night to keep the indoor air clear and prevent the light bulb from becoming moldy. Install iron screen windows or iron sheets with meshes on doors and windows to prevent rats. In summer, a arbor should be built in front of the eaves on the south and north sides of the culture room, extending 2 meters outward, and grass curtains should be hung on the front and rear doors and windows to prevent sunlight from entering the room. Things should be piled up on the east and west sides to keep warm, such as tile roofs, which should be covered with straw to reduce the temperature. The indoor air humidity is low, so as to increase the humidity and ensure that the indoor humidity is about 80% and the temperature is below 365438 0℃. In autumn, after bulbs are put on shelves, the requirements for temperature and humidity are higher, so it is necessary to do a good job of cooling and moisturizing. Close the doors and windows during the day and open them in time at night or in rainy days to let the air circulate. Wooden pallet is often exchanged up and down to facilitate the growth of flower buds. From May to September, the room should be kept dark. When the flower bud grows to 3 cm, the indoor light should be sufficient to prevent the flower bud from growing white, but the sunlight can't directly illuminate the bulb.
In order to ensure that the bulbs of crocus sativus don't become smaller, the lateral buds should be removed, so that the nutrition and water of bulbs and roots can be supplied to flower buds and new bulbs, which is beneficial to flowering, controlling the reproductive coefficient and increasing the proportion of large bulbs in the new year. The growth period of lateral buds is from late September of 165438+ to late October of 10, and the lateral buds should be regularly checked and removed in time, so that there are no lateral buds in the seed bulbs. When operating, press the soil by hand and pull out the lateral buds. Many years' production practice has proved that there are three buds in large bulbs over 35g. 2-bud bulbs 25g-35g；; It is best to leave 1 bud for bulbs under 25g. If the number of remaining buds is exceeded, the extra buds will be removed after flowering, and the flower yield will not be affected.
Pest control:
1. Disease rot: The pathogen is a rod-shaped bacterium that harms bulbs and occurs in the whole growth process. The victim was black and rotted like tofu residue inside. The onset is closely related to temperature and humidity. Prevention and control methods: choose land with slightly higher terrain and good drainage for planting; The land adjacent to it shall not be used as an early rice seedling field to prevent water accumulation in the field; Before planting bulbs in the field, soak them in 300-500 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1-2 hours.
Mosaic disease: the pathogen is saffron mosaic virus, which is one of the main diseases of saffron. The diseased plant is obviously short, with yellow spots, premature withering, bulb degeneration year by year, and no flower buds. Control method: crop rotation; Unplug the diseased plant; Remove the damaged light bulb.
2. Insect pests and aphids: They often fly into the cultivation room in May 438+1October and gather on the head of crocus sativus buds to do harm. Control method: spray 40% dimethoate emulsion for 2000 times. However, bulbs are easy to take root when exposed to water, and it is not allowed to spray drugs on the bulbs. Need to go outdoors and spray one by one. Don't spray the sprouted roots of bulbs, and wait until the liquid medicine on the scales is dry before moving back indoors.
Slugs: commonly known as water flies, damage buds in the middle and late September, especially in dark and humid culture rooms. Prevention and cure: kill by hand or put a small amount of lime at the bottom of the shelf.
In the process of fertility, it is vulnerable to pika. Rodents generally damage bulbs and buds from May to June +065438+ 10. Prevention and control methods: trap or block the external passage with poison bait. Rabbits usually do harm in June+10-April in 5438 and eat new bulbs. Prevention and control methods: use poison bait to trap and kill. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Development prospect:
China has great potential to produce saffron and broad prospects. China is rich in labor, and the cost of agricultural production is lower than that of economically developed countries. At the same time, agricultural production has always had the traditional habit of intensive cultivation, so it is possible to develop saffron production on a large scale. The climate in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is mild and humid, and natural conditions are very suitable for the growth and development of crocus sativus. The saffron produced in this area has been identified by relevant departments, and its composition is the same as that of imported products. The dry water loss rate is 7.14% lower than that imported; The ash content of imported products is the highest 24.46%, the lowest 1.89%, with an average of 9.557%, the highest 7.64%, the lowest 3.63% and the average of 5.28%. Absorption is close to each other. Domestic saffron is fully qualified to enter the international market.
Although crocus sativus has maintained a rapid development speed, there are also problems of bulb proliferation and the weight of a single bulb decline. To develop the production of crocus sativus, a production base of moderate scale should be established. Further improve the output and quality to meet the needs of society. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Production from 1960s to 1980s;
Saffron has always been imported from India and Spain. Due to the influence of supply and price, long-term demand exceeds supply. In the 1980s, after the successful introduction, the contradiction between supply and demand gradually eased.
1979, China introduced 1000 kg of saffron bulbs and cultivation techniques from Japan. Planting 2 mu in Shanghai, the annual output of commodities is 1.6 kg, and the bulb proliferation is 88% in the following year. 198 1- 1982 imported 36,000 kilograms of light bulbs in batches to expand production. After years of exploration and continuous summing up experience, the yield of crocus sativus reached the level of importing countries, which filled the gap in the production of crocus sativus in China, ended the history that all crocus products depended on imports, and achieved remarkable economic and social benefits, and made gratifying achievements in cultivation, corm rejuvenation and promotion of new technologies. A set of comprehensive production technology of crocus sativus in line with China's natural conditions was developed. At the same time, constantly improve the production acquisition system, strengthen bulb management, unified acquisition of medicinal materials departments, unified arrangements for planting, so that production develops rapidly. 1988, the national saffron bulb was 660,000 kg, and the saffron output reached 1000 kg, which greatly improved the self-sufficiency level. (commonly used Chinese herbal medicines)
Pharmacopoeia standard:
Source: This product is the dried stigma of Iris crocus.
Description: this product is linear, three-branched, about 3cm long, dark red, with wide and slightly flat upper part, irregular teeth on the upper edge, short cracks on the inner side, and sometimes a small yellow column remains at the lower end. Light weight, soft texture, no oily luster, fragile and easily broken after drying. Qi is single-minded, slightly irritating and slightly bitter.
Identification: (1) This product is orange-red. The surface of epidermal cells is slender and slightly curved, and some outer walls are papillary or villous, with subtle textures faintly visible on the surface. The epidermal cells at the top of the stigma are villous, with a diameter of 26-56μm and sparse surface texture. Calcium oxalate crystals gather in parenchyma cells, which are granular, round, spindle or square with a diameter of 2-14 μ m.
(2) When this product is soaked in water, it can be seen that the orange color drops linearly and gradually spreads, the water is dyed yellow without precipitation, and the stigma is trumpet-shaped with short cracks; In a short time, it won't be punctured by a needle.
(3) Take a small amount of this product, put it on a white porcelain plate, and add 1 drop of sulfuric acid. Acidic solution turns blue, purple and then red-brown or brown.
(4) Take the solution with absorbance, and measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 458nm according to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (Appendix V A). The absorbance ratio at the wavelength of 458nm and 432nm should be 0.85-0.90.
(5) Take 20mg of this product powder, add 65438±0ml of methanol, perform ultrasonic treatment for 65438 00 minutes, let it stand for clarification, and take the supernatant as the test solution. In addition, 20mg of Stigma Croci Sativi control medicinal material was taken and made into control medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (appendix ⅵ b), absorb 3-5μl of the above two solutions, respectively spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, and use ethyl alcohol-methanol-water (100:16.5:13.5) as the developing agent, unfold, take them out, dry them, and place them respectively. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color or fluorescent spots appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal materials (dark operation).
Inspection: loss on drying took 2g of this product, weighed it accurately, dried it at 65438 005℃ for 6h, and the weight loss should not exceed 65438 02.0% (Appendix ⅸ g).
The total ash content shall not exceed 7.5% (Appendix ⅸ k).
The acid-insoluble ash content shall not exceed 1.5% (appendix ⅸ k).
Absorbance: take this product, put it in a silica gel dryer, dry it under reduced pressure for 24 hours, grind it into fine powder, accurately weigh 30mg, put it in a Soxhlet extractor, add 70ml methanol, heat and reflux until the extract is colorless, let it cool, transfer the extract to a 100ml volumetric flask (filter if necessary), wash the extractor with methanol for several times, combine the washing solutions in the same volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, and. Accurately measure 5ml, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, and measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 432nm according to the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (Appendix ⅴ a), which shall not be less than 0.50.
Extracts: determined by the hot soaking method (Appendix X A) under the alcohol-soluble extractives determination method, with 30% ethanol as the solvent, not less than 55.0%.
Content determination: HPLC (Appendix VI D) was used for content determination.
Chromatographic conditions and system applicability test with octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as filler; Using methanol-water (45∶55) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 440 nm. According to the crocin -I peak, the theoretical plate number should be not less than 3500.
Preparation of reference solution: Accurately weigh appropriate amounts of crocin -I reference substance and crocin -II reference substance, and add dilute ethanol to prepare solutions containing 30μg and 12μg per 1ml respectively.
Preparation of test solution Take about 65438±00mg of this product powder (pass through No.3 sieve), weigh it accurately, put it in a 50ml brown volumetric flask, add appropriate amount of dilute ethanol, put it in an ice bath for ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes, put it at room temperature, dilute it to scale with dilute ethanol, shake it evenly, filter it, and take the filtrate.
Determination method: Accurately suck 10μl control solution and test solution respectively, inject them into liquid chromatograph and determine.
The total content of crocin -I(C44H64O24) and crocin -II (C38H54O 19) shall not be less than 10.0%.
Sexual taste and meridian tropism: sweet and flat. Heart tropism and liver meridian.
Indications: promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, cooling blood and detoxifying, relieving depression and calming the nerves. Used for amenorrhea, postpartum stasis, warm toxin, macula, depression, palpitation and madness.
Usage and dosage: 3-9g.
Note: pregnant women should use it with caution.
Storage: Store in a ventilated, cool and dry place, protected from light and sealed. [Edit this paragraph] The difference between saffron and saffron is only one word, which is often mistaken for the same thing in concept. Some people regard saffron that has been introduced and cultivated in Tibet as saffron. In fact, these are two completely different plants. Carthamus tinctorius is the dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius in Compositae, belonging to Panicum. It is about 1 m high, and every tubular flower in the flower head is orange. Crocus sativus is a perennial herb, belonging to monocotyledonous family, with bulbs and purplish or purplish flowers. Although they are similar in promoting blood circulation and dredging collaterals, their blood-enriching effect is far less than that of saffron. [ 1]